百日咳抗体酶联检测试剂盒的研制及其应用

为了研制百日咳抗体酶联检测试剂盒以调查吉林省2~8岁儿童百日咳、白喉及破伤风抗体水平。采用百日咳菌液经硫酸铵盐析、PBS溶液浸提及蔗糖密度梯度离心提取的PT和FHA作为包被抗原,辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记羊抗人IgG,作为抗体制备ELISA试剂盒。并经敏感性、特异性、重复性试验考查该试剂盒质量。结果显示,试剂盒敏感性可达0.0036 IU/m l;重复性较好,CV<4%。试剂盒置于37℃3d敏感性无明显变化。吉林省2~8岁儿童白喉、破伤风的抗体水平较高,百日咳的抗体水平相对较低。此方法制备的百日咳抗体酶联检测试剂盒的质量符合要求,可应用于临床检验与流行病学监测。     

酶联免疫破伤风抗体定量试剂的研制及应用

制备一种精确的破伤风抗体定量试剂,用于人源破伤风抗体的定量及人群破伤风抗体水平的测定。以人源破伤风免疫球蛋白国家标准品建立定量反应曲线,经系统优化后建立双抗原夹心法定量检测系统。定量反应曲线显示,抗体浓度在10~120m IU/m l之间,相关系数r=0.9993。精密度(CV)≤7%。实际应用验证,未经(TTC)免疫的献血员中,具有保护性抗体水平(0.01 IU/m l)的比例只占12.2%。经3针(TTC)免疫后,抗体水平均大于0.01 IU/m l,经动物体内中和试验法(NT)定量的3批破伤风免疫球蛋白,用制备的酶联免疫破伤风抗体定量试剂测定,其回收率分别为109%、98%和93%。结论,该试剂可用于破伤风抗体的精确定量。     

一种辅助SNT测定人特异性免疫球蛋白抗体效价的ELISA方法的建立

利用已建立的抗破伤风类毒素和抗狂犬病病毒的抗体半定量检测ELISA试剂,建立检测人特异性免疫球蛋白半成品和成品效价的可靠方法,依靠统计分析技术,推算出抗体ELISA效价,发现其与小鼠血清中和试验(SNT)检测的抗体效价的相关性和一致性极好,可用于ELISA对SNT的稀释范围的确定,提高其准确性,还可部分替代SNT对生产过程进行监控,缩短生产时间。     

B型肉毒毒素单克隆抗体的制备及其检测试剂盒的研制

目的 建立B型肉毒毒素(botulinum toxin B, BoNT/B)快速检测方法,研制B型肉毒毒素酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测试剂盒。方法 以B型肉毒类毒素为抗原免疫小鼠,用杂交瘤技术获得鼠源单克隆抗体(单抗),体内法扩大制备单抗。间接ELISA测定杂交瘤细胞株分泌单抗的稳定性、腹水效价以及单抗的亚型、理化性质和抗原识别表位。过碘酸钠法对抗原表位差异较大的抗体进行HRP标记,筛选最佳包被抗体和标记抗体,并确定包被抗体包被浓度和标记抗体工作浓度。将其配制成试剂盒,对试剂盒的线性、定量限、准确度和重复性等进行研究。结果 筛选、鉴定8株能稳定分泌B型肉毒毒素特异性单抗的杂交瘤细胞株。8株单抗腹水效价1∶32 000～1∶512 000,重链为IgG类、轻链为κ型,均耐碱、耐热,不耐酸,其中4C11、4D7、7F9和8D2 4株单抗抗原表位差异较大。以4D7为包被抗体、8D2为标记抗体配制试剂盒,B型肉毒毒素滴度在2～32 LD₅₀/mL范围内呈现良好的线性(r=0.996),定量限为0.96 LD₅₀/mL,试剂盒2～8℃有效期为12...     

