莎草科薹草属黑穗薹草组的植物地理学讨论

根据黑穗薹草组植物的外部形态、细胞染色体特征与地理分布之间的关系,结合地质历史事件推测了黑穗薹草组Sect.Racemosae G.Don.的起源、进化和迁移等问题。推测黑穗薹草组可能在早第三纪的始新世起源于我国的喜马拉雅-横断山地区;可能的迁移路径为：由起源中心向北部迁移至欧洲、中亚、俄罗斯西伯利亚地区,并通过格陵兰岛和白令陆桥到达北美洲地区;经过第四纪冰川后,一些分布于北美洲的物种又通过白令陆桥回迁到亚洲东部的俄罗斯远东地区,最终形成该组植物的现代分布格局。     

中国薹草属(莎草科)研究随记(Ⅳ).隐匿薹草组的分类修订(英文)

隐匿薹草组(Carex sect.Infossae)为最近建立的薹草属(Carex)的组,当时报导分布于我国安徽和江苏,有2种和1变种,即隐匿薹草(C.infossa)、显穗薹草(变种)(C.infossa var.extensa)和矮秆薹草(C.minuticulmis)。根据描述,另有15种和2变种应归属本组,这些分类群具有较为一致的特征:果囊椭圆球状卵球形或卵球形,通常疏被短毛或近无毛,先端渐狭成中等长的喙,喙口具2小齿;瘦果卵球形,先端钝或微凹。通过文献考证、标本查阅、野外采集,并结合果囊和瘦果的扫描电镜观察,对隐匿薹草组所涉及的种(含种下类群)进行了分类修订。该组仅有2种:百里薹草(C.blinii)和尖叶薹草(C.oxyphylla)。将Carex elmeri、C.granifera、矮秆薹草(C.minuticulmis)、上海薹草(C.shanghaiensis C.blinii subsp.shanghaiensis)、C.sublateralis、C.taihokuensis和锐果薹草(C.tatsutakensis)并入百里薹草;将沟囊薹草(C.canaliculata)、樟木薹草(C.changmuensis)、C.distantiflora、隐匿薹草(C.infossa)、显穗薹草(C.infossa var.extensa)、C.lateralis、C.loheri、无芒长嘴薹草(C.longerostrata var.exaristata)、城湾薹草(C.longerostrata var.hoi)、C.lyi、和平菱果薹草(C.macrandrolepis)和C.sharyotensis并入尖叶薹草。     

中国莎草科一新记录种——菊芳薹草

报道了中国莎草科(Cyperaceae)薹草属一新记录种——菊芳薹草(Carex trongii K.K.Nguyen)。该种分布于我国广西与越南交界地区的石灰岩地区。菊芳薹草与宽叶薹草组(Carex sect.Siderostictae Ohwi)的种类在形态上近似,但以秆中生和果囊密被糙毛而易于区别。提供了菊芳薹草的形态描述和线条图。     

浙江薹草属植物新记录

在整理和鉴定浙江薹草属植物的过程中,发现了一些地理分布的新记录。其中包括10种、1亚种,即宽叶薹草组的大舌薹草(Carex grandiligulata Ktlkenth．),灰帽薹草组的横纹薹草(Carex rugata Ohwi)和豌豆形薹草(Carex pisiformis Boott),胀囊薹草组的朝鲜薹草(Carex dickinsii Franch．),瘦果薹草组的宝华山薹草(Carex baohuashanica Tanget Wang ex L．K．Dai),硬毛果薹草组的疏果薹草(Carex hebecarpa C．A．Mey．),菱果薹草组的高氏薹草(Carex kaoi Tang et Wang ex S．Y．Liang)、根花薹草(Carex radiciyTora Dunn)、遵义薹草(Carex zunyiensis Tanget Wang)、弯柄薹草(Carex manca Boott)和九华薹草(Carex manca Boott ssp．jiuhuaensis(S．W．Su)S．Y．Liang)。     

福建薹草(莎草科)的考证

在整理和鉴定浙闽薹草属Carex植物的过程中,发现福建薹草Cares fokienensis Dunn较早发表但并未被注意。通过文献查阅、模式标本研究和野外观察,认为闽清薹草C.minqingensis Z．P.Wang、九仙山薹草C jiuxiangshanensis L.K．Dai＆Y.Z．Huang、苍绿薹草C.pallideviridis K．L．Chv（裸名）在果囊和雌花鳞片等鉴别性特征上与福建薹草并没有区别,应该处理为福建薹草的异名。     

浙江薹草属（莎草科）新分类群

摘要描述及图解了浙江薹草属Carex 5新种和1新变种,它们是：灰帽薹草组sect. Mitratae Kükenth.的天目山薹草Carex tianmushanica C. Z. Zheng & X. F. Jin和拟三穗薹草C. pseudotristachya X. F. Jin & C. Z. Zheng;匏囊薹草组sect. Lageniformes (Ohwi) Nelmes的密毛薹草C. densipilosa C. Z. Zheng & X. F. Jin;菱形果薹草组sect. Rhomboidales Kükenth.的浙南薹草C. austrozhejiangensis C. Z. Zheng & X. F. Jin和朝芳薹草C. chaofangii C. Z. Zheng & X. F. Jin;疏花薹草组sect. Laxiflorae Kunth的无芒长嘴薹草C. longerostrata C. A. Mey. var. exaristata X. F. Jin & C. Z. Zheng。     

