利用微分离黑麦IR染色体的体外扩增产物进行染色体着染研究

首先对显微分离出的黑麦（Ｓｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌｅ．Ｌ．）１Ｒ染色体进行了两轮Ｓａｕ３Ａ连接接头介导的ＰＣＲ扩增（ＬＡＰＣＲ）经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实这些染色体扩增片段来源于基因组ＤＮＡ之后,再利用ＩＲ染色体的第二轮扩增产物,黑麦基因组ＤＮＡ,ｒＤＮＡ基因为探针,与其根尖细胞中期分裂相进行染色体原位杂交,发现微分离的ＩＲ当色体体我扩增产物中包含大量的非该染色体特异性重复序列,而其信息量却较黑麦总     

黑麦染色体的显微分离与PCR扩增

利用改良的染色体显微分离技术,分离了黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌｅＬ．）一个完整细胞的１８条染色体（１４Ａ＋４Ｂ）,用人工合成的寡核苷酸为引物,进行单一引物法（ｓｉｎｇｌｅｕｎｉｑｕｅｐｒｉｍｅｒＰＣＲ,ＳＵＰＰＣＲ）扩增,经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证明,ＰＣＲ扩增产物与黑麦基因组ＤＮＡ同源。     

对微分离的大豆单染色体的克隆及其PCR产物的原位杂交分析(英文)

通过玻璃针分离法从大豆 (GlycinemaxL .)根尖细胞中期分裂相中显微分离出一条染色体 ,经Sau3A人工接头介导的两轮PCR后 ,将其第二轮扩增产物克隆到质粒载体上 ,构建了单染色体质粒文库。经分析 ,该微克隆文库包含约 2 0 0 0 0 0个重组子。随机挑选 1 78个重组子进行鉴定 ,证明该文库的插入片段主要介于 2 0 0～ 1 80 0bp之间 ,平均大小 830bp ;其中 ,中、高拷贝重复序列占 44% ,单、低拷贝序列占 56%。微分离染色体体外扩增产物的原位杂交分析表明它们来自于大豆基因组 ,然而却未能将其只标记在该条微分离的染色体上     

黑麦1R染色体微克隆文库的构建与分析

通过玻璃针分离法 ,从黑麦 (SecalecerealeL .)根尖细胞中期分裂相中显微分离出 2条及 5条 1R染色体。经Sau3A接头介导的PCR(LA_PCR)方法对其进行体外扩增 ,得到了 0 .3～ 2 .5kb之间的DNA片段。以DIG标记的探针进行多次Southern杂交 ,证明显微分离出的染色体的体外扩增产物与黑麦基因组DNA同源 ,并且来自 1R染色体。然后利用 5条 1R染色体的第二轮PCR产物构建质粒文库 ,可得到 2 2 0 0 0 0个重组子。随机挑选 172个重组子进行分析 ,发现插入片段主要介于 30 0～ 180 0bp之间。此外 ,根据基因组点杂交结果推算出该文库包含约 42 %的中、高重复序列和 5 8%的单、低拷贝序列 ,而且文库的冗余度较低。研究构建的黑麦 1R染色体微克隆文库为 1R染色体高密度遗传图谱的建立以及位于其上的重要基因的定位与分离提供了便利。     

大豆单染色体的显微分离及体外扩增

采用玻璃针分离法,通过显微操作器成功地分离到大豆（ＧｌｙｃｉｎｅｍａｘＬ．）单染色体。将分离到的两条大豆染色体分别放入两个０．５ｍＬＥｐｐｅｎｄｏｒｆ管中,经Ｓａｕ３Ａ酶切,并在染色体ＤＮＡ片段两端加上Ｓａｕ３Ａ人工接头后,进行两轮ＰＣＲ扩增,得到０．３～３ｋｂ之间的ＤＮＡ片段。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交表明,这些大豆单染色体扩增片段与大豆基因组ＤＮＡ之间有同源性,从而证明两条单染色体ＤＮＡ确实已被成功地扩增了,同时表明两条不同的大豆单染色体扩增产物存在一定的差异。在常规的倒置显微镜下对小型染色体进行了显微分离,为小型单染色体ＤＮＡ的体外扩增及微克隆奠定了基础。     