鼠疫菌F1抗体/抗原酶联免疫诊断试剂盒的应用评价

目的对兰州生物制品研究所有限责任公司研制的鼠疫菌F1抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂盒和鼠疫菌F1抗原酶联免疫诊断试剂盒进行临床应用评价。方法采用双抗原/抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、间接血球凝集试验(IHA)、胶体金免疫层析试验(GICA)3种方法的诊断试剂对比检测云南省地方病防治所中心实验室保藏的和现场采集的血清样品和脏器样品,对血清样品做鼠疫菌F1抗体检测,对脏器样品做鼠疫菌F1抗原检测。结果在358份血清样品中,ELISA试剂检出F1抗体阳性52份(14.52%),IHA试剂检出阳性37份(10.34%),GICA试剂检出阳性45份(12.57%)。ELISA与IHA试剂的符合率为95.23%,与GICA试剂的符合率为96.92%。经统计学χ2检验,ELISA试剂检出F1抗体阳性率高于IHA试剂(χ2=11.53,P=0.000 7),与GICA试剂检出的差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.27,P=0.070 4)。进一步分析滴度差值频数,ELISA试剂检测人血清的敏感性高于IHA试剂的样品占87.5%。在117份脏器样品中,3种试剂均检出F1抗原阳性15份(12.82%),符合率100%。滴度差值频数比较,ELISA试剂检测敏感性高于反向间接血球凝集试验(RIHA)试剂的样品为78.57%。结论兰州生物制品研究所有限责任公司研制的鼠疫菌F1抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂盒和鼠疫菌F1抗原酶联免疫诊断试剂盒性质特异,其敏感性优于IHA试剂盒和GICA试剂条,值得在鼠疫的监测和快速诊断中推广应用。     

应用双抗原ELISA夹心法检测破伤风抗毒素效力的试验

作者建立了一套适用于破伤风抗毒素效力检测的双抗原夹心ELISA法,对破伤风类毒素免疫后的豚鼠和马匹分别进行了血清效价测定,并和传统的小鼠攻毒法的效力检测进行了比较,结果表明：该检测方法与小鼠攻毒法对不同水平的破伤风抗毒素效力检测,结果是一致的,有很好的相关性;此法省时、特异、灵敏,可成为另一种检测破伤风抗毒素的有效方法。     

ELISA 法用于马抗狂犬病毒抗体的检测

本文建立了ＥＬＩＳＡ间接法,用以检测精制（马）抗狂犬病血清（或血浆）制造过程中的中和抗体效价,并与传统的小鼠脑内中和法比较。结果表明（１）两种检测方法对不同水平抗体的检出是一致的。它们之间有很好的线性关系（ｙ＝２．１７ｘ＋２１,ｒ＝０．９９,ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）应用ＥＬＩＳＡ间接法测定马抗狂犬病血清效价简便、快速、特异性及重复性好,可代替小鼠脑内中和法。     

定量检测组织型纤溶酶原激活剂夹心ELISA方法的建立

目的:建立灵敏、特异的组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)定量测定方法,为血栓性疾病和肿瘤性疾病的早期诊断及疗效评估提供辅助手段。方法:采用抗t-PA多克隆抗体包被酶联板、HRP标记抗t-PA单克隆抗体为标记抗体、重组t-PA为标准品,建立定量测定t-PA的夹心ELISA双抗体法。以t-PA测定的特异性、灵敏性和重复性评价夹心ELISA测定法。结果:夹心ELISA测定法可检测t-PA浓度为0.5ng/mL的样品,不同样品的组内和组间的变异系数分别为4.7%和8.4%。采用夹心ELISA法测定40份正常人血浆,t-PA的平均含量为(4±2.1)ng/mL。结论:夹心ELISA测定法具有灵敏性高、特异性强的特点,可用于人血浆中t-PA水平的定量测定。     

白喉类毒素酶联免疫检测法的建立及初步应用

目的建立测定吸附无细胞百白破联合疫苗中白喉类毒素酶联免疫检测(ELISA)方法,并进行验证及初步应用。方法以高效价兔抗DT多克隆抗体和相应酶标抗体建立双抗体夹心ELISA法,确定线性范围同时验证该方法的重复性和特异性等确定检测限度,并初步应用。结果 DT含量在0~0.0160 Lf/m L范围内反应曲线线性关系良好(r0.99)。该方法与破伤风类毒素(Tetanus toxoid,TT)、百日咳毒素(Pertussis toxin,PT)、百日咳丝状血凝素(Filamantous hemagglutinin,FHA)与黏着素(Pertactin,Prn)无明显交叉反应,重复性好、特异性较强,精密度及准确度验证均符合常规质控要求,通过验证确定的准确检测范围为0.000 8~0.016 0 Lf/m L;检测限度为0.000 8 Lf/m L。该方法对DT抗原进行了吸附率的检测,同时检测了10批白喉类毒素原液与《中华人民共和国药典》三部2010年版规定的絮状单位检测方法进行对比,变异系数低于20%。结论建立了白喉类毒素双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法,为吸附无细胞百白破联合疫苗生产过程中白喉类毒素含量的质量控制提供了有效技术手段。     

