利用微波固定组织的收缩率

目的探讨利用微波辐射固定、微波辐射与固定液结合固定组织的收缩程度。方法将组织分成40组,用一定强度的微波辐射或一定强度的微波辐射与不同固定液结合方法固定动物组织,并制做石蜡组织切片和HE染色,在此过程中测定各步骤前后的组织块体积,计算出收缩率。结果与结论一定强度的微波辐射和一些微波辐射与固定液结合方法固定的组织收缩率低,这些组织的切片具有细胞质均匀,染色鲜艳,细胞核大而清晰的良好效果。     

一种简易的灌注固定装置

通常在电镜技术中使用的浸泡固定方法,组织是在离体以后浸泡在固定液中进行固定。由于固定液的浸透需要相当长的时间,组织块的表面和内部不能同时都得到良好的固定,固定是不均匀的。特别是组织块的内部常常固定不佳。为了减少这种不均匀性,需将组织块切得很小,这样又带来了由于切割而产生的机械损伤。这些都能使细胞的微细结构发生改变。     

微波照射(M W I)在组织学中的应用

近年来国外利用微波（ＭＷＩ）技术对组织进行固定和染色均获得良好效果,在医学领域中,无论是基础医学还是临床学科,微波技术以其方便、快捷、无污染的优点,均证明是具有广泛前景的技术手段,目前日益得到大家的重视和应用。在组织学中一般组织的固定大多采用传统的化学固定及低温冷冻固定方法,化学固定组织时间较长,低温冷冻固定,存在着组织结构易被冰晶破坏,对比染色效果差,细胞核着色不清晰等缺点,我们采用化学固定剂结合微波辐射热固定法,即利用微波对组织均匀穿透的特点和其高频振动所产生的能量使组织迅速固定,对组织进行…     

免疫组织化学中的抗原修复技术

概述了免疫组织化学中固定对组织抗原性的影响,综述了抗原修复的方法及其原理。组织块的大小、固定液的种类、浓度及固定时间的长度都影响组织的抗原性。免疫组织化学实践中常用酶消化法、酸水解法、微波金属盐法、高压锅加热法等修复组织的抗原性。     

制作实验动物组织切片的质量控制

实验动物组织制片要比人体组织制片有一定难度,这是动物组织的性质和特点,因此我们多年来为了解决制片质量问题,而从动物的的固定、取材、脱水、透明、浸蜡、包理和染色环节中,进行了系列性反复实验,已形成了完整的动物制片改进方法。此法适用于大批动物组织制片质量的控制,是目前较为理想的动物制片方法。材料和方法一、组织固定与取材的方法:本室选用12%中性甲醛固定液,动物解剖时候,将各     

固定对免疫组织化学反应的影响

为在组织固定过程中最大程度地减少固定剂对抗原性和组织结构的破坏,使免疫组织化学反应清晰可靠,我们观察研究了１０％中性缓冲福尔马林（ＮＢＦ）、酒精－甲醛（ＡＦ）、甲醛钙（Ｆｃａ）、Ｃａｒｎｏｙ氏液、Ｂｏｕｉｎ氏液、Ｋａｒｎｏｖｓｋｙ氏液和Ｈｅｌｙ氏液,分别对ＡＢＣ法显示基底膜Ⅳ型胶原,ＳＰ法显示血管内皮第Ⅷ因子和小肠固有层浆细胞的影响。结果表明用同一免疫组织化学方法显示不同固定剂固定的同一抗原物质可出现明显差异。本文还简要阐述了有关固定剂的作用机理与免疫组织化学染色的相关性。为观察研究组织和细胞的某种或某些抗原物质,而准确选择适当固定剂提供了一定依据     

肺组织切片的取材和固定新方法

应用在体气管灌注固定法固定肺组织,探索肺组织切片制作的新方法。在体气管灌注固定法操作简便实用,灌注量容易掌握,固定效果好,切片完整连续,组织结构无人为假象。     

一种新的生物组织固定方法——微波辐射固定

微波辐射使生物组织均匀产热,灭活酶,可以广泛用于光镜、电镜、常规染色、各种特殊染色及免疫组化研究中组织标本的固定。固定液浸泡微波固定的方法可用于大块组织的快速固定,且染色效果更好。是一种较为理想的固定方法。     