黑麦1R染色体的微切微克隆研究

显微分离出黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌｅＬ．）１Ｒ染色体,用ＣｏｈｅｓｉｖｅａｄａｐｔｅｒｓｓｉｎｇｌｅｐｒｉｍｅｒＰＣＲ（ＣＡＳＰＰＣＲ）方法进行体外扩增,以ＤＩＧ１１ｄＵＴＰ标记扩增产物为探针,进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ分子杂交,结果表明扩增产物来自黑麦１Ｒ染色体。用１／１０体积的连接物转化Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＤＨ５α,获得１００００多个重组菌落。经酶切分析,克隆子的插入片段为２５０～５００ｂｐ,为进一步筛选１Ｒ染色体的分子标记打下了基础     

对微分离的大豆单染色体的克隆及其PCR产物的原位杂交分析

通过玻璃针分离法从大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍａｘ Ｌ．）根尖细胞中期分裂相中显微分离出一条染色体,经Ｓａｕ３Ａ人工接头介导的两轮ＰＣＲ后,将其第二轮扩增产物克隆到质粒载体上,构建了单染色体质粒文库,经分析,该微克隆文库包含约２００００个重组子。随机挑选１７８个重组子进行鉴定,证明该文库的插入片室主要介绍于２００－１８００ｂｐ大小８３０ｂｐ;其中,中、高拷贝重复序列占４４％,单、低拷贝序列占５６％。微     

黑麦B染色体端粒相关序列的克隆

利用显微切割技术,分离了黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌＬ．）１０个Ｂ染色体短臂端部片段,并利用寡核苷酸引物（ＣＣＣＴＡＡＡ）３及新建立的二级单引物序列ＰＣＲ扩增法,扩增了黑麦Ｂ染色体端粒相关序列。染色体原位杂交实验将ＰＣＲ产物定位于Ｂ染色体短臂末端,多数Ａ染色体末端也显示清晰的杂交信号。部分ＰＣＲ产物克隆到ｐＵＣ１９载体中,对其中一个克隆子ｐｐ３的序列分析结果表明,它与玉米亚端部克隆子ｐＢＦ２６６部分区域的同源性为９２％。就目前资料检索,黑麦、玉米端粒相关序列具有高度同源性还未见报道。对这一实验设计在构建高密度ＲＦＬＰ图谱中的应用进行了探讨     

通过微切—扩增建立植物（蚕豆Vicia faba）染色体区段特异性基…

以蚕豆根尖为材料,采用改良方法制备染色体标本,在光镜下切割分离一段大Ｍ染色体核仁组织区（ＮＯＲ）特定区段,通过单一引物－－聚合酶链式反应法随机扩同切ＤＮＡ后,获得近６０μｇＤＮＡ。经琼脂糖电泳分析测定扩增产物分子片段大小介于２００－９００ｂｐ。以地主新标记蚕豆总体ＤＮＡ。作为探针与扩增产物进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交,证实扩增得到的ＤＮＡ与蚕豆ＤＮＡ同源,来自微切染色体。部分扩增产物经ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切后     

Ds因子在烟草染色体插入位点旁邻顺序的克隆

用Ｎｅｓｔｅｄ－ＰＣＲ方法从含Ｄｓ因子的转基因烟草ＤＮＡ中克隆了Ｄｓ因子在烟草染色体插入位点的９个旁邻ＤＮＡ片段,以这些片段作探针,和野生型烟草的ＤＮＡ进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交,以检测这些片段在烟草染色体上的低拷贝ＤＮＡ。另外,对这些ＤＮＡ片段进行核苷酸序列测定,并将它们的顺序与Ｇｅｎｂａｎｋ数据中已有的核苷酸序列相比较,其中长度为１２８核苷酸的片段１和荷兰芹的４ＣＬ－２基因的一个区段有５７．８％     

Construction and Characterization of the Microclone Library from Chromosome 1R in Rye

