组织块法和酶消化法体外培养原代鼠阴道上皮细胞的研究

为探讨更佳的阴道上皮细胞体外培养技术,为组织工程化阴道动物模型提供种子细胞,分别应用组织块法和酶消化法原代培养大鼠阴道上皮细胞,观察两种方法细胞生长所需时间、细胞形态和生长特性,免疫组化进行鉴定。结果表明,两种细胞培养方法均能获得不规则圆形或多边形的阴道上皮细胞,其传代后增殖特性和生长曲线基本一致,角蛋白染色阳性,但酶消化法较组织块法细胞贴壁快、生长时间短、产量大、细胞纯度高、能较迅速获得较多细胞用于组织工程阴道的构建。     

组织培养和用于研究植物发育的转基因植物

一、前言产生转基因植物的关键在于所分离的植物细胞或外植体在培养过程中具有的生长及分裂能力,以及在适当条件下再生成完整植株的能力。一旦细胞吸取了外源DNA,只要该外源DNA稳定地保存于细胞中,那么转基因植物就能够得到再生。在过去的几年中,植物转化方面的进展已经为研究植物DNA序列的功能提供了多种可能性。由于植物转化方便可行,短的生活周期,泛义遗传学,以及可产生大量转基因植物个体的简单性均证明在努力探讨基因表达调控的分子基础方面,植物将会起到非常重要的作用。全能性     

细胞培养的支原体污染

<正>运用细胞培养进行病毒繁殖时,支原体污染是经常遇到的而且是非常严重的问题之一。这些污染对培养细胞产生各种各样的恶果:改变各种代谢活动致使不能进行培养细胞的正常生化研究;细胞生长速度减缓,迫使二倍体细胞系过早衰老,染色体发生畸变,并引起细胞形态的永久改变。事实表明:支原体污染虽会降低细胞培养中病毒的合成,但有时也能促进病毒的繁殖,这可能是支原体对干扰素产生的抑制。     

外源血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)B链基因在CHO细胞的表达

本文总结应用DNA-磷酸钙盐沉淀的基因转移技术,把含人c-sis cDNA的质粒pSM-1,以单独转染或与pSV_2neo共转染方法转入CHO细胞(中国仓鼠卵巢细胞),经低血清或G_(418)筛选分离得到多个有PDGF表达的细胞株。其中PDGF高表达件——FB_6,细胞形态和生长行为明显改变,可在软琼脂培基上形成集落,细胞生长速率加快,能在低血清(2%)培液中长期传代,细胞的条件培液有刺激静止的NRK细胞(大鼠肾成纤维细胞)DNA合成的活力。RNA点杂交和Southern Blot显示FB_5细胞有??PDGF mRNA的高表达和人c-sis基因的整合,而且,在连续传代7个月后,FB_5细胞基因组中仍然有人c-sis基因存在,说明CHO细胞的不正常生长和转化是由于PDGF基因的稳定整合和高表达所引起。这一稳定转化株(FB_5)是进一步研究PDGF对细胞生长控制和转化功能的理想模型。     

猪喘气病病原支原体的分离培养

我国有代表性的猪喘气病济南强毒株及III乳适应株,均能用无细胞液体培养基分离传代。接种3天后,培养基的PH从7．5下降到6．9左右,产生轻徽混浊。培养物呈多形态,移种固体培养基能生成菌落。不同代次的培养物均能使健康仔猪发生典型的猪喘气病肺炎。根据培养物生长特征、形态、染色观察及抗青霉素和醋酸铊等特性,确定为支原体;高度稀释(相当于原始接种材料的10-21’)的长期孵育传代(最长89天)培养物能诱发肺炎,从实验感染猪的肺或肺门淋巴结能再分离到相同的支原体,从而确定其为猪喘气病病原体。     