改良混合固定液在HE制片中的应用

在病理技术工作中,组织固定是最基础,也是最关键的步骤。因固定不当造成切片困难、着色不良而延误诊断,严重影响临床治疗。我科通过长期实践对固定液进行改良,收到满意效果。材料和方法1.组织来源日常送检淋巴结、诊刮的子宫内膜、子宫肌瘤组织各60例,每一实验组20例。2.固定液     

乳腺恶性肿瘤标本固定方法比较

目的 通过对比3种乳腺根治术标本的取材方式和固定时间,摸索制备高质量乳腺根治术标本切片的最佳固定方法。方法 随机收集上午、下午接收乳腺根治术标本50例,上午每例标本各取一块肿物、腺体组织和淋巴结组织,固定9 h后放入脱水机;下午每例肿物、腺体和淋巴结各取2块,1块固定4 h后放入脱水机,另1块固定28 h后放入脱水机。各组织常规脱水、石蜡包埋、切片后,进行HE染色、E-cadherin酶标法免疫组织化学检测和Her-2荧光原位杂交染色。比较3种固定方法的制片质量,探讨乳腺根治术标本最佳固定方法。结果 固定4 h即开始脱水的肿物和腺体组织的切片不完整发生率显著高于固定9 h和28 h;固定4h和9h的淋巴结切片不完整发生率高于固定28 h;固定4 h、9 h、28 h肿物、腺体HE染色质量无明显差异,但固定9 h与28 h的肿物、腺体E-Cadherin酶标法免疫组织化学正常率高于固定4 h,固定28h淋巴结染色质量高于固定4 h与9 h;固定4 h肿物Her-2荧光原位杂交成功率低于固定9 h与28 h。结论 乳腺根治术标本的肿物与腺体固定9 h后即可放入脱水机,淋巴结则需延长固定时间...     

Leaf optical properties in higher plants: linking spectral characteristics to stress and chlorophyll concentration

A number of studies have linked responses in leaf spectral reflectance, transmittance, or absorptance to physiological stress. A variety of stressors including dehydration, flooding, freezing, ozone, herbicides, competition, disease, insects, and deficiencies in ectomycorrhizal development and N fertilization have been imposed on species ranging from grasses to conifers and deciduous trees. In all cases, the maximum difference in reflectance within the 400-850 nm wavelength range between control and stressed states occurred as a reflectance increase at wavelengths near 700 nm. In studies that included transmittance and absorptance as well as reflectance, maximum differences occurred as increases and decreases, respectively, near 700 nm. This common optical response to stress could be simulated closely by varying the chlorophyll concentration of model leaves (fiberglass filter pads) and by the natural variability in leaf chlorophyll concentrations in senescent leaves of five species. The optical response to stress near 700 nm, as well as corresponding changes in reflectance that occur in the green-yellow spectrum, can be explained by the general tendency of stress to reduce leaf chlorophyll concentration.     

Influence of smear preparation and fixatives on the DNA ploidy and the morphonuclear features of the MXT mammary tumor and normal tissues in the mouse

We compared cytomorphonuclear parameters--related to DNA histogram and chromatin distribution--on MXT mouse mammary tumor and murine normal cells from fresh squash smears or from deparaffinized tissue smears fixed in several fluids. We used the SAMBA 200 cell image processor with software allowing for the discrimination of parameters computed on Feulgen-stained nuclei. The spectrophotometric results--assessed by integrated optical density values--indicate that the nuclei from deparaffinized tissue fixed in Bouin's fluid are around 50% less stained than those fixed in formalin or ethanol-formalin-acetic acid (EFA). The fresh smears of nuclei fixed in formalin contain a less well-defined and more homogeneous chromatin than after Bouin's or EFA fixation. This has led to the conclusion that morphonuclear parameter comparisons performed on tissues differently processed or from different origins present severe limitations.     