中国薹草属二柱薹草亚属（莎草科）增补

报道了发现于新疆布尔津的一个中国新记录种——卵形薹草Carex leporina L.,提供了其形态描述和线描图。该种因具有雌雄顺序的小穗和鳞片状的苞片而与卵果薹草C. maackii Maxim.近缘,但花序较短、小穗较少而与后者不同。这两种植物隶属于薹草属二柱薹草亚属卵形薹草组subgen. Vignea sect. Ovales。     

薹草属少花薹草组（莎草科）小坚果形态和微形态及其分类学意义

利用扫描电镜对少花薹草组（Carex sect. Paniceae）27种及4变种（东亚14种4变种,北美13种）小坚果形态与微形态特征进行比较观察。结果表明（：1）所有材料小坚果的形状为倒卵球形和钝三棱状,组内很一致,长度为1.53～3.59 mm,同种不同居群个体差异不显著（P>0.05）。（2）表皮细胞一般为五至七边形,偶有四边形或八边形,丝柄薹草（C. rouyana）不同个体间有变异;垂周璧式样直或微波状;硅质台平,偶有凹或略凸,具1个中心体,C. filipes var. kuzakaiensis和C. filipes var. tremula中偶见2个中心体,无卫星体,这些性状种内稳定。（3）利用表皮细胞形状、硅质台凹凸情况和中心体个数对于区分近似种具有价值,如白马薹草（C. baimaensis）和线柄薹草（C. filipes）,且可以区分一些种下等级,如线柄薹草及其变种var. kuzakaiensis、var. oligostachys和var. tremula。（4）sect. Paniceae s.s.和sect. Laxiflorae小坚果形态和微形态...     

浙江薹草属（莎草科）一新种——近头状薹草

报道了浙江薹草属一新种,即近头状薹草Carex subcapitata X.F.Jin,C.Z.Zheng&B.Y.Ding。新种以秆侧生,叶片狭,小穗1-2个生于各节及小穗雄雌顺序,而与大舌薹草C.grandiligulata K kenth.相近,区别在于苞鞘无毛,小穗宽卵形,近头状,长5-7mm,具4-7 朵雌花,雌花鳞片近卵形,果囊的喙长1.5-2mm。     

中国莎草科新记录种对马薹草及其与近缘种的比较研究

报道了中国莎草科薹草属一新记录种：对马薹草（Carex tsushimensis（Ohwi）Ohwi）。该种现知分布于日本九州的对马岛和中国浙江省遂昌县的九龙山国家级自然保护区,生长于林下水沟边。根据小坚果先端具僧帽状膨大的环盘特征,对马薹草属于灰帽薹草组（sect.Mitratae）,形态接近中华薹草（C.chinensis）、伴生薹草（C.sociata）和龙奇薹草（C.longkiensis）。对马薹草与伴生薹草最为近缘,区别主要在于前者叶片宽2~4 mm,小穗较少,4或5个,顶生雄小穗与其下的侧生小穗稍疏远,雌花鳞片先端延伸成长约3 mm的粗糙长芒。     

凤仙花属总状花序组的花粉形态及其分类学意义

总状花序组隶属于凤仙花亚属凤仙花属,以具多花的总状花序、侧生萼片2枚、子房5室、果实为线状圆柱形、种子多数、迈卵形、种皮表面具指状突起等特征区别于该亚属的其他类群。前人对凤仙花花粉形态的研究表明凤仙花属的花粉形态对于属下分类及种间界定具有重要的分类学价值。而对于总状花序组来说,有关花粉形态方面的研究少有报道,为了进一步探讨该组花粉S的形态特征及其分类学意义,该研究应用扫描电镜技术对总状花序组的21种植物的花粉进行了观察。结果表明:总状花序组植物的花粉粒均具4条萌发沟,两侧对称,极面观为矩圆形、长矩圆形或近方形;长赤道面观多为椭圆形至矩圆形,短赤道面观为椭圆形;长、短赤道轴比值多在1.4~2.4范围内;表面具网状纹饰,网眼在花粉粒表面均匀分布或赤道面的网眼较极面观的小,网脊边缘光滑或具波状突起,网眼内具不同密度的颗粒状突起。该组的花粉形态与宏观形态性状相关性较小,但花粉极面观形状、长短赤道轴的比值、网眼的分布、网脊边缘形状、网眼内颗粒物密度等特征具有种水平上的稳定性和特异性,对该组植物种间界定具有重要的意义。     

