草原沙漠化过程中植物的耐胁迫类型研究

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟多伦县草原沙漠化过程中不同梯度共有种群为研究对象 ,探讨植物的受损机理 ,综合 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年的研究结果表明 :随着沙漠化的进展 ,共有种群的 1叶片含水量及叶绿素 a、b和总叶绿素含量均呈降低趋势。叶片含水量高低顺序为扁蓿豆 (Melilotoides ruthenica) >冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida) >羊草 (L eymus chinensis) >糙隐子草 (Cleistogenessquarrosa) ,反映了共有种群水分状况的不同。2质膜相对透性、游离脯氨酸含量均呈上升趋势 ,其中羊草、糙隐子草和冷蒿变化表现出先升后降再升的规律。3MDA含量变化均表现出先升后降再升的规律 ,不同植物不同阶段 MDA积累程度 (积累率大小顺序为沙漠化初期 :冷蒿 2 9.5 9% >羊草 18.14 % >扁蓿豆 13.6 8% >糙隐子草 3.77% ;沙漠化后期 :糙隐子草 80 .11% >冷蒿 77.2 9% >羊草 39.31% >扁蓿豆 8.5 6 % )的不同反映了不同阶段细胞受伤害程度的差异。4 SOD、CAT活性变化总体上均呈上升趋势 ,其中羊草 CAT活性呈降低趋势 ;酶活性均梯度间差异显著 (P<0 .0 0 1)。 5内源激素 ABA含量的变化因不同种群抗逆性强弱而异。糙隐子草、冷蒿和扁蓿豆 ABA增幅小 ,而羊草 ABA增幅大。综合各种生理特征及其对沙漠化环境的响应 ,对共有种群分类 :羊草为敏感型     

不同放牧率对内蒙古典型草原植物叶片解剖结构的影响

以内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站15a长期放牧样地的7种主要植物(扁蓿豆、冰草、糙隐子草、冷蒿、小叶锦鸡儿、星毛委陵菜、羊草)为材料,通过对不同放牧率(无牧、轻牧、中牧、重牧)下植物叶片解剖结构(角质层厚度、表皮细胞面积、叶肉细胞面积、栅栏/海绵组织厚度、叶片厚度、中脉厚度)特征以及化学成分变化的研究,探讨不同植物对长期放牧的适应策略,从而为典型草原放牧演替规律提供理论依据.结果表明:总体上,植物角质层厚度随放牧率的增加而增加;而表皮细胞面积、叶肉细胞面积、叶片厚度等指标不同植物的反应不同.植物叶片化学成分(全N、全C、纤维素含量、叶绿素a+b及a/b)随放牧率的变化较小.放牧率对冰草、冷蒿、羊草的全C、全N、叶绿素和纤维素含量均没有显著影响(P＞0.05),但却显著降低了糙隐子草的比叶面积及星毛委陵菜和小叶锦鸡儿的叶绿素含量,提高了糙隐子草的纤维素含量及扁蓿豆叶片的全N含量(P<0.05).因此,不同植物对放牧的反应存在着明显的种间差异,其中植物角质层厚度、表皮细胞面积、叶片厚度和中脉厚度是植物对放牧响应最为敏感的指标.     

草原沙漠化过程中土壤因素分析及其植物的生理响应

基于2001～2003年内蒙古锡林郭勒盟多伦县草原沙漠化过程中土壤因子（5个指标）与不同耐胁迫类型植物的生理响应（7个指标）的相关分析,得到的结果是：①羊草（敏感型）各生理指标与土壤含水量及土壤C／N比的相关水平较高（P〈0．01）,其中以MDA和ABA与土壤因子的相关性较高（P〈0．01）。②糙隐子草和冷蒿（积极忍耐型）MDA只与土壤C／N比关系均极显著相关（P〈0．01）．同时ABA与反映土壤的5个指标的关系亦极显著相关（P〈0．01）。③扁蓿豆（迟钝型）对土壤物理性质的敏感性要高于土壤的化学性质,土壤营养元素的衰减并没有成为制约其生长发育的主导因子。另外在扁蓿豆的7个生理指标中MDA与土壤的相关性最高（P〈0．01）,而ABA与土壤因子均不相关（P〉0。05）。④综合植物生理指标与土壤因子的相关分析,多数植物的MDA和ABA在沙漠化胁迫环境下反应较强。⑤不同类型植物在沙漠化过程中对土壤因子的响应机制不同,其中敏感型对土壤水分、C／N比响应较强,而积极忍耐型对土壤反应的主导因素不突出,总体上土壤因子中C／N比与植物的生理响应关系密切。     