Two and five 1R chromosomes were microdissected from the metaphase spreads of rye ( Secale cereale L. ) root-rip cells with the aids of glass needles. The dissected chromosomes were amplified in vitro by the Sau3A linker adaptor mediated PCR technique, by which 0.3 to 2.5 kb smear DNA fragments were obtained. After hybridized with DIG labeled probes, it was confirmed that the PCR products of the microdissected chromosomes were homologous with the rye genomic DNA, and derived from the 1R chromosome as well. Then, the second round PCR products from five chromosomes of 1R were microcloned to construct the plasmid library, including 220 000 clones. 172 randomly selected clones were evaluated ranged in size from 300 to 1 800 bp. Furthermore, the genomic dot hybridization results indicated that the library contained nearly 42% medium/high repetitive sequences and 58% low/single copy sequences, and its redundancy was very low. In this research, many aspects of the 1R chromosome microclone library exceeded or approached those of the previous reports in the literatures. Those are potential for construction of a high density genetic map of chromosome IR, from which some important genes can be tagged and isolated.     

Microdissection and microcloning of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1R

Chromosome 1R was microdissected and collected from mitotic metaphase spreads of rye (Secale cereale L.) by using glass needles. The isolated chromosomes were amplified in vitro by Sau3A linker adaptor-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After amplification, the presence of rye-specific DNA was verified by Southern hybridization. The second-round PCR products from five 1R chromosomes were cloned into a plasmid vector to create a chromosome-specific library, which produced approximately 220,000 recombinant clones. Characterization of the microclone library showed that the 172 clones evaluated ranged in size from 300–1800 bp with an average size of 950 bp, of which approximately 42% were medium/high copy and 58% were low/unique copy clones. Chromosome in situ hybridization confirmed that the PCR products from microdissected chromosomes originated from chromosome 1R, indicating that many chromosome 1R-specific sequences were present in the library. Received: 5 December 1998; in revised form: 15 April 1999 / Accepted: 29 April 1999     

用于目标序列染色体定位的镜鲤BAC-FISH体系构建

为了构建用于镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. specularis)特定基因组序列染色体定位的实验体系, 在细菌人工染色体(Bacterial Artificial Chromosome, BAC)文库筛选池中对已知短序列基因组片段进行PCR扩增, 筛选出包含目标序列的BAC克隆, 提取BAC质粒进行缺刻平移标记制备探针, 开展荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)实验。通过对染色体片前处理、BAC质粒探针制备、C0t-1 DNA封闭基因组重复序列、预杂交、荧光染料选择、信号放大等一系列实验条件和方法的探索优化, 成功实现了目标序列在镜鲤有丝分裂中期染色体上的定位。定位对象既包括在染色体上有单一位点的序列, 如斑马鱼微卫星标记Z6884和Z4268, 也包括在染色体上有多个位点的重复序列, 如黄河鲤性别相关标记CCmf1。来自斑马鱼同一条染色体上的两个微卫星标记被分别定位于镜鲤不同染色体上, 为鲤鱼染色体数目加倍的进化假设提供了一项直接实验证据, 同时将现有遗传连锁图谱与染色体对应起来, 可作为染色体识别和细胞遗传学图谱构建的依据。黄河鲤性别相关重复序列被定位于不少于四条染色体上, 为性别决定相关基因的筛查提供了研究线索。这一BAC-FISH实验体系将成为鲤细胞遗传学图谱构建、基因组进化和比较基因组学研究中的重要研究工具。       

