内蒙古退化草原8种植物叶结构对禁牧的响应

在内蒙古典型草原地带,选择有代表性的羊草＋大针茅群落的放牧退化演替变型—冷蒿＋糙隐子草群落实行封育禁牧。并对未禁牧群落（退化群落）、禁牧7a的群落和禁牧20a群落的8种主要植物叶的解剖结构特征进行比较研究,以探讨植物叶结构对禁牧的响应。结果表明：禁牧恢复演替后叶片角质层厚度和叶肉细胞密度降低、5种植物叶片变薄、星毛委陵菜上表皮细胞明显变小,植物叶旱生特征减弱。但草地退化后植物叶又不完全表现为旱化或加强旱化的特性。从植物叶结构的变化中可见星毛委陵菜具有较强的耐牧性。对于植物叶结构其它指标,则不存在明显的一致性变化趋势。     

草原沙漠化过程中植物的耐胁迫类型研究

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟多伦县草原沙漠化过程中不同梯度共有种群为研究对象 ,探讨植物的受损机理 ,综合 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年的研究结果表明 :随着沙漠化的进展 ,共有种群的 1叶片含水量及叶绿素 a、b和总叶绿素含量均呈降低趋势。叶片含水量高低顺序为扁蓿豆 (Melilotoides ruthenica) >冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida) >羊草 (L eymus chinensis) >糙隐子草 (Cleistogenessquarrosa) ,反映了共有种群水分状况的不同。2质膜相对透性、游离脯氨酸含量均呈上升趋势 ,其中羊草、糙隐子草和冷蒿变化表现出先升后降再升的规律。3MDA含量变化均表现出先升后降再升的规律 ,不同植物不同阶段 MDA积累程度 (积累率大小顺序为沙漠化初期 :冷蒿 2 9.5 9% >羊草 18.14 % >扁蓿豆 13.6 8% >糙隐子草 3.77% ;沙漠化后期 :糙隐子草 80 .11% >冷蒿 77.2 9% >羊草 39.31% >扁蓿豆 8.5 6 % )的不同反映了不同阶段细胞受伤害程度的差异。4 SOD、CAT活性变化总体上均呈上升趋势 ,其中羊草 CAT活性呈降低趋势 ;酶活性均梯度间差异显著 (P<0 .0 0 1)。 5内源激素 ABA含量的变化因不同种群抗逆性强弱而异。糙隐子草、冷蒿和扁蓿豆 ABA增幅小 ,而羊草 ABA增幅大。综合各种生理特征及其对沙漠化环境的响应 ,对共有种群分类 :羊草为敏感型     

草原沙漠化过程中植物叶面积的变化及其与土壤因子的关系

在自然状态下,对沙质草原沙漠化过程中主要植物叶面积变化及其与土壤因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明:随着沙漠化加剧,羊草和糙隐子草的比叶面积在沙漠化初期(梯度Ⅰ)下降显著(P0.01),菊叶萎陵菜和冰草的比叶面积在沙漠化后期(梯度Ⅲ)下降显著(P0.05),寸草苔比叶面积下降不显著(P0.05),冷蒿比叶面积从沙漠化中、后期开始显著增加(P0.05),扁蓿豆比叶面积从沙漠化初期开始显著增大(P0.01);羊草、糙隐子草和冷蒿的叶面积指数总体上呈显著下降趋势(P0.01),扁蓿豆叶面积指数显著增加(P0.01);羊草、糙隐子草叶面积指数与土壤粘粒、C、N含量、土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P0.01),与土壤C/N比呈显著负相关(P0.01);冷蒿和扁蓿豆叶面积指数与土壤因子的相关性和上述二者正好相反(P0.05);在叶面积指数与土壤因子线性拟合中,糙隐子草叶面积指数与土壤C/N拟合最高(R2=1),其次是羊草叶面积指数与土壤含水量的拟合(R2=0.992),扁蓿豆叶面积指数与土壤C/N拟合最低(R2=0.268)。土壤C/N是影响草原沙漠化过程中共有种叶面积的关键因子(P0.05),其影响大小为糙隐子草羊草冷蒿扁蓿豆。     