几种生长调节剂诱发新银合欢下胚轴生根的比较解剖

三十烷醇是种新的植物生长调节物质,对许多作物具有多种效应。本文用三十烷醇诱发新银合欢下胚轴(去除原发根)的根分化,与NAA、IAA、IBA进行对比试验,并作形态解剖比较观察,得到一些生长调节剂促进生根的形态解剖证据:三十烷醇各种浓度处理,均不产生愈伤组织,能直接由下胚轴的中柱鞘薄壁细胞发出正常根;而NAA、IAA、IBA在高浓度下容易形成不同形状愈伤组织或瘤状短根,尤以NAA为甚。Khanna Rafna等作过类似的比较实验,但未作解剖比较。本文从形态解剖上进一步证实三十     

壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionus urceus)培养滤液对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)形态和多聚糖含量的影响

分离自太湖的壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionus urceus (Linnaeus))按1000 ind·L-1的密度置于斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)中培养24h后,用孔径0.10 靘的微孔滤膜抽滤,得到壶状臂尾轮虫培养滤液.将壶状臂尾轮虫培养滤液以20%的比例添加到纯培养的斜生栅藻中,进行为期7d的试验.结果表明壶状臂尾轮虫培养滤液能显著地影响斜生栅藻的形态,处理组中诱发性多细胞群体增加,导致处理组中斜生栅藻种群平均每个个体的细胞数量显著高于对照组.斜生栅藻在壶状臂尾轮虫诱发下形成群聚体可以解释为一种诱发性的反牧食防御,同时也进一步证实了栅藻对浮游动物牧食的响应是一种广泛存在的现象.壶状臂尾轮虫培养滤液处理后的斜生栅藻在生长率上与对照组没有显著性差异,说明诱发性防御群聚体形成的代价没有体现在对生长的影响上.在壶状臂尾轮虫培养滤液诱发下,较多栅藻细胞聚积在一起形成群聚体后,栅藻溶解性胞外多聚糖和固着性胞外多聚糖均有显著提高,而胞内多聚糖略有下降.但从总多聚糖含量看,处理组明显高于对照组,这也说明轮虫培养滤液刺激了栅藻多聚糖合成的额外增加,且被分泌到胞外,充当细胞之间的粘合物,促使细胞容易聚合形成群聚体,有效防御象轮虫这些小型浮游动物的进一步牧食,保持种群得以延续.     

植物冠瘿瘤发生的分子基础

Smith和 Townsent(1907)首先发现植物冠瘿瘤是由农杆菌诱发的。三十五年后,Braun等(1942)发现,冠瘿瘤组织能在正常细胞不能生长的培养基(不附加生长素和细胞分裂素)上无限制地生长,后来他们又进一步证明,冠瘿瘤是农杆菌转化植物细胞的结果,转化一旦完成,冠瘿瘤的生长就不再     

人类肾脏细胞永生化

正常人类细胞的培养一直很困难,因为刚有一点分裂,这些细胞通常就停止复制。然而,得克萨斯州休斯顿大学的科学家说,致癌基因的植入能产生接近正常但能永生的细胞株。Michael Crow 和 Charles Goochee 已在人类胚肾(HEK)细胞中加入并表达了致癌基因,这种细胞已经培养存活了100多个世代。这种改变了的 HEK 细胞就形态学、生长速率和固着性等方面来讲,与它们没有改变的原始细胞是相似的。这一被修饰的细胞也产生原尿激酶,可能还有其它有用的蛋白质。Grow 和 Goochee 说,HEK 细胞可能作为表达一些 rDNA 蛋白质(包括促红细胞生成     

