林丹烟剂干扰下毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)林节肢动物群落的结构与组成

对林丹烟剂干扰下毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens）林节肢动物群落结构与组成的系统定位观察与分析表明：长期使用林丹烟剂明显增加了群落主要物种（Pi≥0.05）的植食性种类及其优势度,显著降低群落总体的物种多样性,减少蜘蛛目、膜翅目、鞘翅目和双翅目或捕食性、寄生性和中性功能集团的物种数,削弱林冠层寄生性和捕食性物种在种类和数量上对植食性物种的制约潜能,引起叶部植食性害虫的暴发。因此,在毛竹害虫控制中应避免长期大量使用林丹烟剂。     

不同作物布局方式对转基因抗虫棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响

比较了不同作物布局下转基因抗虫棉田节肢动物的群落结构.结果表明,与单作棉田相比,蔬菜-棉花、果树-棉花及花生-棉花布局的棉田节肢动物群落、植食性害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的物种数均增加,中性节肢动物的数量均有增加;蔬菜-棉花和花生-棉花布局的棉田植食性害虫个体数量增加;蔬菜-棉花和果树-棉花布局的棉田天敌个体数量增加.花生-棉花和果树-棉花布局棉田的节肢动物群落相似性最大;而单作棉田与蔬菜-棉花布局棉田的节肢动物群落相似性最小.R啨nyi多样性指数表明,与单作棉田相比,蔬菜-棉花布局棉田节肢动物群落多样性较低,害虫亚群落多样性较低;果树-棉花布局棉田节肢动物群落多样性较高,天敌亚群落多样性较高;花生-棉花布局棉田节肢动物群落多样性较高,害虫亚群落多样性较高.果树-棉花布局是值得推广的转基因抗虫棉田布局方式.     

云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落多样性研究

为探究云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落结构及多样性,掌握昆虫群落多样性发展变化的时空动态,进一步明确紫花三叉白及害虫的种类和发生时间,为害虫防控提供理论参考依据,本研究采用棋盘式取样法,通过定时定点和大范围随机普查的方法,于2016年对云南省普洱市紫花三叉白及标记的样点进行了系统调查。调查期间共调查到节肢动物76种,分属于4纲12目56科。其中植食性节肢动物亚群落46种,分属于34科;捕食类节肢动物亚群落14种,分属于10科;寄生性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于8科;中性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于6科。其中科数及物种数最多为双翅目,个体数量最多的为膜翅目。对昆虫群落的多样性指数分析结果表明:双翅目昆虫群落丰富度最高,蜘蛛目优势度指数最高,多样性指数与均匀度均是膜翅目最高。时间上,6月物种数与多样性指数均最大,4月个体数量最多。不同类群分析结果为,植食性节肢动物群落物种数量最多,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定。通过黄板及扫网采集,物种数量的变化趋势与总群落变化趋势基本保持一致,总群落个体数与物种数的变化基本由黄板与扫网采集到的类群主导。通过调查及分析可知,紫花三叉白及节肢动物群落物种数量变化基本由植食类类群主导,节肢动物群落的稳定性较高,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定,非天敌亚群落的群落多样性与个体数量的变化趋势基本一致;物种丰富度与物种均匀度变化趋势基本一致;优势集中性与优势度随时间变化趋势基本一致。进入雨季之后,个体数量有较大幅度的降低,而持续性降雨与暴雨天气是导致个体数量迅速减少的重要因素。     

林丹烟剂干扰下毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens）林节肢动物群落的结构与组成

对林丹烟剂干扰下毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens）林节肢动物群落结构与组成的系统定位观察与分析表明：长期使用林丹烟剂明显增加了群落主要物种（P_i≥0.05）的植食性种类及其优势度,显著降低群落总体的物种多样性,减少蜘蛛目、膜翅目、鞘翅目和双翅目或捕食性、寄生性和中性功能集团的物种数,削弱林冠层寄生性和捕食性物种在种类和数量上对植食性物种的制约潜能,引起叶部植食性害虫的暴发。因此,在毛竹害虫控制中应避免长期大量使用林丹烟剂。     