沙漠化过程中四个共有种的生长和抗氧化系统酶类变化

探讨了自然条件下沙质草原沙漠化过程中4个共有植物种群的形态、生长和抗氧化系统酶类变化规律.结果表明,沙漠化过程中共有种种群株高、密度、密度百分比总体上呈降低趋势,其中扁蓿豆中度沙漠化阶段前生长渐趋旺盛,中度沙漠化阶段后生长受到限制,未达到显著水平(P＞0.05).羊草受损最重,中度沙漠化阶段株高下降至原生植被阶段的57.19%,密度和密度百分比仅为原生植被阶段的2.50%和6.22%.糙隐子草和冷蒿在潜在沙漠化、轻度沙漠化或中度沙漠化阶段株高的增加与种群所处的阶段性优势地位及其抗逆性增强有关.共有种群SOD、POD活性普遍在潜在沙漠化、中度沙漠化阶段增加,轻度沙漠化、重度沙漠化阶段降低.羊草过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较高,对沙漠化的响应不显著(P＞0.05);扁蓿豆CAT活性在潜在沙漠化、重度沙漠化阶段明显升高(P≤0.01).在重度沙漠化阶段,共有种3种酶活性普遍下降,只有扁蓿豆CAT活性上升.共有种群丙二醛含量从原生植被到中度沙漠化阶段均呈"先升后降再升"的变化,不同阶段之间差异显著(P≤0.05).综合分析表明,4个共有种中,羊草对沙漠化较敏感,扁蓿豆则生命力最强.     

冷蒿对三种禾本科植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

研究了冷蒿茎叶水浸提液及冷蒿斑块土壤对羊草草原3种禾本科植物(羊草、克氏针茅和糙隐子草)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:冷蒿茎叶水浸提液使受试植物种子的发芽指数降低,平均发芽时间延长.羊草、克氏针茅和糙隐子草幼苗苗高及克氏针茅幼苗根长均受冷蒿茎叶水浸提液抑制;浸提液浓度≥0.075g.ml-1时显著抑制羊草幼苗根长生长,≤0.05g.ml-1时则无显著影响;而茎叶水浸提液对糙隐子草幼苗根长有"低促高抑"的作用.冷蒿斑块土壤抑制受试植物幼苗生长;3种植物对冷蒿化感效应的敏感性依次为克氏针茅羊草糙隐子草,且幼苗根长的敏感性均大于苗高.     

沙漠化过程中四个共有种的生长和抗氧化系统酶类变化

探讨了自然条件下沙质草原沙漠化过程中4个共有植物种群的形态、生长和抗氧化系统酶类变化规律．结果表明,沙漠化过程中共有种种群株高、密度、密度百分比总体上呈降低趋势,其中扁蓿豆中度沙漠化阶段前生长渐趋旺盛,中度沙漠化阶段后生长受到限制,未达到显著水平(P>0．05)．羊草受损最重,中度沙漠化阶段株高下降至原生植被阶段的57．19％,密度和密度百分比仅为原生植被阶段的2．50％和6．22％．糙隐子草和冷蒿在潜在沙漠化、轻度沙漠化或中度沙漠化阶段株高的增加与种群所处的阶段性优势地位及其抗逆性增强有关．共有种群SOD、POD活性普遍在潜在沙漠化、中度沙漠化阶段增加,轻度沙漠化、重度沙漠化阶段降低．羊草过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较高,对沙漠化的响应不显著(P>0．05);扁蓿豆CAT活性在潜在沙漠化、重度沙漠化阶段明显升高(P≤0．01)．在重度沙漠化阶段,共有种3种酶活性普遍下降,只有扁蓿豆CAT活性上升．共有种群丙二醛含量从原生植被到中度沙漠化阶段均呈“先升后降再升”的变化,不同阶段之间差异显著(P≤0．05)．综合分析表明,4个共有种中,羊草对沙漠化较敏感,扁蓿豆则生命力最强。     

