青蒿素含量与土壤、植株养分含量关系的研究

调查和分析测定同一产区不同土壤类型的黄花蒿土壤和植株不同部位的养分含量及青蒿素含量,并对其进行相关分析和因子分析,结果表明,青蒿素含量与土壤Ca的含量有显著的正相关关系,与根N、茎N素含量以及植株地下部和地上部的N素含量比有显著的负相关关系,与茎部和叶部的N素含量比有极显著负相关关系;黄花蒿植株叶片的N含量与土壤P含量有显著的正相关关系;影响青蒿素含量的主要因子是黄花蒿植株体内的养分含量,其次是土壤的养分含量以及土壤和植株等综合因子。通过施肥、适当补充土壤中的Ca和P素营养,改善土壤养分状况等各种途径来调节植株体内的养分,降低地下部和地上部的N素含量比值,茎叶部N素含量比值,提高青蒿素的含量,增施K肥,有利于黄花蒿的生长。     

不同种源黄花蒿生长及生物量分配

对都安、崇左、阳朔和融安县四个不同种源黄花蒿的生长发育状况和生物量分配进行比较,结果表明:黄花蒿的生长旺盛期是在5月底至7月初,6月中旬为生长的高峰期,这段时期内应施以重肥;不同种源黄花蒿各功能构件生物量平均值具有相同的规律:茎构件>叶构件>根构件;都安种源的叶构件生物量和青蒿素含量均比其它种源的高,综合表现最优,是引种栽培的好种源。     

氮对黄花蒿生长、光合特性和青蒿素含量的影响

对不同氮处理黄花蒿生长、生物量分配、青蒿素含量和光合特性进行测定,结果表明:(1)供氮量在0～0.4g.kg-1之间,黄花蒿叶片单位重量的氮含量、最大净光合速率、光饱和点和表观量子效率均随供氮量的增大而增加,之后开始下降。在较大范围内,环境氮含量越高,黄花蒿的光合能力越强,能够利用的光强也更高;(2)黄花蒿根生物量分数和根冠比均随供氮量的减少而显著增大,低氮时分配更多的生物量到养分吸收器官,有利于减少氮素对生长的限制,供氮量在0.1～0.6g.kg-1之间,黄花蒿叶生物量分数随供氮量的增加而增大,高氮时更多的生物量投入到碳同化器官,提高了植株的竞争能力;(3)无论以最大净光合速率、地径、叶片生物量还是以总生物量来衡量,均以0.4g.kg-1氮处理的植株生长得最好,0.2g.kg-1氮处理的青蒿素含量最高,生产中推荐使用0.2g.kg-1剂量的氮更经济。     

栽培与野生黄花蒿中化学组分的FTIR表征及青蒿素含量比较分析

本研究运用FTIR技术,对栽培和野生黄花蒿不同部位化学成分的红外光谱特征进行指认,并比较分析两者不同部位青蒿素含量差异.结果显示:酰胺、芳香类物质均以栽培黄花蒿茎和叶片中多;可溶性多糖和糖苷类物质,栽培与野生黄花蒿茎中含量相近,但是,叶片中含量以栽培黄花蒿高;纤维素类物质,栽培茎少于野生茎,而两种黄花蒿叶片的纤维素含量相近.与青蒿素标准品比较,栽培和野生黄花蒿不同部位青蒿素含量有一定差异,其中栽培叶最高,其次是野生叶,栽培茎的含量最低.所以,运用FTIR技术可以快速判断栽培和野生型黄花蒿主要化学成分的差异,本研究对黄花蒿的引种驯化和良种选育工作有一定指导意义.     

干热河谷草本植物生物量分配及其对环境因子的响应

以干热河谷6种草本植物为对象,研究了水分、养分、刈割对生物量在根、茎、叶的分配及异速生长关系的影响.结果表明:刈割处理叶生物量质量分数从25.1%显著增加到31.2%,茎生物量质量分数从43.7%显著降低到34.2%;养分添加处理根生物量质量分数从34.0%显著降低到30.8%;水分处理对生物量分配没有显著影响.物种对根、茎、叶生物量分配有显著影响,适应贫瘠土壤的物种将更多生物量分配给叶和根,对茎生物量的分配相对较低.物种与环境因子存在显著的互作效应,表明环境因子对不同物种的生物量分配影响不同.适应贫瘠土壤的物种叶-茎标度指数和异速生长常数大于其他物种,而茎-根标度指数和异速生长常数小于其他物种.养分显著增加了叶-茎和叶-根的异速生长常数,刈割显著降低了茎-根的标度指数,水分处理则没有显著效应.环境因素对器官间异速生长关系的影响存在种间差异.生物量分配的种间差异及其对环境因素的响应特征可能对植物适应环境变化产生重要影响.     