内蒙古典型草原退化机理的研究

在内蒙古冷蒿小禾草退化草原上,经过６年围栏定量的放牧,分别对９种主要植物种群的形态学特征对放牧的响应进行了研究．结果表明,不同生活型和营养繁殖方式的牧草对放牧率的响应策略是不同的,从而构成了不同放牧率下群落演替的基础．匍匐以不定根行营养繁殖生长或分蘖性强的种群是较适应于重牧的,如冷蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｆｒｉｇｉｄａ）和星毛委陵菜（Ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉｌａａｕｃｕｌｉｓ）;以根茎和分蘖行营养繁殖的羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）和冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｃｒｉｓｔａｔｕｍ）及丛生禾草克氏针茅（Ｓｔｉｐａｋｒｙｌｏｖｉ）属宜轻牧植物;以根茎和分蘖行营养繁殖的寸草苔（Ｃａｒｅｘｄｕｒｉｕｓｃｕｌａ）和小丛生禾草糙隐子草（Ｃｌｅｉｓｔｏｇｅｎｅｓｓｑｕａｒｒｏｓａ）属宜中牧植物;而以分枝行营养繁殖的扁蓿豆（Ｍｅｌｉｓｉｔｕｓｒｕｔｈｅｎｉｃａ）和木地肤（Ｋｏｃｈｉａｐｒｏｓｔａｔａ）则宜轻牧．随着放牧率的增大,群落发生明显的变化,小禾草的比例逐渐减少,冷蒿小禾草退化草原最终进一步趋同于星毛委陵菜退化草原;而轻牧可以维持草原现状或使其发生恢复演替,禾草比例增加,即可达到利用式改良的目的     

不同放牧强度下冷蒿(Artemisia frigida )、星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)的形态可塑

 研究了不同放牧强度下（不放牧、轻牧(1.33只羊/hm2)、中牧(4.00只羊/hm2)、重牧(6.67只羊/hm2)）冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida)、星毛委陵菜 (Potentilla acaulis)的克隆形态（间隔子长度、分枝强度）可塑性以及生物量分配格局。两种植物的间隔子长度、分枝强度沿放牧梯度具有显著的可塑性反应。冷蒿间隔子长度：不放牧>轻牧>重牧>中牧;分枝强度：重牧>中牧>轻牧>不放牧。星毛委陵菜间隔子长度:轻牧>不放牧>中牧>重牧;分枝强度:重牧>中牧>轻牧>不放牧。冷蒿种群     

不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响

以８年（１９８９－１９９７年定位的放牧试验数据为基础,较全面分析了不同放牧率对冷蒿（Ａrtemisia frigida）草原植物多样性和草场异质性的影响,并从内蒙古细毛羊选择性采食和植物适应策略的角度探讨其影响机制。研究发现,在进行冷蒿小禾草草原的物种丰富度调查是,１００m的样线法是可行的;在探讨放牧对群落多样性的影响时,Ｓimpson多样性指数和均匀度指数对放牧率大小的变化更敏感。经过连续８年的放牧,不同放牧率对物种丰富度的影响不大。但植物多样性和均匀度随放牧率的增大而下降,群落优势度却随放牧率增大而增大,;内蒙古细毛羊的选择性采食和较高放牧率和互作是导致植物多样性和均匀度下降及群落优势度上升的主要原因。冷蒿、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa)、星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis)、冰草（Ａgropyron cristatum)和寸草苔（Carex duriusula)在不同放牧率下的种群消长决定了冷蒿草原的放牧演退规律和植物多样性大小;尽管内蒙古细毛羊较喜食糙隐子草,但其种群在所有放牧率下均是多度最大的３个种群之一。     