Kubelka—Munk模型下的兔血管对He—Cd激光的散射与吸收特性

测量了兔动脉和静脉夺He-Cd激光的反射和透射传输特性。实验采用两积分球系统及波长为441.6nm的He-Cd激光器,并根据测量数据及采用Kubelka-Munk模型分析和计算了兔动脉和静脉组织对该波长激光的吸收系统、散射系数及总的光强I（x）及前向散射通量i(x)和后向散射通量j(x）随厚度的变化情况。结果表明,兔动脉和静脉的温反射率和透射率有明显差别,而且,动脉对激光的吸收系数明显较静脉的要小,耐动脉对激光的散射系数却明显较静脉的要大,在动脉和静脉组织中总的光强I(x)及前向散射通量i(x)和后向散射通量j(x)随厚度的变化情况也有明显的区别。     

Alcoholic fixation over formalin fixation: A new,safer option for morphologic and molecular analysis of tissues

Formalin is a widely used fixative but there is potential public health risks to exposure. Besides, alcoholic fixation is advantageous over formalin fixation because of faster fixation, optimal preservation and safer workplace environment. Following fixation by EMA and 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), we analyzed the tissue morphology, antigenic stability, DNA and RNA quantity with quality (OD value). The findings of EMA fixing on both the tissue morphology and molecular characterization, were satisfactory. Specially, EMA was faster in penetration of tissues than NBF, fixed ideally as early as 8 h of fixation whereas improper fixation was evident for NBF. In Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining, better cellular details with stronger affinity for staining were observed. In immunohistochemistry, better antigenic stability was reported for EMA-fixed tissues. The nucleic acid analysis revealed that total genomic DNA and RNA yield from EMA fixed tissues were significantly higher (P < 0.05) with superior quality than NBF fixed tissues. Our results suggest that EMA could be a potential alternative to NBF for fixation and preservation of tissues. These data provide new insights into an option for a safer working environment to support study and research.     

无损光学法测量人胃粘膜/粘膜下层组织的光衰减特性

研究了人正常胃粘膜及粘膜下层组织对640 nm,690 nm,740 nm,790 nm,840 nm和890 nm波长的钛宝石激光的光衰减特性以及光学穿透深度,实验采用激光斜入射式空间分辨反射光和CCD探测器以及非线性拟合确定组织光学特性。结果表明:人正常胃粘膜及粘膜下层组织对六个波长的激光的有效衰减系数和光学穿透深度都是随着激光波长的变化而变化的。其有效衰减系数的最大值在640 nm,其值为1.12 mm-1,最小值在790 nm,其值为0.901 mm-1,最大差异在790 nm和890 nm之间,其值为19.9%,最小差异在690 nm和740nm之间,其值为2.83%。其光学穿透深度的最大值在790 nm,其值为1.11 mm,最小值在640 nm,其值为0.890 mm,最大差异在640 nm和790 nm之间,其值为24.7%,最小差异在690 nm和740 nm之间,其值为2.97%。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO(2) and temperature on leaf optical properties in Acer saccharum

Elevated partial pressures of atmospheric carbon dioxide, similar to numerous causes of plant stress, may alter leaf pigmentation and structure and thus would be expected to alter leaf optical properties. Hypotheses that elevated CO(2) pressure and air temperature would alter leaf optical properties were tested for sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in the middle of its fourth growing season under treatment. The saplings had been growing since 1994 in open-top chambers and partial shade at Oak Ridge, Tennessee under the following treatments: (1) ambient CO(2) pressure and air temperature (control); (2) CO(2) pressure approximately 30 Pa above ambient; (3) air temperatures 3 degrees C above ambient; and (4) elevated CO(2) and air temperature. Under elevated CO(2) or temperature, spectral reflectance, transmittance and absorptance in the visible spectrum (400-720 nm) tended to change in patterns that generally are associated with chlorosis, with maximum differences from the control near 700 nm. However, these changes were not significant at P=0.05. Although reflectance, transmittance and absorptance at 700 nm correlated strongly with leaf chlorophyll concentration, variability in chlorophyll concentration was greater within than among treatments. The lack of treatment effects on pigmentation explained the non-significant change in optical properties in the visible spectrum. Optical properties in the near-infrared (721-850 nm) were similarly unresponsive to treatment with the exception of an increased absorptance throughout the 739-850 nm range in leaves that developed under elevated air temperature alone. This response might have resulted from effects of air temperature on leaf internal structure.     