板蓝根田节肢动物群落的结构与多样性研究

为了解河南省板蓝根田节肢动物群落的结构组成及物种多样性,该研究采用5点随机取样,通过网捕法和目测法调查并记录了板蓝根植株及地面上的节肢动物种类和数量。结果表明:河南省板蓝根田节肢动物群落物种丰富,共采集到2 613头,隶属于2纲10目39科61种。其中,植食性种类和捕食性种类均为24种(各占39.34%),寄生性种类4种(占6.56%),中性种类9种(占14.75%)。蜘蛛的种类占群落总种数的比例最高(为21.31%),表明田间的蜘蛛种类最丰富。鳞翅目物种的个体数量远大于其他的目,占群落个体数的43.78%。菜青虫和小菜蛾的相对丰盛度最高,分别为0.184 8和0.162 6,说明二者是河南省板蓝根田的优势害虫。捕食性集团的均匀度指数最高,寄生性集团的优势度指数最高,其中小菜蛾幼虫的寄生性天敌菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的数量最大。     

有机管理对柑橘园节肢动物群落多样性恢复的作用

比较了有机管理、常规管理和自然园3种不同管理方式下柑橘树冠层节肢动物群落多样性。结果表明：常规管理的柑橘园转有机管理后,柑橘园节肢动物群落的物种组成增加了1目、24科、130种;害虫类群的个体数量减少,而天敌类群的个体数量增加;在有机管理方式下,节肢动物群落的多样性指数、均匀度及优势集中性指数等全年的波动幅度介于自然园和常规管理区之间;有机管理区节肢动物群落的丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度及优势集中性指数等指标与自然园相比无显著差异,而与常规管理之间差异显著。有机管理方式能够提高和恢复柑橘园节肢动物群落的多样性,有助于实现对柑橘害虫的生态控制。     

长白山阔叶红松林植物群落与昆虫群落的相互关系研究

通过季节性的观察,系统研究了长白山植物群落、昆虫群落多样性及它们之间关系。结果表明,植物群落物种丰富度指数与植食性昆虫丰富度指数呈负相关,而与捕食性天敌昆虫丰富度指数呈正相关,与寄生性天敌的丰富度指数呈负相关;昆虫群落的均匀度与植物群落的均匀度相关显著。植物群落的多样性指数与捕食性、寄生性天敌的多样性指数呈正相关。而与植食性昆虫的多样性指数呈负相关,这表明植物群落的多样性影响昆虫群落的多样性。     

复合荔枝园节肢动物群落动态的研究

对单一荔枝和复合荔枝园节肢动物群落进行了调查、分析,结果表明：复合园的捕食性、寄生性昆虫以及蜘蛛类群的数量和丰富度明显高于单一园,而植食性类群的数量和主要害虫发生数量明显少于单一园。复合园各种类型的多样性指数季节变化,其总趋势比单一园大,波动程度比单一园低。复合园的均匀度全年维持在０．８以上,而单一园的则波动很大。     

桃园捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究

【目的】探讨桃园捕食性节肢动物群落特征、结构组成及动态规律,为桃园害虫防治提供依据。【方法】在西北农林科技大学实验站选择树龄5~6年的桃园为调查对象,系统调查园内节肢动物群落的种类和数量,测定群落的相对丰富度、多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(E)及优势集中性指数(C)等指标,研究园内捕食性节肢动物群落的变化规律。【结果】桃园捕食性节肢动物群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为高-低-高-低的趋势;群落优势度(B)与优势集中性指数呈现低-高-低趋势。食蚜蝇、蜘蛛、瓢虫、步甲和草蛉是桃园主要捕食性节肢动物亚群落。大灰食蚜蝇Metasyrphus corollae和黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteata是食蚜蝇亚群落的优势种群,5月中旬至6月下旬是其发生高峰期;龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica是瓢虫亚群落的优势种群,5月中旬至7月下旬是其发生高峰期,随后数量维持在较低水平;龟纹瓢虫鼎斑变型和锚斑变型是桃园最常见的色斑变型,分别占49.6%和29%;蜘蛛亚群落主要包括皿蛛、蟹蛛和球蛛类群,5月上中旬、8月中下旬和10月中旬是其发生高峰期;步甲亚群落的发生高峰期为5月上旬至6月下旬,随后维持在较低的水平;中华草蛉Chrysoperla sinica为草蛉亚群落的优势种群,6月上旬至8月上旬是其发生高峰期。【结论】桃园捕食性节肢动物主要包括捕食性蜘蛛、食蚜蝇、捕食性瓢虫、步甲和草蛉5个亚群落,不同天敌亚群落的结构特征随着季节和气温的变化而相互演替,共同发挥控制害虫的作用。     