采用薄层层析─紫外分光光度法测定广西不同产地黄花蒿中青蒿素含量

采用薄层层析─紫外分光光度法测定不同地区黄花蒿中的青蒿素含量,并对照测定野生与人工栽培样品,结果人工栽培的黄花蒿中青蒿素含量较野生高。     

基质养分对寄生植物南方菟丝子生长的影响

群落中各营养级的相互作用在群落结构形成中起了重要作用.以南方菟丝子(Cuscuta australis R.Br.)和三叶鬼针草(Biden pilosa L.)为研究对象,采用完全随机区组实验设计方法,测定并分析基质养分(不施肥与施肥)对寄生植物生长的影响,探讨寄生植物生物量与寄主生长特性、生物量和光源捕获能力的相关性.结果表明,施肥显著增加寄生植物南方菟丝子的吸器数量、缠绕圈数、相对盖度、营养器官生物量、生殖器官生物量和总生物量,但对生殖器官的生物量比无显著影响.施肥显著增加寄主植物的根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量、叶生物量比、比叶面积和叶绿素含量,但显著降低根冠比与根生物量比.南方菟丝子生物量与三叶鬼针草生物量、叶生物量比、比叶面积以及相对叶绿素含量之间均存在显著正相关,与根生物量比和根冠比存在显著负相关.研究结果表明施肥可以提高寄主植物的光资源捕获能力,将更多地生物量分配至叶等光合机构上,从而促进寄主植物(生产者)的生长,并间接促进寄生植物(初级消费者)的生长.     

不同施肥制度对石灰性紫色水稻土中氨氧化古菌群落结构的影响

研究不同施肥制度对水稻土氨氧化古菌(AOA)群落结构和垂直分布特征的影响,可以深入认识不同施肥制度下的石灰性紫色水稻土氮素循环特征及微生物驱动机制,为该地区科学施肥、培肥地力提供理论依据。利用化学分析和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对不同施肥制度下石灰性紫色水稻土理化性质和AOA群落结构进行了分析。结果显示:相对于无肥处理,施肥会降低石灰性紫色水稻土pH和硝氮含量,而增加土壤有机质、全氮和氨氮含量。伴随土壤深度增加,土壤pH增加,全氮和硝氮含量降低,氨氮含量变化趋势不明显。不同施肥制度在不同土壤深度对石灰性紫色水稻土AOA群落结构产生不同的胁迫效应,不同施肥制度下的AOA群落结构在0—20 cm处差异不明显;土壤深度增加,不同施肥制度下的AOA群落结构表现出明显差异,CK和N肥处理下的AOA群落结构较简单。AOA群落结构多样性指数和丰富度随土壤深度增加而减小。石灰性紫色水稻土AOA与来自不同土壤和水体环境的AOA具有明显相似性。冗余梯度分析(RDA)显示pH(P=0.012)是造成石灰性紫色水稻土AOA群落结构差异的主要原因。研究揭示石灰性紫色水稻土中的AOA群落结构受施肥制度明显影响并表现出明显的垂直分布特征。     

不同坡向乌丹蒿化学计量特征及其与土壤养分的关系

不同立地条件下生境的变化、土壤养分的再分配及相应的植物生长与养分回馈效应,对土壤-植物系统化学元素循环具有重要影响。该研究以乌丹蒿为对象,分析不同坡向条件下乌丹蒿叶片、根系化学计量特征及其与土壤养分之间的关系。结果表明:(1)从阳坡到阴坡,乌丹蒿叶片的N、C∶P和N∶P逐渐降低,土壤C含量、C∶P和N∶P逐渐升高,土壤P含量和土壤C∶N在不同坡向之间无显著差异。(2)叶片P含量与根系P含量以及C∶P、N∶P呈极显著正相关,叶片N含量与土壤C含量呈显著负相关,根系P含量与土壤C、N含量呈显著正相关。(3)叶片C、N含量随着土壤养分含量的增加而下降,叶片P和根系N、P含量随土壤养分的增加而上升;叶片C含量、C∶N与土壤的相关性大于根。研究认为,坡向对乌丹蒿的生长具有重要影响,乌丹蒿的化学计量特征与土壤养分含量之间呈线性相关关系,不同的坡向导致乌丹蒿化学计量有一定范围的波动,但总体生态化学计量是稳定的,阳坡乌丹蒿的生长受氮和磷共同限制。     