绿脓杆菌抗毒素精制方法与效价测定方法的研究

本文采用胃酶消化──硫酸铵盐析法对绿脓杆菌外毒素Ａ（ＰＥＡ）免疫马血浆进行了试制提纯,对该法酶处理及热变性中影响精制效果的几个主要因素进行了比较试验,同时对文中采用的４种效价测定方法进行了筛选。结果表明,胃酶消化法可用于ＰＥＡ免疫马血浆的精制;效价测定以生物学方法（细胞毒性中和试验、小鼠致死毒性中和试验）为佳。综合比较试验的结果,本文拟订了ＰＥＡ免疫马血浆精制的“修订法”并与“常规法”进行了精制比较。初步结果表明,修订法的精制效果优于常规法。     

Diphtheria-tetanus overimmunization in children with no records: can it be prevented?

A pilot study was undertaken to assess the validity of two new tests for predicting the immune response of Toronto schoolchildren with no acceptable evidence of prior administration of diphtheria or tetanus toxoid to a routine booster injection of diphtheria and tetanus (DT) toxoid. The tests, an inexpensive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) fingerprick test for tetanus antibodies and a modification of the Schick skin test for susceptibility to diphtheria, were administered before the booster injection. One week later the ELISA test was repeated and the result of the modified Schick test read. On both occasions a diphtheria microneutralization assay was done for "gold standard" evidence of prior exposure to diphtheria toxoid or toxin. The results were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a single prebooster tetanus ELISA test or a modified Schick test for predicting which children with no records could be safely protected with only one DT booster dose instead of the primary series of three or four doses usually given to such children. Only 6 of the 34 subjects (18%) were totally without prior exposure to tetanus toxoid. Two of the six (6% of 33 subjects) appeared to mount a primary immune response to diphtheria toxoid as well. An initial ELISA titre of 0.01 IU/ml or lower correctly identified all six children needing a full series of tetanus toxoid (sensitivity for a primary immune response 100%) and falsely identified only 3 of 28 immune children as needing the series (specificity for immunity 89.3%). The modified Schick test appeared to have even greater accuracy for identifying children needing a full series of diphtheria toxoid. However, its use, entailing the costs of an extra nurse visit, would have prevented only seven more children from receiving an unnecessary full series of diphtheria toxoid than use of the baseline tetanus ELISA test alone.     

In vitro immunization of human lymphocytes. I. Production of human monoclonal antibodies against bombesin and tetanus toxoid

A procedure for in vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes against bombesin conjugated to tetanus toxoid (BTT) is described. Bombesin is a tetradecapeptide associated with small cell lung carcinoma. We found that antibody responses against bombesin as well as tetanus toxoid could be generated in vitro by culturing nylon-separated human splenic lymphocytes for 6 days with lipopolysaccharide, phytohemagglutinin-activated lymphocyte supernatants, human AB serum, and bombesin conjugated to tetanus toxoid. Cells sensitized by this procedure were fused to murine myeloma cells, NS-1. The specificities of resulting hybrids were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoassays and competitive inhibition experiments. Hybrids secreting anti-bombesin (IgM) or anti-tetanus toxoid (IgM or IgG) were obtained. The ratio of IgG to IgM antibodies against tetanus toxoid could be increased by using antigen coupled to Sepharose beads. The sensitization procedure described here offers a system for the study of antigenic stimulation of human B lymphocytes in vitro and for the production of human monoclonal antibodies with the desired specificities.     

Maternal antibodies against tetanus toxoid do not inhibit potency of antibody responses to autologous antigen in newborn rhesus monkeys

Background

Our previous study suggested newborns have competent immune systems with the potential to respond to foreign antigens and vaccines. In this study, we examined infant immune responses to tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccination in the presence of maternal antibody to TT.

Methods

We examined changes in plasma levels of tetanus toxoid‐specific IgG1 (anti‐TT IgG1) in a total of eight infant rhesus macaques from birth through 6 months of age using a commercial Monkey Anti‐TT IgG1 ELISA kit.