Microdissection and Microcloning of Chromosome 5 in Gossypium arboreum

Construction of single chromosomal DNA libraries by chromosome micromanipulation is a useful tool for pursuing genomic studies. Thus far, micromanipulation in cotton has not been reported yet, which may be due to difficulty in preparing chromosomes of similar sizes. In this study, single chromosome micromanipulation was successfully achieved in cotton. A single chromosome 5 of Gossypium arboreum (cultivar Shixiya-1) carrying a large satellite at mitotic metaphase was isolated by microdissection using the Cell Cut Plus Laser micromanipulation system. The chromosomal DNA was digested by Sau 3A and ligated to Sau 3A linker adaptors. After two rounds of linker adaptor PCR (LA-PCR) amplification, DNA fragments ranging from 300 to 2,500?bp were acquired. Southern hybridization revealed that the PCR products had homology with genomic DNA of the cultivar Shixiya-1, indicating that DNA of chromosome 5 has been successfully amplified. The second round LA-PCR products and 45S rDNA and chromosome-specific BAC clones were used as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on metaphase chromosome. The results confirmed that the LA-PCR products were derived from the isolated target chromosome. Hybridization signals of the second round LA-PCR products were mainly detected along the entire chromosome 5; in addition, weak signals were also observed on other chromosomes, indicating that there were some homologous nucleotide sequences in other chromosomes. The second round LA-PCR products were cloned to generate a chromosome-specific DNA library which contains approximately 173,000 clones. Evaluation based on 136 randomly selected clones showed that the size of the inserts varied from 500 to 1,800?bp with an average of 750?bp. The no-load rate was less than 1?%, the titer of the library was 1.2?×?10⁶ pfu mL^?1, and the rate of the single and low copy sequences was over 47?%. This library will facilitate specific probe screening, molecular mapping, gene cloning, and DNA sequencing for this chromosome.     

Studies on Microdissection and Microcloning of the Rye Chromosome 1R

Two 1R chromosomes of Secale cereale L. were isolated from one metaphase cell by means of chromosome micro-isolation, and the chromosomal DNA was amplified adopting the cohesive adapters single primer polymerase chain reaction (CASP-PCR) technique. The CASP-PCR products were labeled as probes. The results of Southern blot hybridization confirmed that the CASP- PCR products derived from the chromosome IR were homologous with the genomic DNA of S. cereale. The clones of PCR products were obtained with high efficiency. Over 10 000 recombinant clones were obtained from one-tenth of the ligation mixture which was transferred into the competent E. coli DH5a. The size of the inserted fragments of clones ranged from 250 bp to 500 bp. This research has established the foundation for further selection of chromosome 1R markers.     

Delimiting the Origin of a B Chromosome by FISH Mapping,Chromosome Painting and DNA Sequence Analysis in Astyanax paranae (Teleostei,Characiformes)

Supernumerary (B) chromosomes have been shown to contain a wide variety of repetitive sequences. For this reason, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) is a useful tool for ascertaining the origin of these genomic elements, especially when combined with painting from microdissected B chromosomes. In order to investigate the origin of B chromosomes in the fish species Astyanax paranae, these two approaches were used along with PCR amplification of specific DNA sequences obtained from the B chromosomes and its comparison with those residing in the A chromosomes. Remarkably, chromosome painting with the one-arm metacentric B chromosome probe showed hybridization signals on entire B chromosome, while FISH mapping revealed the presence of H1 histone and 18S rDNA genes symmetrically placed in both arms of the B chromosome. These results support the hypothesis that the B chromosome of A. paranae is an isochromosome. Additionally, the chromosome pairs Nos. 2 or 23 are considered the possible B chromosome ancestors since both contain syntenic H1 and 18S rRNA sequences. The analysis of DNA sequence fragments of the histone and rRNA genes obtained from the microdissected B chromosomes showed high similarity with those obtained from 0B individuals, which supports the intraspecific origin of B chromosomes in A. paranae. Finally, the population hereby analysed showed a female-biased B chromosome presence suggesting that B chromosomes in this species could influence sex determinism.     

Microdissection and Chromosome Painting of the Alien Chromosome in an Addition Line of Wheat - Thinopyrum intermedium

In this study, chromosome painting was developed and used to identify alien chromosomes in TAi-27, a wheat - Thinopyrum intermedium addition line, and the chromosomes of the three different genomes of Th. Intermedium. The smallest alien chromosome of TAi-27 was microdissected and its DNA amplified by DOP-PCR was used as a probe to hybridize with metaphase chromosomes of TAi-27 and Th . intermedium . Results showed that hybridization signals were observed in all regions of a pair of the smallest alien chromosomes and the pericentromeric area of another pair of alien chromosomes in TAi-27, indicating that the probe from microdissected chromosome is species specific. In Th . intermedium , 14 chromosomes had wide and strong hybridization signals distributed mainly on the pericentromere area and 9 chromosomes with narrow and weak signals on the pericentromere area. The remaining chromosomes displayed a very weak or no signal. Sequential FISH/GISH on Th . intermedium chromosomes using the DNAs of microdissected chromosome, Pseudoroegneria spicata (St genome) and pDbH12 (a J^s genome specific probe) as the probes indicated that the microdissected chromosome belonged to the St genome, three genomes (J^s, J and St) in Th . intermedium could be distinguished, in which there is no hybridization signal on J genome that is similar to the genome of Th . bessarabicum . Our results showed that the smallest alien chromosomes may represent a truncated chromosome and the repetitive sequence distribution might be similar in different chromosomes within the St genome. However, the repetitive sequence distributions are different within the J^s genome, within a single chromosome, and among different genomes in Th . intermedium . Our results suggested that chromosome painting could be feasible in some plants and useful in detecting chromosome variation and repetitive sequence distribution in different genomes of polyploidy plants, which is helpful for understanding the evolution of different genomes in polyploid plants.     