盐胁迫对黄花蒿生长及其挥发性成分的影响

对黄花蒿植株进行Na Cl盐胁迫(2~8 g/L)处理一个月,分析植株生长、光合作用和抗氧化生理指标,考察盐胁迫对青蒿素合成及挥发性成分累积的影响。Na Cl盐胁迫可抑制黄花蒿植株的生长,引起叶片氧化损伤,同时降低叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率。但盐胁迫诱导青蒿素含量提高44.3%,且主要挥发性代谢物成分如邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、白菖油萜、脱氧青蒿素、α-萜品醇的相对含量增加。盐胁迫是提高黄花蒿植株药用价值的栽培调节方法。     

Enhanced production of artemisinin by Artemisia annua L hairy root cultures in a modified inner-loop airlift bioreactor

Hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L were cultured in a modified inner-loop airlift bioreactor for achieving maximum artemisinin production. The effects of initial pH, air flow rate, cycle of light irradiation and temperature on growth and artmisinin production in Artemisia annua L hairy root cultures were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum production of artemisinin reached to 577.5?mg/l after 20 days.     

Effects of irradiance on growth,photosynthetic characteristics,and artemisinin content of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia annua</Emphasis> L.

With an increase in growth irradiance (from 15 to 100 % of full sunlight, I₁₅ to I₁₀₀), the maximum net photosynthetic rate (P _max), compensation (CI) and saturation irradiances of A. annua increased. At full sunlight, A. annua had a high capacity of photosynthesis, while at low irradiance it maintained a relatively high P _max with a low CI. The height and diameter growth, total and leaf biomass, and artemisinin content of A. annua decreased with the decrease in irradiance, which might be connected with lower photosynthesis at lower than at higher irradiance. Irradiances changed biomass allocations of A. annua. The leaf/total mass ratio of A. annua increased with decreasing irradiance, but the root/total mass ratio and root/above-ground mass generally increased with increasing irradiance. Thus A. annua can grow in both weak and full sunlight. However, high yield of biomass and artemisinin require cultivation in an open habitat with adequate sunshine.     

Interactive Effects of Soil Nutrients, Moisture and Sand Burial on the Development, Physiology, Biomass and Fitness of Cakile edentula

The relative importance and interactive effects of nutrientsupply, soil moisture content and sand burial on the development,physiology, biomass allocation and fitness ofCakile edentulawere examined under controlled greenhouse conditions. Planttraits were more frequently affected by nutrient supply thanby soil moisture content or sand burial. Measurements on mostplant traits also varied depending on the two or three way interactionsamong the three environmental factors. Plants partially buriedby sand had higher leaf chlorophyll concentration than thoseunburied at the early stages of development, especially underlow soil moisture content. High nutrient supply tended to lowerthe leaf chlorophyll concentration of mature plants, and thiseffect was more pronounced under high as compared to low soilmoisture content. High nutrient supply enhanced the photosyntheticcapacity of plants when they were water stressed. With adequatesoil moisture, high nutrient supply increased/decreased thephotosynthetic capacity of plants with/without previous experienceof water stress. High nutrient supply increased the biomassallocation to the root system of plants, especially at low soilmoisture content. Partial sand burial also promoted biomassallocation to the root system of plants grown at low soil moisturecontent. Soil nutrition; water supply; sand accretion; multiple stresses; biomass allocation; Cakile edentula     

Alteration of biomass and artemisinin production in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia annua</Emphasis> hairy roots by media sterilization method and sugars

Transformed root cultures of Artemisia annua grown in autoclaved medium show large variations in biomass and artemisinin production regardless of the culture conditions or clonal type. However, using filter-sterilized sugars singly or in combination while holding the carbon level in the medium constant resulted in an unexpected variability in biomass production and artemisinin yield. Autoclaving results in variable hydrolysis of sucrose in the culture medium. Subsequent experiments using combinations of filter-sterilized sugars at a constant total carbon level in the medium showed a stimulation of artemisinin production by glucose. Growth in sucrose was equivalent to growth in fructose and significantly better than in glucose. These results suggest that sugars may be affecting terpenoid metabolism not only as carbon sources, but also as signal molecules.     