浑善达克沙地14种植物热值特征

通过对浑善达克沙地14种主要野生植物根、茎、叶、果实等器官进行取样,测定其热值、灰分、矿质元素,同时对各项指标的相关性进行分析,来探讨浑善达克沙地主要植物作为生物燃料供给料的潜力及植物热值对灰分和矿质元素含量的响应。结果表明:14种野生植物全株热值范围为16.18 MJ·kg-1(猪毛菜)~20.23 MJ·kg-1(小叶锦鸡儿),平均值为18.80 MJ·kg-1,该值高于全球陆生植物平均热值;14种沙生植物的全株热值顺序为:小叶锦鸡儿沙蒿地烧瓜冷蒿木岩黄芪扁蓿豆糙隐子草沙鞭沙芦草叉分蓼冰草细叶鸢尾木地肤猪毛菜;14种植物灰分范围3.98%(沙鞭)~12.18%(猪毛菜),全株灰分含量顺序为猪毛菜木地肤地烧瓜细叶鸢尾叉分蓼小叶锦鸡儿沙蒿冰草扁蓿豆沙芦草冷蒿木岩黄芪糙隐子沙鞭;热值与灰分呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与碳、氮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),热值与金属矿质元素呈负相关,与非金属矿质元素呈正相关,但均不显著。浑善达克沙地主要野生植物热值均高于当前主要生物质原材料(柳枝稷、玉米秸秆、王草等),说明该地区植物具有作为能源植物的潜力。     

放牧对大针茅草原建群种与优势种空间分布关系的影响

为探讨放牧下大针茅草原建群种大针茅(Stipa grandis)和优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)及糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)种群空间分布特点及关系,本实验以内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟毛登牧场大针茅草原建群种大针茅、优势种羊草和糙隐子草为研究对象,通过野外试验,以地统计学为基础,采用半方差函数、分形维数及克里格插值法,分析了围封(CK)和放牧(G)样地大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草种群小尺度空间分布关系。结果表明:围封样地大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草植株密度分别为10.94株/m~(2 )、12.95株/m~(2 )、13.60株/m~(2 ),放牧样地植株密度分别为16.84株/m~(2 )、48.28株/m~(2 )、28.63株/m~(2 ),放牧显著增加大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草种群密度(P0.05);半方差函数进行模型拟合发现,大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草种群空间分布函数关系均符合高斯模型;通过对空间分布函数关系分析,围封和放牧样地结构比为G (93.3%) CK(60.4%),表明放牧样地大针茅种群空间分布主要受结构性因素影响,而围封大针茅种群则受随机性因素影响较大;围封和放牧样地分形维数值为CK(1.796) G(1.361),表明放牧样地大针茅、羊草和糙隐子草所形成的空间分布格局相比围封样地较为复杂,大针茅空间分布对羊草和糙隐子草空间分布的依赖性较弱;通过立体图分析,在放牧利用过程中,羊草处于中低密度时,及糙隐子草处于高密度时,均与大针茅种群间的关系从围封中的竞争关系变为放牧过程中的亲和关系,可见放牧导致种间关系改变。     

锡林郭勒退化草原不同禁牧恢复演替阶段土壤种子库比较

以冷蒿(Artemisia frigida) 糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)退化草原经过长期围栏禁牧恢复演替(23 a和10 a)群落为研究对象,并对比围栏外退化的冷蒿 糙隐子草草原,揭示锡林郭勒退化草原长期围栏禁牧后的土壤种子库特征.随着群落的恢复演替,土壤总种子库物种组成和密度均增加,但持久性土壤种子库占土壤总种子库的比例下降.代表土壤总种子库的4月份取样,围栏禁牧23 a、10 a和围栏外退化样地土壤种子库密度平均值分别为4433、4756粒· m-2和856粒· m-2, 在0.001水平上差异显著,基本代表持久土壤种子库(persistent soil seed bank)的6月底取样,3个样地土壤种子库密度在0.05水平上差异显著;多数植物土壤种子库主要分布在0～3 cm层,各样地种子库密度随土壤深度的增加而减少;围栏禁牧23 a、10 a和围栏外重度退化样地的持久土壤种子库密度分别为土壤总种子库的52.6%、47.4%和90.9%,;各样地一年生植物,构成了草原土壤种子库密度的主要组成部分.结果表明,对于严重退化的冷蒿 糙隐子草群落,只要在恢复起点仍有零星分布的羊草和大针茅植株,经过长期围栏禁牧可恢复其土壤种子库物种组成和种子库规模.     