Results

A significant correlation between anti‐TT IgG1 levels in vaccinated dams and their paired newborn infants was detected in control (non‐vaccinated) infants as previously reported. Maternal anti‐TT IgG1 levels declined rapidly within 1 month of birth in non‐vaccinated infants (n=4). In four infants vaccinated with TT at birth, we found two had rapid and robust antibody responses to vaccination. Interestingly, the other two first showed declining TT antibody levels for 2 weeks followed by increasing levels without additional vaccine boosts, indicating all four had good antibody responses to primary TT vaccination at birth, despite the presence of high levels of maternal antibodies to TT in all four infants.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that newborn macaques have competent immune systems that are capable of generating their own primary antibody responses to vaccination, at least to tetanus antigens. Maternal antibodies thus do not significantly impair antibody response to the vaccination, even when received on the day of birth in infant rhesus macaques.     

Sublingual immunization with an engineered Bacillus subtilis strain expressing tetanus toxin fragment C induces systemic and mucosal immune responses in piglets

Sublingual (SL) and intranasal (IN) administration of a Bacillus subtilis-based tetanus vaccine was tested in piglets, which more closely mimic the human immune system than mice. Piglets were immunized by the SL, IN or oral routes with vaccine expressing tetanus toxin fragment C, or commercial tetanus vaccine given by intramuscular injection as a control. Tetanus toxoid specific ELISA and passive neutralization tests were used to measure IgG and IgA levels in serum and mucosal secretions, and assess protective serum antibodies, respectively. The nature of the immune response was explored by MHC Class II, TGF-β1 expression, and ELISA assays for multiple cytokines. SL or IN immunization of piglets induced neutralizing tetanus toxoid specific serum antibody and local salivary and vaginal IgA responses. Standard tetanus vaccine resulted in systemic antibodies, whereas oral administration of the Bacillus-based vaccine was ineffective. Further analyses indicated a balanced Th1/Th2 response to SL or IN immunization. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates for the first time that SL or IN administration is effective for inducing both systemic and mucosal responses in a piglet model, indicating that SL or IN delivery of a B. subtilis-based tetanus vaccine can be a simple, non-invasive, low cost strategy to induce immunity to tetanus.     

Determination of Tetanus Toxin and Toxoid by ELISA Using Monoclonal Antibodies

The procedure for obtaining monoclonal antibodies TT-1, TT-2, and TT-3 against tetanus toxin/toxoid is described. It is shown that the commercial DTP vaccine and tetanus toxoid conjugated with a low-molecular-weight hapten can both be used as immunogens. Monoclonal antibodies TT-1 and TT-2 neutralized tetanus toxin in vivo. The monoclonal antibodies obtained were used to design and compare several schemes of quantitative determination of tetanus toxoid and toxin by ELISA. A more sensitive competitive ELISA allowed the detection of as much as 0.01 EC/ml toxoid and 50 LD₅₀/ml toxin.     

Determination of tetanus toxin and toxoid by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies

The procedure of obtaining monoclonal antibodies TT-1, TT-2, and TT-3 against tetanus toxin/toxoid is described. It is shown that both commercial DTP vaccine and tetanus toxoid conjugated with a low-molecular-weight hapten can be used an immunogens. Monoclonal antibodies TT-1 and TT-2 neutralized tetanus toxin in vivo. The monoclonal antibodies obtained were used to design and compare several schemes of quantitative determination of tetanus toxoid and toxin by ELISA. A more sensitive competitive ELISA allowed detecting as much as 0.01 EC/ml toxoid and 50 LD50/ml toxin.     

Detection of Anti-tetanus Toxoid Monoclonal Antibody by Using Modified Polycarbonate Surface

In recent years, CD surface modification methods are employed for immunoassay techniques that is called BioCD technology. In this research, first polycarbonate surface was activated with UV ozone and a hydrophilic surface was obtained. Contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy technique confirmed the hydrophilic property of surface. After that, tetanus toxoid was immobilized on modified CD surface then specific monoclonal antibody, gold nanoparticles conjugated antibody, silver salt, and hydroquinone were added on modified CD surface. So a sandwiches complex as tetanus toxoid, tetanus toxoid monoclonal antibody, and gold nanoparticles conjugated antibody was obtained on CD surface. ATR result showed the immobilization of tetanus toxoid on modified CD surface. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and DLS results confirmed the complex formation. Silver salt and hydroquinone were added for signal amplification. Detection limit of anti-tetanus toxoid IgG monoclonal antibody was obtained 0.005 IU/ml by LSPR and DLS techniques. The presented method increases the assay’s sensitivity. BioCD-based immunoassay for detection of anti-tetanus toxoid IgG monoclonal antibody could be applicable in development and fabrication of biomedical devices.