草地利用方式对温性典型草原优势种植物功能性状的影响

当外界环境发生变化后植物能够改变自身功能性状及时调整适应策略, 因此植物功能性状能够有效地反映植物对草地利用变化的响应, 然而在内蒙古草原从植物功能性状角度开展草地利用方式影响的研究略少。该研究以内蒙古典型草原大针茅(Stipa grandis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)和冷蒿(Artemisia frigida) 4种主要优势种为研究对象, 探讨在长期自由放牧、割草、短期围封和长期无干扰的影响下优势种植物功能性状的差异, 以期从功能性状视角, 揭示植物在受到外界干扰后的适应策略, 旨为天然草地的可持续管理提供基础数据支持和科学依据。结果表明: 1)除糙隐子草外, 在长期放牧后内蒙古典型草原优势植物植株高度、根长和植物碳氮含量降低, 这些性状的变化能够使植物个体小型化, 适口性降低, 表明植物通过逃避放牧的策略适应长期自由放牧的干扰; 在割草管理方式下, 优势种的高度和比叶面积有增加的趋势, 其中冷蒿的氮含量对割草响应最敏感, 其根、茎、叶中的氮含量均在割草样地最低; 围封和长期无干扰处理下植物的碳氮含量增加, 表明在干扰强度降低后, 植物通过功能性状的改变从资源获取策略向资源储藏策略转变。2)对优势种功能性状集合分析表明, 糙隐子草具有较低的植株高度和较高的比叶面积, 冷蒿具有较高的木质素含量和氮含量, 这些性状能够使两种植物被家畜采食量减少, 并保证其具有较强的再生能力, 这可能是糙隐子草和冷蒿耐牧的原因; 大针茅具有最高的植株高度、最大的叶片干物质含量, 以及最高的茎、叶纤维素含量, 说明大针茅是非常典型的竞争物种, 在干扰较低的条件下, 大针茅采取竞争策略对其他物种产生较大的竞争压力可能是其占优势的重要原因。     

浑善达克沙地14种植物热值特征

通过对浑善达克沙地14种主要野生植物根、茎、叶、果实等器官进行取样,测定其热值、灰分、矿质元素,同时对各项指标的相关性进行分析,来探讨浑善达克沙地主要植物作为生物燃料供给料的潜力及植物热值对灰分和矿质元素含量的响应。结果表明:14种野生植物全株热值范围为16.18 MJ·kg-1(猪毛菜)~20.23 MJ·kg-1(小叶锦鸡儿),平均值为18.80 MJ·kg-1,该值高于全球陆生植物平均热值;14种沙生植物的全株热值顺序为:小叶锦鸡儿沙蒿地烧瓜冷蒿木岩黄芪扁蓿豆糙隐子草沙鞭沙芦草叉分蓼冰草细叶鸢尾木地肤猪毛菜;14种植物灰分范围3.98%(沙鞭)~12.18%(猪毛菜),全株灰分含量顺序为猪毛菜木地肤地烧瓜细叶鸢尾叉分蓼小叶锦鸡儿沙蒿冰草扁蓿豆沙芦草冷蒿木岩黄芪糙隐子沙鞭;热值与灰分呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与碳、氮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),热值与金属矿质元素呈负相关,与非金属矿质元素呈正相关,但均不显著。浑善达克沙地主要野生植物热值均高于当前主要生物质原材料(柳枝稷、玉米秸秆、王草等),说明该地区植物具有作为能源植物的潜力。     

不同放牧强度下冷蒿(Artemisia frigida )、星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)的形态可塑

研究了不同放牧强度下（不放牧、轻牧(1.33只羊/hm2)、中牧(4.00只羊/hm2)、重牧(6.67只羊/hm2)）冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida)、星毛委陵菜 (Potentilla acaulis)的克隆形态（间隔子长度、分枝强度）可塑性以及生物量分配格局。两种植物的间隔子长度、分枝强度沿放牧梯度具有显著的可塑性反应。冷蒿间隔子长度：不放牧>轻牧>重牧>中牧;分枝强度：重牧>中牧>轻牧>不放牧。星毛委陵菜间隔子长度:轻牧>不放牧>中牧>重牧;分枝强度:重牧>中牧>轻牧>不放牧。冷蒿种群     

克氏针茅草原主要植物化学元素含量的季节变化

作者于1979年6月至11月,在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟白音锡勒牧场西部地区克氏针茅草原的同一地段上,每隔一个月左右时间,分5次采集克氏针茅、冷蒿、羊草、星毛委陵菜、小叶锦鸡儿等5种优势植物的叶片,测定氮、磷、钾、钙、铁、铝、硫、硅等元素的含量。分析克氏针茅草原中克氏针茅等优势植物氮、磷等9种元素含量季节变化,可以看出如下趋     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.