Painting the rye genome with genome-specific sequences

We used rye-specific repetitive DNA sequences in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to paint the rye genome and to identify rye DNA in a wheat background. A 592 bp fragment from the rye-specific dispersed repetitive family R173 (named UCM600) was cloned and used as a FISH probe. UCM600 is dispersed over the seven rye chromosomes, being absent from the pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions. A similar pattern of distribution was also observed on the rye B chromosomes, but with weaker signals. The FISH hybridization patterns using UCM600 as probe were comparable with those obtained with the genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) procedure. There were, however, sharper signals and less background with FISH. UCM600 was combined with the rye-specific sequences Bilby and pSc200 to obtain a more complete painting. With these probes, the rye chromosomes were labeled with distinctive patterns; thus, allowing the rye cultivar 'Imperial' to be karyotyped. It was also possible to distinguish rye chromosomes in triticale and alien rye chromatin in wheat-rye addition and translocation lines. The distribution of UCM600 was similar in cultivated rye and in the wild Secale species Secale vavilovii Grossh., Secale sylvestre Host, and Secale africanum Stapf. Thus, UCM600 can be used to detect Secale DNA introgressed from wild species in a wheat background.     

Semi-automatic laser beam microdissection of the Y chromosome and analysis of Y chromosome DNA in a dioecious plant, Silene latifolia

Silene latifolia has heteromorphic sex chromosomes, the X and Y chromosomes. The Y chromosome, which is thought to carry the male determining gene, was isolated by UV laser microdissection and amplified by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR. In situ chromosome suppression of the amplified Y chromosome DNA in the presence of female genomic DNA as a competitor showed that the microdissected Y chromosome DNA did not specifically hybridize to the Y chromosome, but hybridized to all chromosomes. This result suggests that the Y chromosome does not contain Y chromosome-enriched repetitive sequences. A repetitive sequence in the microdissected Y chromosome, RMY1, was isolated while screening repetitive sequences in the amplified Y chromosome. Part of the nucleotide sequence shared a similarity to that of X-43.1, which was isolated from microdissected X chromosomes. Since fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with RMY1 demonstrated that RMY1 was localized at the ends of the chromosome, RMY1 may be a subtelomeric repetitive sequence. Regarding the sex chromosomes, RMY1 was detected at both ends of the X chromosome and at one end near the pseudoautosomal region of the Y chromosome. The different localization of RMY1 on the sex chromosomes provides a clue to the problem of how the sex chromosomes arose from autosomes.     

The molecular identification of the midget chromosome from the rye genome.

The diminutive "midget" chromosome is found in plants containing a wheat nuclear genome with a substituted rye cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic substituted line arose during successive backcrossing of a wheat/rye amphiploid to wheat as the recurrent male parent. Southern and in situ hybridization with a dispersed repeat sequence specific for rye, R173, indicates that the midget chromosome originates from within the rye genome. Various DNA markers previously mapped to group 1 chromosomes of wheat and barley were used to trace the origin of the midget chromosome from within the rye genome. Ten short arm and 36 long arm probes were used and one marker was identified, which hybridizes to the midget chromosome and maps to the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 1R. An additional marker was generated from a genomic library of the line containing the midget chromosome. This also maps to the long arm of 1R. The results indicate that the midget chromosome contains a small segment of the long arm of chromosome 1R.