大蒜-小白菜间作套种对菜田节肢动物功能团的影响

2004年9-11月于福建省琅岐岛针对大蒜与小白菜间作(CG1)套种(CG2)对节肢动物群落功能团影响进行调查和分析。结果显示:CG1提高了植食性昆虫、寄生性和捕食性天敌丰盛度,CG2可在降低植食性昆虫数量的同时提高寄生性天敌的数量;多作田寄生性天敌物种丰富度、丰盛度和多样性指数均高于单作田;优势类群动态表现为菜蚜茧蜂与蚜虫种群在CG1出现"天敌跟随现象",多作田在整个生长期都有利于提高捕食者球腹蛛的控制效能;中性昆虫在生长前期和中期是菜蚜虫茧蜂和球腹蛛的替代寄主或猎物。因此合理的间作或套种,有利于提高菜田生境的多样化,强化自然天敌对害虫的生态控制作用。     

包膜肥料养分控释机理研究进展

利用胶囊技术将易水溶性肥料包被起来是提高肥料利用率和减少施肥环境风险的一个重要手段,在广泛收集国内外有关包膜肥料研究的基础上,探讨了包膜肥料养分控释的原理、过程和特征,概述了影响包膜肥料养分控释的因素和包膜肥料养分控释的数学模拟研究,并提出了我国包膜肥料养分控释机理研究的主要方向。     

Synthesis and characterization of cross-linked malonylchitosan microspheres for controlled release of acyclovir

The purpose of the present study was to obtain a polymeric system for delayed release of the drug acyclovir (ACV), which can be used for treatment of Herpes simplex and Varicella Zoster. The gelled chitosan (GCT) microspheres were obtained by coacervation-phase separation. They were treated with malonic acid to obtain malonylchitosan (MLCT) microspheres, which were characterized by, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C NMR), elemental analysis (CHN), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The drug was encapsulated in MLCT microspheres by a contact adsorption technique, and the final formulation (MLCT-ACV), was analyzed for loading efficiency, degree of swelling and in vitro release profiles. The results obtained support the N-substitution of malonyl groups in the MLCT microspheres. The loading efficiency increased with impregnation time and a major amount of drug was encapsulated after 24 h. The swelling rate was higher in acid pH. The median release time was 5.5 h in pH 1.2 and 6.8. The mechanism involved in release was non-Fickian (0.43 < n < 0.85, n = 0.8474) and Super Case II kinetics (n > 1, n = 1.0491) at pH 1.2 and 6.8, respectively.     

Structural and rheological characterization of Scleroglucan/borax hydrogel for drug delivery

The polysaccharide Scleroglucan, one of the most rigid polymers found in nature, can form a chemical/physical gel, in the presence of borax. The obtained hydrogel was loaded with three different model molecules (Theophylline, Vitamin B12 and Myoglobin) and then, after freeze-drying, was used as a matrix for tablets. The release profiles of the substances from the dosage forms were evaluated; the matrix appeared capable to modulate the diffusion of the chosen molecules, and different diffusion rates were observed, according to the different radii of the tested molecules. Interestingly, in the dissolution medium the matrix undergoes an anisotropic swelling taking place only in the axial direction, while a negligible radial variation occurs. The water uptake of the matrix occurs according to a Fickian process.

Samples at two different polymer concentrations (0.7 and 2.3%, w/v) were characterized in terms of rheological and mechanical parameters and the properties were interpreted in terms of the molecular structure obtained by conformational analysis.

The flow curves acquired in the viscoelasticity interval, show the effect of the borate ion in improving the resistance of the gel in comparison to the polymer alone. The evaluation of the moduli indicates that the system is viscoelastic, with an appreciable liquid component that increases as the polymer concentration decreases. Also the cohesion of the gel is higher in comparison to the Scleroglucan and is strongly dependent on temperature.

The combination of experimental and theoretical conformational analysis approaches, allowed us to propose a model for the structure of the macromolecular network and to give an explanation to the anomalous swelling that was observed. It came out that the polymer can built up a channel structure, mediated via borax ion interaction, that can accommodate guest molecules of different size.     