气候变化和放牧活动对糙隐子草种群的影响

 糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)是一种多年生丛生小禾草,属C4植物,在研究气候变化和放牧活动对草原C4植物的影响方面是一种很好的指示植物。本文探讨了在气候变化及放牧干扰条件下糙隐子草种群地上生物量、种群特征和资源利用方式等方面的变化,分析了C4植物对气候变化的响应和在放牧干扰下的生态对策。结果表明：在气候温暖化的情况下,糙隐子草种群生物量及其在群落中的比例都有所上升,放牧大大加快了这一过程。通过逐步回归分析得出糙隐子草种群最大地上生物量与生长季（4～8月）总降雨量(r)和平均温度(t)的关系为：y=-12.451 1+0.018 7r+0.060 1t2 (p=0.003)。总体上,放牧明显降低了其种群高度和每丛生物量,但显著提高了其密度、盖度和地上生物量;密度的变化受气候和放牧互作的影响。如果以植物光合所固定的100 g的碳（C）所需要的其它大量营养元素来衡量植物的养分利用效率,则可以发现,与其它主要植物如羊草（Leymus chinensis）相比,糙隐子草对氮(N)和硫（S）的需求量最少,利用3.17 g的N和0.31 g的S就能生产100 g的C,而羊草则需要4.24 g的N和0.41 g的S才能生产100 g的C。 说明在放牧使土壤比较贫瘠的条件下,糙隐子草的养分利用效率较高,这可能是其在土壤比较贫瘠的退化植物群落竞争中处于优势地位的又一重要原因。     

Effect of percolation rate on nutrient kinetics and rice yield in tropical rice soils

A model is presented with which the contribution of longitudinal oxygen diffusion to total oxygen requirement of a root can be estimated. Oxygen transport in and respiration of the soil are taken into account. Given the air-filled root porosity, root diameter, coefficient of oxygen transfer between root and soil, root and soil respiration rate, and the coefficient for oxygen diffusion in the soil, the maximum length a root can attain with an adequate oxygen supply to the root tip can be calculated. Results show the importance of root porosity for root aeration, also in unsaturated soils. For thick roots (radius >0.03 cm), diffusion along the internal pathway can provide 50–75% of the total oxygen requirement even, at modest values of the root porosity.     

The short-term effects of fresh kelp (Macrocystis integrifolia) on physical properties of a fine-textured soil

In a two year field investigation fresh kelp (M. integrifolia) was broadcast and incorporated into plots of silty clay loam soil in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. The effects of this amendment on bulk density, particle density, total porosity and aeration (volume of pores occupied by air after a saturated core was allowed to freely drain for 12 h at a soil water potential of −0.60 m) were measured. Soil aeration was increased in the first year with 30 and 60 t ha^-1 kelp application but decreased with the 120 t ha^-1 application. This soil aeration effect did not persist into the second year. Soil bulk density, particle density and total porosity were not significantly affected.     

Quantification of the intragranular porosity formed in bioleaching of pyrite by Thiobacillus ferroxidans

During the bacterial oxidation of a pure pyrite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, a great number of corrosion tunnels appear that are easily revealed by scanning electron microscopy observations. This involves an increase in the surface area without significant granulometric reduction of mineral grains. Thus, the evaluation of intragranular porosity, determined by elution front analysis, allows one to estimate accurately the fraction of oxidized sulphide, because of the development of deep holes (propagating pore mechanism). After 60 days of bioleaching, the intragranular porosity represents about 34% of the initial sulphide volume, which corresponds to 25 km of tunnels (2 mum i.d.) per gram of pyrite. On other hand, the granulometric reduction ( approximately 7%) is responsible for a 23% decrease of the initial sulphide volume. The elution front analysis appears as a nondestructive method for measuring the intragranular porosity of the bioleached pyrite.     

透光分层疏透度测定及其在次生林结构研究中的应用

次生林是中国森林的主体,对其进行合理的经营无疑对中国天然林资源保护及国家生态安全建设具有重大意义．次生林的结构(尤其是垂直结构)是该林种合理经营的重要因素．本文在以往研究的基础上,引入了分层疏透度的概念,并以透光分层疏透度表征林分的垂直结构;详细介绍了应用全天照片测定透光分层疏透度的方法与步骤．分析了透光分层疏透度在次生林结构研究和次生林的经营理论与技术研究中的应用前景．     

Bone quality in prehistoric,cis‐baikal forager femora: A micro‐CT analysis of cortical canal microstructure