Enhancement of artemisinin concentration and yield in response to optimization of nitrogen and potassium supply to Artemisia annua

Background and Aims

The resurgence of malaria, particularly in the developing world, is considerable and exacerbated by the development of single-gene multi-drug resistances to chemicals such as chloroquinone. Drug therapies, as recommended by the World Health Organization, now include the use of antimalarial compounds derived from Artemisia annua – in particular, the use of artemisinin-based ingredients. Despite our limited knowledge of its mode of action or biosynthesis there is a need to secure a supply and enhance yields of artemisinin. The present study aims to determine how plant biomass can be enhanced while maximizing artemisinin concentration by understanding the plant''s nutritional requirements for nitrogen and potassium.

Methods

Experiments were carried out, the first with differing concentrations of nitrogen, at 6, 31, 56, 106, 206 or 306 mg L⁻¹ being applied, while the other differing in potassium concentration (51, 153 or 301 mg L⁻¹). Nutrients were supplied in irrigation water to plants in pots and after a growth period biomass production and leaf artemisinin concentration were measured. These data were used to determine optimal nutrient requirements for artemisinin yield.

Key Results

Nitrogen nutrition enhanced plant nitrogen concentration and biomass production successively up to 106 mg N L⁻¹ for biomass and 206 mg N L⁻¹ for leaf nitrogen; further increases in nitrogen had no influence. Artemisinin concentration in dried leaf material, measured by HPLC mass spectroscopy, was maximal at a nitrogen application of 106 mg L⁻¹, but declined at higher concentrations. Increasing potassium application from 51 to 153 mg L⁻¹ increased total plant biomass, but not at higher applications. Potassium application enhanced leaf potassium concentration, but there was no effect on leaf artemisinin concentration or leaf artemisinin yield.

Conclusions

Artemisinin concentration declined beyond an optimal point with increasing plant nitrogen concentration. Maximization of artemisinin yield (amount per plant) requires optimization of plant biomass via control of nitrogen nutrition.Key words: Artemisia, fertigation, malaria, nitrogen, nutrition, potassium     

The effects of CO2 and nutrient enrichment on photosynthesis and growth of Poa annua in two consecutive generations

We studied short- and long-term growth responses of Poa annua L. (Gramineae) at ambient and elevated (ambient +200???mol?mol^?1) atmospheric CO₂. In experiment 1 we compared plant growth during the early, vegetative and final, reproductive growth phases. Plant growth in elevated CO₂ was significantly enhanced during the early phase, but this was reversed in the reproductive phase. Seed mass and percentage germination were significantly reduced in elevated CO₂. Experiment 2 tested for the impact of transgenerational and nutrient effects on the response of Poa annua to elevated CO₂. Plants were grown at ambient and elevated CO₂ for one or two consecutive generations at three soil nutrient levels. Leaf photosynthesis was significantly higher at elevated CO₂, but was also affected by both soil nutrient status and plant generation. Plants grown at elevated CO₂ and under conditions of low nutrient availability showed photosynthetic acclimation after 12?weeks of growth but not after 6?weeks. First-generation growth remained unaffected by elevated CO₂, while second-generation plants produced significantly more tillers and flowers when grown in elevated CO₂ compared to ambient conditions. This effect was strongest at low nutrient availability. Average above- and belowground biomass after 12?weeks of growth was enhanced in elevated CO₂ during both generations, but more so during plant generation 2. This study demonstrates the importance of temporal/maternal effects in plant responses to elevated CO₂.     