改善蛋白质药物PELA控释微球释放性能的研究

开展了以乙酸乙酯(EA)与二氯甲烷(MC)的混合溶液为有机溶剂、以单甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚-DL-乳酸(PELA)为膜材的W／O／W复乳-分步固化法制备蛋白质药物控释微球的研究。为解决微球突释率高、且突释后的释药速度缓慢的问题,实现后期快速释放,以溶菌酶为模型蛋白,重点考察了膜材组成、内水相体积以及外水相盐浓度对微球释药速率的影响。结果表明,当外水相盐浓度增大至1.5％时可将释放率由22％提升至45％,是一种较好的加快微球释药速率的途径,因此可通过选择适当的外水相盐浓度,达到所期望的药物释药速率。     

Stochastic modeling of controlled-drug release

A drug release process by the oral route is random in nature and thus is subject to constant fluctuations. Moreover, individuals have varied tolerances to such fluctuations. The objective of this work is to characterize these fluctuations by a stochastic formalism. The system under consideration, i.e., the gastrointestinal tract consists of four consecutive compartments, i.e., stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The master equation of the system as well as the governing equations for the means, variances, and covariances of the random variables, each representing the number of microspheres in an individual compartment, have been derived through the probabilistic population balance. These equations have been numerically solved to predict the total release fraction of drug and its internal fluctuations, and the dynamic statistics (means, variances, and covariances) of the amount of drug in each compartment at any time after administration. The dissolution-intensity functions in the model have been recovered from the available in vitro dissolution data from controlled-release pellets of isosorbide-5-nitrate (IS-5-N) by assuming that the rate of release is of the first order. The residence times and transition-intensity functions of drug in the individual compartments have been estimated from the available data generated by the gamma scintigraphies of IS-5-N pellets labeled by ¹¹¹In. Based on these parameters, the total numbers of dissolved drug microspheres and their fluctuations at any instance have been calculated. The model is in accord with the existing in vivo dissolution data of the same drug independently obtained through plasma analysis. More important, the model predicts that fluctuations in terms of the standard deviations of the numbers of particles in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum can be of the same orders of magnitude as the corresponding mean numbers when 100 microspheres are simultaneously administered orally; in practice, such fluctuations characterized by these deviations could result in an undesirable release profile. Discussion is given of the potential direct clinical application of the results obtained as well as the plausible indirect application of these results and the model derived to the analyses of chemical and biochemical reactors.     

三种纳米缓释剂农药对葱蓟马的田间药效评价

葱蓟马Thrips tabaci Lindeman是一种世界性农业害虫,为明确3种纳米缓释剂农药对葱蓟马的防治效果,开展了田间药效评价试验.结果表明,0.7％甲维盐纳米缓释剂(NR)和5％甲维盐微乳剂(ME)对葱蓟马的速效性和持效性较好,3～14 d的防效均达到90％以上;10％高效氯氟氰菊酯NR和5％高效氯氟氰菊酯M...     

Micelles self-assembled from thermoresponsive 2-hydroxy-3-butoxypropyl starches for drug delivery

A new class of thermoresponsive polymers, 2-hydroxy-3-butoxypropyl starches (HBPS), was synthesized by changing the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of starch using butyl glycidyl ether as hydrophobic reagent. The lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of HBPS can be adjusted by varying the molar substitution (MS) of hydrophobic groups in the range of 4.5-32.5 °C. In water, HBPS can self-assemble into micelles below the LCST, and the micelles are deformed and aggregate into more polar and larger objects above the LCST. The drug loading HBPS micelles showed thermoresponsive controlled release, namely, the drug release is accelerated dramatically above the LCST.     