Bone quality, a contributor to bone strength, is determined by structural and mechanical properties, which may be analyzed by gross and/or microscopic methods. Variables that contribute to bone quality, such as porosity, can provide insight into the health and lifestyles of people in prehistory. This study tests the ability of microcomputed tomography (µCT) to capture and characterize cortical canal systems in archaeological bone. Seven variables and 71 femora are analyzed to explore bone dynamics in prehistoric foragers from Lake Baikal, Siberia. The results indicate that canal number and canal separation differ significantly (P < 0.05) between age‐at‐death categories, but only for the pooled and male samples. When merged into a new variable by means of principal components analysis, canal diameter and canal surface to canal volume are also able to discriminate amongst age‐at‐death categories, as well as between the sexes. However, the overall lack of significant differences between the sexes and amongst age‐at‐death categories indicates that Baikal forager bone quality (i.e., canal architecture) did not change drastically throughout the lifespan. Interestingly, principal component one identified an untested variable that contributes to canal microstructure variability, and a sexual division of labor may promote divergent trends in canal degree of anisotropy between the sexes. Overall, µCT provides an alternate method for exploring bone quality in archaeological remains, complementing existing methods such as thin‐sectioning and gross morphological analyses. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:486–497, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The occurrence of porosity in reline acrylic resins. Effect of microwave disinfection

Background: Microwave energy has proved to be an effective method for disinfecting acrylic dentures. However, the effect of microwave heating on the porosity of autopolymerising denture reline resins has not been investigated. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of microwave disinfection on the porosity of autopolymerised denture reline materials (Kooliner‐K, New Truliner‐NT, Tokuso Rebase Fast‐TR and Ufi Gel Hard‐UGH) and a conventional heat‐polymerised denture base resin (Lucitone 550‐L). Material and methods: Specimens (10 mm × 20 mm × 1 mm) were obtained from the impression surface of the palatal mucosa in a single person and divided into four groups (n = 5). The porosity was evaluated after polymerisation (C1), after two cycles of microwave disinfection (MW2), after seven cycles of microwave disinfection (MW7) and after 7 days storage in water at 37°C (C2). Specimens from group MW7 were exposed to microwave disinfection daily being stored in water at 37°C between exposures. All the replicas were sputter coated with gold and micrographs/digital images were taken of each replica using scanning electron microscopy at magnification × 100. The SEM micrographs were then examined using an image analyser to determine the number of pores. Comparison between materials and groups were made using Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: MW7 resulted in a significant increase in the number from the pores of material K, but decreased in number in reline material TR and UGH reline resin. The number of pores in materials NT and L remained unaffected following microwave disinfection. Conclusion: Differences in the porosity amongst the materials and for different experimental conditions were observed following microwave disinfection.     

Rôle des termites sur le spectre poral des sols forestiers tropicaux. Cas deThoracotermes macrothorax Sjöstedt (Termitinae) et deMacrotermes mülleri(Sjöstedt) (Macrotermitinae)

Résumé A partir de mesures physiques réalisées sur des échantillons de sols de différentes tailles portés a une contrainte hydrique de 0,1 MPa on obtient des informations sur la porosite et l'évolution de la taille des pores des échantillons.L'action deT. macrothorax (termite humivore) sur le sol affecte en premier lieu les horizons de surface. On note, à 1 mètre autour du nid, une forte augmentation de la porosité qui devient exceptionnellement élevée au pied de la termitière. Le volume des pores de > à 1,5 m est considérablement amplifié par rapport au sol témoin mais la contribution des pores de < à 1,5 m diminue. L'action mécanique de mastication du sol par les termites conjuguée à l'augmentation de matière organique apparait jouer un rôle décisif dans la stabilité des contructions deT. macrothorax.Les horizons avoisinants le nid deM. mülleri (termite champignonniste) ainsi que la muraille du nid enregistrent une diminution de la porosité avec disparition complète des pores > 1,5 m. On constate dans ce cas une baisse du taux de matière organique dans les échantillons. Dans le cas deM. mülleri les données physiques et physico-chimiques montrent que la stabilité structurale du sol ne peut être vraisemblablement pas assurée par les forces de cohésion envisagées habituellement dans ce genre de matériau.