人乳头状瘤病毒诱导食管上皮永生化细胞的双相分化

研究中期永生化食管上皮细胞的表型,细胞遗传学和部份基因的改变,以阐明癌前病变的特征,SHEE是该院人人乳头状瘤病毒HPV18E6E7诱导的永生化上皮,传至61代已开始有少量细胞恶性转化。对永生化中期31代细胞用相差显微镜检查细胞形态改变和细胞生长状态（细胞接触和锚定生长）;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期;做染色体众数分析;多重PCR检查c-myc,p53,bcl-2和ras等基因。免疫组化检查细胞角蛋白和鬼臼毒素荧光标记检查肌动蛋白F（F－actin)。软琼脂培养的集落细胞接种SCID小鼠检查成瘤性。Western blot方法检测细胞内HPVE6表达蛋白。结果：培养细胞有两种不同分化形态,分化差的基底细胞和分化好的鳞状上皮;前者角蛋白和F－actin极少,后者含量丰富;细胞接触抑制和锚锭生长特性减弱,分析100个细胞染色体众数分二干系,56条（占30％）和61条（占24％）染色体,核型分析属上超二倍体,亚三倍体,多重PCR检查：c-myc,p53基因上调,bcl-2和ras基因阳性。用优选生长在软琼脂上的克隆细胞接种SCID小鼠,未成瘤;HPV18E6表达蛋白阳性。以HPV18E6E7诱导的食管永生化上皮31代细胞形态出现了双向分化,根据其形态表型,双染色体众数的细胞遗传学改变和某些癌基因上调等特性,可以认为SHEE31细胞是外处于癌前改变。     

Rearrangement of the keratin cytoskeleton after combined treatment with microtubule and microfilament inhibitors

In addition to containing microtubule and microfilament systems, vertebrate epithelial cells contain an elaborate keratin intermediate-filament cytoskeleton. Little is known about its structural organization or function. Using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with an antikeratin antiserum probe, we found that destabilization of microtubules and microfilaments with cytostatic drugs induces significant alterations in the cytoskeletal organization of keratin filaments in HeLa and fetal mouse epidermal cells. Keratin filament organization was observed to undergo a rapid (1-2 h) transition from a uniform distribution to an open lattice of keratin fibers stabilized by membrane-associated focal centers. Since addition of any one drug alone did not elicit significant organizational change in the keratin cytoskeleton, we suggest that microfilaments and microtubules have a combined role in maintaining the arrangement of keratin in these cells. Vimentin filaments, the only other intermediate-sized filaments found in HeLa cells, did not co-distribute with keratin in untreated or drug-treated cells. These findings offer a new way to approach the study of the dynamics and functional roles of the keratin cytoskeleton in epithelial cells.     

De novo synthesis and specific assembly of keratin filaments in nonepithelial cells after microinjection of mRNA for epidermal keratin

Poly(A)+ RNA isolated from bovine muzzle epidermis was microinjected into nonepithelial cells containing only intermediate-sized filaments of the vimentin type. In recipient cells keratin polypeptides are synthesized and assemble into intermediate-sized filaments at multiple dispersed sites. We describe the time course and the pattern of de novo assembly of keratin filaments within living cells. These filaments were indistinguishable, by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic criteria, from keratin filament arrays present in true epithelial cells. The presence of extended keratin fibril meshworks in these injected cells is compatible with cell growth and mitosis. Double immunolabeling revealed that newly assembled keratin was not codistributed with microfilament bundles, microtubules or vimentin filaments. We suggest that assembly mechanisms exist which in vivo sort out newly synthesized cytokeratin polypeptides from vimentin.     

An immunofluorescence study of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the organization of microfilaments, keratin intermediate filaments, and microtubules in human keratinocytes.

Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy has been used to investigate the ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced disruption of the organization of microfilaments, keratin intermediate filaments, and microtubules in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Following irradiation, concurrent changes in the organization of the three major cytoskeletal components were observed in cells incubated under low Ca2+ (0.15 mM) conditions. UV irradiation induced a dose-dependent condensation of keratin filaments into the perinuclear region. This collapse of the keratin network was accompanied by the reorganization of microfilaments into rings and a restricted distribution of microtubules, responses normally elicited by exposure to high Ca2+ (1.05 mM) medium. The UV induced alteration of the keratin network appears to disrupt the interactions between keratin and actin, permitting the reorganization of actin filaments in the absence of Ca2+ stimulation. In addition to the perinuclear condensation of keratin filaments, UV irradiation inhibits the Ca2+ induced formation of keratin alignments at the membrane of apposed cells if UV treatment precedes exposure to high Ca2+ medium. Incubation of keratinocytes in high Ca2+ medium for 24 hours prior to irradiation results in the stabilization of membrane associated keratin alignments and a reduced susceptibility of cytoplasmic keratin filaments to UV induced disruption. Unlike results from investigations with isogenic skin fibroblasts, no UV induced disassembly of microtubules was discernible in irradiated human keratinocytes.     

The Mechanical Role of Microtubules in Tissue Remodeling

During morphogenesis, tissues undergo extensive remodeling to get their final shape. Such precise sculpting requires the application of forces generated within cells by the cytoskeleton and transmission of these forces through adhesion molecules within and between neighboring cells. Within individual cells, microtubules together with actomyosin filaments and intermediate filaments form the composite cytoskeleton that controls cell mechanics during tissue rearrangements. While studies have established the importance of actin-based mechanical forces that are coupled via intercellular junctions, relatively little is known about the contribution of other cytoskeletal components such as microtubules to cell mechanics during morphogenesis. In this review the focus is on recent findings, highlighting the direct mechanical role of microtubules beyond its well-established role in trafficking and signaling during tissue formation.     

Histological structure of human nail as studied by synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction.

Three layers (characterized by different orientations of the keratin molecules) from the outer to the inner side of human nail were observed by synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction. These layers are associated with the histological dorsal, intermediate and ventral plates. The hair-like type alpha-keratin filaments (81 A in diameter), are only present in the intermediate layer (accounting for approximately 2/3 of the nail width) and are perfectly oriented perpendicular to the growth axis, in the nail plane. Keratin filaments of stratum corneum (epidermis) type, found in the dorsal and ventral cells, are oriented in two privileged directions; parallel and perpendicular to the growth axis. This "sandwich" structure in the corneocytes and the strong intercellular junctions, gives the nail high mechanical rigidity and hardness, both in the curvature direction and in the growth direction. Lipid bilayers (49 A thick) parallel to the nail surface fill certain ampullar dilations of the dorsal plate and intercellular spaces in the ventral plate. Using X-ray micro-diffraction, we show that onychomycosis disrupts the keratin structure, probably during the synthesis phase.     

Phosphatidylethanolamine deficiency in membrane lipids inhibits keratinocyte intercellular networks formation

Ethanolamine (Etn) is required for the growth of epithelial cells in culture. Without Etn, the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in membrane lipids is reduced, and cell proliferation stops. When the membrane lipids are deficient of PE, some extracellular signaling processes become impaired. In this study, we examined the effect of Etn deprivation on the formation of intercellular networks in immortalized human oral keratinocytes. Keratinocytes proliferate with undifferentiated morphologies in a low-calcium medium, whereas they undergo differentiation to form intercellular networks in a high-calcium medium. The cells were first cultured with or without Etn supplement in a low-calcium (0.07 mM) medium, and then the calcium concentration was raised to 1.8 mM. The localization and organization of the following proteins were examined: (1) desmogleins and plakoglobin in desmosomes, (2) E-cadherin and beta-catenin in adherens junctions and (3) actin and keratin filaments in cytoskeletons. As expected, in the Etn-supplemented cells, the elevated level of calcium induced the junctional localization of the proteins associated with desmosomes and adherens junctions and also induced the formation of keratin and actin networks. On the contrary, in the Etn-deprived cells, the elevated level of calcium induced none of the above processes. The results suggest that having a sufficient amount of PE or proper phospholipid composition in the membranes is crucial for differentiation in epithelial cells.     