丙烯酸酯-PEG400 复合薄膜对胰岛素的体外控释研究

目的：在胰岛素非注射给药研究中,经皮给药系统凭借其独特的优势,已成为近年来医药领域的研发重点。控释膜的研究是 经皮给药系统中一个重要组成部分,然而涉及胰岛素通过控释膜释放的研究报道不多。本实验室通过紫外光催化技术合成出一 种丙烯酸酯-PEG复合薄膜作为胰岛素控释膜。本实验目的在于考察该复合薄膜在24 小时内对胰岛素的体外控释作用,从而为 胰岛素经皮给药制剂的基础研究作出贡献。方法：通过紫外光固化方法合成丙烯酸酯-PEG400 复合薄膜,通过HPLC的方法考察 丙烯酸酯-PEG400 复合薄膜对不同浓度胰岛素溶液的控释作用,通过比较薄膜对不同浓度胰岛素溶液的累积渗透量及渗透速率 等参数,研究薄膜对胰岛素的控释规律。结果：实验数据显示：丙烯酸酯-PEG 复合薄膜对3.0 mg/mL,6.0 mg/mL,9.0 mg/mL 这三 种不同浓度胰岛素控释曲线的相关因子分别为：0.9921,0.9950,0.9964。相关因子均大于0.99,表明该薄膜能很好的控制胰岛素溶 液实现线性释放。经计算,薄膜对3.0 mg/mL,6.0 mg/mL,9.0 mg/mL 这三种浓度胰岛素的累积渗透量分别为：266.69 ug/cm2,343.65 ug/cm2,460.10 ug/cm2。渗透速率分别为：9.24 ug·cm-2·h-1,13.40 ug·cm-2·h-1,19.04 ug·cm-2·h-1。以上两组数据表明, 薄膜对胰岛素的累积渗透量及渗透速率随胰岛素浓度的增加而增大。结论：通过实验结果我们可以看出,丙烯酸酯-PEG复合薄 膜能控制不同浓度的胰岛素溶液以恒定速率释放,通过对比薄膜对各浓度胰岛素的累积渗透量及渗透速率等参数,发现该薄膜 对胰岛素的释放速率受胰岛素浓度调节,具体表现为随胰岛素浓度的增加而增加。因此该薄膜不仅可以稳定控制胰岛素实现零 级释放,而且可以通过调节胰岛素浓度实现调节胰岛素释放速率的目的。由此可以看出,该薄膜是一种理想的胰岛素控释膜。同 时本实验作为胰岛素控释膜的基础研究,也为日后以该薄膜为控释膜的胰岛素经皮给药制剂的研发打下了坚实的基础。     

丙烯酸酯-PEG400复合薄膜对胰岛素的体外控释研究

目的：在胰岛索非注射给药研究中,经皮给药系统凭借其独特的优势,已成为近年来医药领域的研发重点。控释膜的研究是经皮给药系统中一个重要组成部分,然而涉及胰岛素通过控释膜释放的研究报道不多。本实验室通过紫外光催化技术合成出一种丙烯酸酯-PEG复合薄膜作为胰岛素控释膜。本实验目的在于考察该复合薄膜在24小时内对胰岛素的体外控释作用,从而为胰岛素经皮给药制剂的基础研究作出贡献。方法：通过紫外光固化方法合成丙烯酸酯-PEG400复合薄膜,通过HPLC的方法考察丙烯酸酯-PEG400复合薄膜对不同浓度胰岛素溶液的控释作用,通过比较薄膜对不同浓度胰岛素溶液的累积渗透量及渗透速率等参数,研究薄膜对胰岛索的控释规律。结果：实验数据显示：丙烯酸酯-PEG复合薄膜对3．0mg／mL,6．0mg／mL,9．0mg／mL这三种不同浓度胰岛素控释曲线的相关因子分别为：0．9921,0．9950,0．9964。相关因子均大于0．99,表明该薄膜能很好的控制胰岛素溶液实现线性释放。经计算,薄膜对3．0mg／mL,6．0mg／mL,9．0mg／mL这三种浓度胰岛素的累积渗透量分别为：266．69μg／cm-2,343．65μg／cm-2,460．10μg／cm2。渗透速率分别为：9．24μg／cm-2·h-1,13．40μg／cm-2·h-1,19．04μg／cm-2·h-1。以上两组数据表明,薄膜对胰岛素的累积渗透量及渗透速率随胰岛素浓度的增加而增大。结论：通过实验结果我们可以看出,丙烯酸酯一PEG复合薄膜能控制不同浓度的胰岛素溶液以恒定速率释放,通过对比薄膜对各浓度胰岛素的累积渗透量及渗透速率等参数,发现该薄膜对胰岛素的释放速率受胰岛素浓度调节,具体表现为随胰岛素浓度的增加而增加。因此该薄膜不仅可以稳定控制胰岛素实现零级释放,而且可以通过调节胰岛素浓度实现调节胰岛素释放速率的目的。由此可以看出,该薄膜是一种理想的胰岛素控释膜。同时本实验作为胰岛素控释膜的基础研究,也为日后以该薄膜为控释膜的胰岛素经皮给药制剂的研发打下了坚实的基础。