滩涂围垦和土地利用对土壤微生物群落的影响

土壤微生物在生态系统营养物质循环过程,特别是碳、氮循环过程中扮演着重要的角色。上海市崇明岛位于长江入海口,因其土壤发育时间较短、土地利用历史背景清晰、土壤本底均一,不同土壤围垦年代的土壤,代表了土壤发育年代的不同时期。以空间变化代替时间变化,对崇明岛稻田和旱地6个不同围垦年代土壤的磷酸脂肪酸(PLFA)指纹图谱研究表明,湿地滩涂围垦16a后土壤微生物总PLFA、细菌PLFA、革兰氏阳性菌(G+)PLFA和革兰氏阴性菌(G-)PLFA含量显著降低。随着围垦时间的逐步增加,PLFA含量逐步上升。经过长时间的农业种植,G+PLFA在围垦120a和300a稻田和旱地土壤中没有显著性差异;而总PLFA、细菌和G-PLFA在围垦75、120a和300a的土壤中含量趋于稳定且没有显著性差异。围垦16a和40a稻田土壤中总PLFA和G+PLFA显著高于旱地土壤;围垦40a稻田土壤中细菌和G-PLFA显著高于旱地土壤。不同围垦年代土壤总PLFA、细菌PLFA与土壤总氮、粘土含量成显著的正相关关系。河口湿地围垦后微生物数量的变化与土壤营养含量存在强烈相关关系,提示土壤围垦及演替过程中微生物与土壤肥力之间的紧密关系,对探讨土壤演替过程中微生物群落的变化具有重要意义。     

Roles of succession,light, nutrients and disturbance on population vigor and maintenance of the rare plant Solidago shortii (Asteraceae)

Results of field and glasshouse experiments on Solidago shortii, and our observations on this species over many years, were used to construct a conceptual model of the roles of succession, light, soil nutrients and disturbance on population vigor and maintenance of this federal-endangered species. As cover of woody vegetation increased at a population site between 1986 and 1992, number of flowering ramets of S. shortii significantly decreased but number of vegetative ramets remained nearly constant. Adult plants transplanted into a redcedar thicket and those shaded in a glasshouse produced many fewer flowering ramets and capitula per flowering ramet and less biomass and had higher mortality than those in the open. Seedlings/juveniles shaded in a glasshouse had significantly less dry biomass; lower RGR, NAR, leaf area and root/shoot ratio and higher LAR, SLA and LWR than nonshaded ones. In a field site and glasshouse, fertilized plants (NPK) consistently had more flowering ramets and capitula per flowering ramet than nonfertilized ones. Hierarchy of dry weight of plants grown in a glasshouse in soils derived from five types of bedrock was phosphatic limestone > calcareous shale > sandstone > black shale = dolomite. Flowering and biomass production in the field-fertilizer and soil-type experiments were associated closely with levels of P. Number of flowering ramets significantly increased in plants transferred from shaded to nonshaded glasshouse conditions, but no such increase occurred after opening the canopy above plants in a thicket. Both high light and high nutrient levels apparently are necessary to maintain high vigor of S. shortii. In areas subject to invasion by woody plants, periodic high intensity disturbance may be required to prevent population extirpation.     

根部水淹和土壤养分提升对三峡库区消落带水蓼生长和繁殖特性的影响

水淹和土壤养分是影响三峡库区消落带植物生长的主要环境因子。消落带不同高程的植物长期经历不同的淹水强度和土壤养分条件。该研究假设同一物种来自于消落带不同高程的植株可能产生性状分化, 从而对根部淹水和土壤养分变化具有不同的生长和繁殖响应策略。为了验证以上假设, 选取在三峡库区消落带高低高程均广泛分布的物种水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)为研究对象, 采集自然种群的种子。在温室同质园条件下, 研究了根部水淹和土壤养分提升对高低高程水蓼植株生长和繁殖特性的影响。研究结果表明根部水淹显著或趋于显著降低了水蓼植株功能叶的叶长、叶宽、总分枝数、叶生物量、花生物量和总生物量; 低养分处理显著或趋于显著降低了水蓼植株的总节数、总分枝数、根生物量、花生物量和总生物量, 表明根部水淹和低土壤养分对水蓼的生长和繁殖能力具有抑制作用。同时, 根部水淹和土壤养分的交互作用显著影响植株的根生物量, 表明根部水淹条件下高土壤养分更有利于植株根生物量的积累。高高程植株的根生物量和叶生物量显著或趋于显著高于低高程植株, 而低高程植株的始花时间早于高高程植株, 且繁殖分配也显著高于高高程植株, 表明高低高程水蓼植株对资源的分配策略不同。该研究结果表明水蓼的生长和繁殖特性受根部水淹和土壤养分共同限制, 但对根部水淹条件下高土壤养分生境具有较好的适应性; 同时, 低高程植株可以通过调整其生长和繁殖特性以提高对所处生境胁迫的适应性。