Previously unreported "hemidesmosomal junctions" between folliculo-stellate cells and pituitary adenoma cells

Thirty-eight non-functioning pituitary adenomas were ultrastructurally investigated with particular attention to the Folliculo-Stellate (FS) cells. A large number of FS cells were found in four cases, one of which disclosed a new type of intercellular junction between FS cells and surrounding adenoma cells. These junctions were characterized by 1) the presence of plasmalemmal attachment plaques only in FS cells, 2) the cytoplasmic filaments assembling in parallel to the attachment plaques, 3) the parallel plasma membranes being separated by the intercellular amorphous material and 4) the intercellular space of approximately 25 nm width. They were similar to hemidesmosomes, but were quite different from hemidesmosome-like intercellular specializations which have been described in the normal meninges and human meningiomas. Accordingly, we designated these new junctions as "hemidesmosomal junctions" which appeared to be one of the ultrastructural features characterizing FS cells.     

Small cell carcinoma of the stomach: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study.

A 4 x 6 cm ulcerative mass in the antrum was found to consist of papillary adenocarcinoma in the surrounding wall and the small round cell neoplasm at its base. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that elements of the papillary adenocarcinoma were positive for carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, keratin, endocrine granule constituent, and CA19-9, while components of the small cell carcinoma were weakly positive only for neuron-specific enolase. In one portion of the small cell carcinoma, particularly large cells with pleomorphic nuclei which were intensely positive for desmin were detected. Electron microscopic examination revealed dense-cored granules and intercellular junctions in the small neoplastic cells and bundles of intermediate filaments in the desmin-positive large cells. These findings suggest that ultrastructural examination is vital in diagnosis of small cell carcinoma and they reveal the capability of this carcinoma toward multidirectional differentiation.     

Morphology, behavior, and interaction of cultured epithelial cells after the antibody-induced disruption of keratin filament organization

The organization of intermediate filaments in cultured epithelial cells was rapidly and radically affected by intracellularly injected monoclonal antikeratin filament antibodies. Different antibodies had different effects, ranging from an apparent splaying apart of keratin filament bundles to the complete disruption of the keratin filament network. Antibodies were detectable within cells for more than four days after injection. The antibody-induced disruption of keratin filament organization had no light-microscopically discernible effect on microfilament or microtubule organization, cellular morphology, mitosis, the integrity of epithelial sheets, mitotic rate, or cellular reintegration after mitosis. Cell-to-cell adhesion junctions survived keratin filament disruption. However, antibody injected into a keratinocyte-derived cell line, rich in desmosomes, brought on a superfasciculation of keratin filament bundles, which appeared to pull desmosomal junctions together, suggesting that desmosomes can move in the plane of the plasma membrane and may only be 'fixed' by their anchoring to the cytoplasmic filament network. Our observations suggest that keratin filaments are not involved in the establishment or maintenance of cell shape in cultured cells.     

Ultrastructure of the nonhuman primate vaginal mucosa: epithelial changes during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

Ultrastructural changes in the vaginal epithelium of the rhesus monkey during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. During the menstrual cycle, the epithelium was keratinized but varied in thickness. Cells of the basal and parabasal layers were polyhedral in shape but as they differentiated they accumulated glycogen and filaments. Cells in the intermediate layers had keratohyaline and membrane-coating granules. Cells in the superficial layers had a thickened cell envelope, abundant keratin filaments, electron-dense intercellular material, and focal tight junctions. The epithelial surface had numerous microridges and numerous adherent bacteria; bacteria were rare on desquamating cells. The epithelium remained keratinized for about the first month of gestation, then underwent "mucification." The cells contained abundant granules and Golgi apparatus. Concomitant with this transformation, bacteria were no longer adherent to the epithelial surface and the surface cells had microvilli instead of microridges. The epithelial changes during pregnancy were roughly associated with the changing pattern of steroid hormone secretion during gestation.