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Termitic action on the porous spectrum of tropical forest soils. The case of Thoracotermes macrothorax Sjöstedt (Termitinae) and Macrotermes mülleri (Sjöstedt) (Macrotermitinae)

Summary Insights on the porous properties and evolving sizes of sample pores have been derived by means of physical measures carried out on several soil samples of various sizes placed under a hydric strain of 0.1 MPa.Under the very influence ofT. macrothorax (humivorous termite), surface horizons are the first to be altered. Within one metre's radius around their nest, a significant increase of porosity is noticeable, reaching an exceptionally high degree at the bottom of the nest. The volume of pores > 1.5 m is held to be considerably amplified as compared with control soils; however, the interference < 1.5 m pores. The masticative and mechanical power of termites on the soil, together with the organic matter bulk increase turn out to play a paramount role in the stability ofT. macrothorax constructions.On the contrary, horizons in the vicinity ofM. mulleri's nests (fungus growing termite) undergo a diminutive porosity with the total disappearance of pores > 1.5 m. A sharp decrease or organic matter rates has been recorded. Alternatively, as far asM. mulleri are concerned, physical and physico-chemical data do emphasize that the soil structural stability is not to be correctly ensured by the cohesive properties which are normally to be taken into account with this type of material.

     

大机械作业对黑土区耕地土壤结构性特征的影响

以东北典型黑土区耕地土壤为研究对象,通过对不同（大、中型）机械作业前后土壤硬度、容重和非毛管孔隙度/毛管孔隙度比值（NCP/CP）等结构性特征指标的测定和分析,研究了机械作业对土壤物理性质的影响.结果表明：机械作业后,土壤硬度在垂直梯度上均存在3个明显交替变化的层面,自上而下依次为耕作区、压实积累区和无影响区,中机械作业的土壤各层变化范围相对较浅,在17.5～30 cm范围内形成了新的土壤板结.大机械作业对黑土区耕地土壤结构性特征的影响以疏松作用为主,尤其对表层土壤的改良效果显著（P＜0.05）,与收获前相比, 收获和深松作业后土壤容重分别降低了3.5%和7.2%,深松后NCP/CP提高了556.6%,这对增加入渗、削弱水土流失的潜在威胁极为有利;中机械作业则以压实作用为主.     

Movement and Persistence of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in a Soil with a Plow-pan

Movement and persistence of 1,2-dibrotno-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in a Coastal Plain soil containing a sandy plow-pan were enhanced in each of 2 years by subsoiling, increased depth of application, and increased rate of application. DBCP was extracted from the soil with hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography. Subsoiling at a 35-cm depth gave the greatest increase in lateral movement and downward penetration of DBCP in 1975 (a wet year), but bad less effect in 1976 (a dry year). An increased application rate (10 kg/ha vs. 13.5) improved coverage moderately in 1975 by increasing lateral movement, but had little effect in 1976. Increased application depth (18 vs. 35 cm) improved coverage in both years though more in 1976. Deep placement extended DBCP retention time. Rainfall in 1975 probably decreased the number and size of air-filled pores, slowing loss of DBCP to the atmosphere. Because of reduced porosity, the plow-pan was impervious to the passage of DBCP unless disrupted by subsoiling.     

Anatomical wood variation of Buddleja cordata (Buddlejaceae) along its natural range in Mexico

Buddleja cordata is an evergreen species of wide distribution in Mexico that is represented by shrubs and trees. Wood variability of B. cordata was evaluated in relation to plant size as well as latitude, altitude, soils, and climatic data. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) showed that two canonical correlations are significant (Wilks' λ, p<0.0001) and explained 76% of total variance. Redundancy analysis revealed that the first pair of canonical variates are significant, thus the canonical variate, named distribution, represents a gradient of maximum temperature of the warmest period, annual temperature range, and latitude in its area of distribution; whereas the canonical variate named wood represents vessel density, fiber length, and plant size, best associated to the environmental gradient. Vessel density expressed by its distribution in latewood and porosity type showed that ring-porosity is common in individuals from high latitudes. Temperatures below zero or lack of rainfall during several months might induce porosity variability in B. cordata as suggested by CCA, but was not related to phenology since the species is evergreen along its latitudinal range. Plant size was also influenced by extreme temperature and rainfall. Shorter plants are distributed in the northern population or driest sites located in north-central Mexico, and in addition, fiber length followed an allometric relation with individuals' height. Wood characters in B. cordata as for simple perforation plate, helical thickenings, type of intervascular and vessel-ray pits, scanty paratracheal parenchyma, and heterogeneous type IIB rays were not correlated with plant size, climate, and soil parameters or species distribution. These features are common with other species of Buddleja.An erratum to this article can be found at