PAXgene fixation enables comprehensive metabolomic and proteomic analyses of tissue specimens by MALDI MSI

An alcohol-based non-crosslinking tissue fixative, PAXgene Tissue System, has been proposed as alternative fixation method to formalin, providing superior and morphological preservation. To date, metabolites have not been assessed in PAXgene-fixed tissues. The study focuses on a comparison between PAXgene and standard formalin fixation for metabolomic analysis by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. Therefore, fifty-six samples from seven mice organs were fixed with PAXgene (PFPE) or formalin (FFPE), embedded in paraffin, and processed to a tissue microarray. PAXgene was able to spatially preserve metabolites in organs achieving an overlap of common metabolites ranging from 34 to 78% with FFPE. Highly similar signal intensities and visualization of molecules demonstrated negligible differences for metabolite imaging on PFPE compared to FFPE tissues. In addition, we performed proteomic analysis of intact proteins and peptides derived from enzymatic digestion. An overlap of 33 to 58% was found between FFPE and PFPE tissue samples in peptide analysis with a higher number of PFPE-specific peaks. Analysis of intact proteins achieved an overlap in the range of 0 to 28% owing to the poor detectability of cross-linked proteins in formalin-fixed tissues. Furthermore, metabolite and peptide profiles obtained from PFPE tissues were able to correctly classify organs independent of the fixation method, whereas a distinction of organs by protein profiles was only achieved by PAXgene fixation. Finally, we applied MALDI MSI to human biopsies by sequentially analyzing metabolites and peptides within the same tissue section. Concerning prospective studies, PAXgene can be used as an alternative fixative for multi-omic tissue analysis.     

Simultaneous demonstration of bone alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in plastic-embedded sections and differential inhibition of the activities

Summary Bone alkaline (AlP) and acid phosphatase (AcP) activities were simultaneusly demonstrated in tissue sections obtained from mice, rats, and humans. The method involved tissue fixation in ethanol, embedding in glycol methacrylate (GMA), and demonstration of AlP and AcP activities employing a simultaneous coupling azo dye technique using substituted naphthol phosphate as a substrate. AlP activity was demonstrated first followed by AcP activity. Both enzyme activities were demonstrated in tissue sections from bones fixed and/or stored in acetone or 70% ethanol for up to 14 days or stored in GMA for 2 months. AlP activity in tissue sections from bones fixed in 10% formalin, 2% glutaraldehyde, or formal-calcium, however, was markedly inhibited after 3–7 days and was no longer detectable after 14 days of fixation. Moreover, AlP activity was diminished in tissue sections from bones fixed in 70% ethanol or 10% formalin and subsequently demineralized in 10% EDTA (pH7) for 2 days, and the activity was completely abolished in tissue sections from bones subsequently demineralized in 5% formic acid: 20% sodium citrate (1:1, pH 4.2) for 2 days. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) embedding at concentrations above 66% completely inhibited AlP activity. AcP activity, however, was only partially inhibited by formalin, glutaraldehyde, or formal-calcium after 7 or 14 days of fixation or by MMA embedding and was unaffected by the demineralizing agent formic acid-citrate for 2 days. While AcP activity was preserved in bones fixed in formalin and subsequently demineralized in EDTA, the activity was completely abolished when EDTA demineralization was carried out on bones previously fixed in 70% ethanol. These results indicate that bone AlP and AcP activities can be demonstrated simultaneously in the same section using a simple tissue preparation technique and that the activities are retained in tissues fixed and/or stored in acetone, 70% ethanol or GMA, but are differentially inactivated by other fixatives studied, and by EDTA, formic acid-citrate, and MMA embedding.Abbreviations AcP acid phosphatase - AlP alkaline phosphatase - GMA glycol methacrylate - MMA methyl methacrylate - EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid     

The effects of formalin fixation on the detection of apoptosis in human brain by in situ end-labelling of DNA

Summary The technique of DNAin situ end-labelling (ISEL) for the detection of apoptotic cells has recently become the method of choice. The incorporation of a labelled nucleotide to facilitate detection into the single-stranded region of DNA cleaved by endogenous nucleases has proved to be a sensitive and straightforward technique. Previous reports have applied the technique to the study of apoptotic cells in brain tissue, which is normally subjected to relatively long-term formalin fixation. In this study we have examined the effects of long-term formalin fixation on the ability to detect apoptosis using ISEL in a variety of pathologies and in a normal rat testis. In the tissues which had been treated with overnight formalin fixation, apoptotic cells were readily identified in those pathologies where it might be expected to occur. However, in tissue which had been fixed for several weeks or more, apoptotic cells were not detectable. Samples of brain lymphoma tissue and rat testis subjected to a prospective analysis with respect to fixation time showed that the ability to detect apoptotic cells tailed off at around 3–5 weeks. In order to obviate the risk of false negative results it would be desirable to use ISEL in tissues formalin fixed for less than this period.