中国栎属植物的数量分类研究

在全面衡量中国栎属49种4变种性状特征的基础上,观测了25个定性性状和18个数量性状。通过聚类分析,可以将中国栎属分为5个特征明显的表征群,即5组:麻栎组(Section Aegilops)、槲栎组(Section Quercus)、高山栎组(Section Brachylepides)、巴东栎组(Section Engleriana)和橿子栎组(Section Echinolepides)。在主成分分析中,虽然性状的累积贡献率增长不明显,前3个主成分累积贡献率仅有50.4%,但结果仍然显示出和聚类分析同样的结果。说明栎属的分类性状仍存在主要方面,只不过在演化过程中由于性状变异的多样性,产生了多个不同的表征类群。分析结果对我们解决个别有疑问种的分类地位也有启示作用。因此,数量分类方法对解决栎属组间及种间的分类问题有重要的意义。     

辽东半岛结缕草群落分类及生态的研究

本文用群丛表法和群落数量分类法以东半岛的结缕草群落进行分析,把该地结缕草群系划分四个群丛,分别是：结缕草群丛,结缕草＋矮丛苔草群丛,结缕草＋矮丛苔草－花木蓝灌草丛和结缕草＋矮丛苔草＋多年生杂类草群丛,并讨论了这些群丛的种类和生活型组成,群落结构和生物量垂分布等订特征。用主分量分析法（ＰＣＡ）对５８个样地进行排序,经分析得出：群落草本层受光率和土壤有机质含量是决定群落类型主自然生态因子。相关分析的结     

Analysis of mesophyll conductance in five understory herbaceous species

Mesophyll conductance (gm) has received over time much less attention than stomatal conductance (gs), although it affects leaf photosynthesis to about the same extent as stomatal conductance does. The objective of this study was to analyze the gm trend in five understory herbaceous species growing in a close-canopy forest in the north-west of Italy. In particular, three of analyzed species were monocots: Carex brizoides Lam., Carex pilosa Scop., and Oplismenus undulatifolius P. Beauv and the others dicots species: Circaea lutetiana L., and Pulmonaria officinalis Ced. The results showed, on one hand, the absence of correlation between gm and the considered environmental variables in the forest understory (i.e. air temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density and carbon dioxide concentration). Moreover, we carried out a principal component analysis considering all the analyzed morphological and physiological variables for the five species. The following correlation between the first component, related to the leaf mass per unit of leaf area and the leaf tissue density, and gm seem to suggest a key role of the leaf structural features in determining gm variations across the five species.     

Phylogeny of the Afro-Madagascan Aristea (Iridaceae) revisited in the light of new data on pollen morphology

Scanning and electron microscopic studies of the pollen grains of several species of the sub-Saharan African and Madagascan genus Aristea of c . 50 species, supplement data from an earlier study and enable us to include these species in a phylogenetic analysis. TEM examination of a range of pollen grains of representative pollen types in Aristea makes it possible to reinterpret past SEM results so that apertures covered with exine masses and previously called sulculate, are now seen to be either zonasulculate or dizonasulculate. Revised and expanded data are combined in a matrix together with new data for seed morphology in the genus, which like the capsules is remarkably diverse, including angular seeds with reticulate sculpturing, lamellate or triangular-columnar seeds with smooth or reticulate surfaces and with smooth or papillate or areolate margins. This new phylogenetic analysis suggests that Aristea should remain treated as comprising three subgenera. In subgenus Eucapsulares we add a new section Latifolieae for A. latifolia , which seems an isolated relic restricted to the mountains of the Cape Region of South Africa, an area of winter rainfall. Species with similar unspecialized capsule and seed morphology occur only in eastern south and tropical Africa and Madagascar, but they have derived pollen morphology whereas the pollen of A. latifolia is plesiomorphic. This species appears to be the closest living ancestor of the genus. In subgenus Aristea we continue to recognize three sections, sect. Racemosae , sect. Singulares and sect. Aristea. Nesting of subgenus Pseudaristea within section Racemosae of subgenus Aristea is probably an artefact of the analysis and does not receive bootstrap support, and hence we continue to recognize this group of species at subgeneric rank.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 144 , 41–68.     

The use of seed proteins revealed by SDS PAGE in taxonomy and phylogeny of some Lathyrus species

Electrophoretic seed protein patterns of 18 samples belonging to 14 species and 4 sections of Lathyrus are treated by principle component analysis (PCA). The morphological ground and karyological structure data of these samples are also discussed in the light of sectional and groups delimitation. The species under study of section Cicercula are separated into 3 groups and L. hirsutus referred to the most primitive species within Lathyrus species. This agrees with their previous grouping delimination based on morphological characters and with chromosomal features such as karyotype structure. L. aphaca referred to the most advanced species in this genus, which agrees with the modification of this morphological characteristics and reduction in chromosome criteria. Section Nissolia hasan intermediate position between section Cicercula and section Aphaca. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

主成分分析法在壳斗科植物化石鉴定中的应用*

壳斗科化石是北半球新生代地层的优势分子,然而由于其属种众多,叶片属种间特异性不明显,该科叶片化石的鉴定是古植物学研究的难点之一。面对化石标本不完整的性状特征信息,如何剔除冗余特征,重点考虑具有鉴定意义的标本特征,就显得非常必要。本研究通过调研多种降维算法,考虑到植物特征编码及赋值的数值特性,选用主成分分析法,以壳斗科青冈亚属植物叶片为例,对可能在化石叶片上观察到的22个性状特征(变量)进行降维处理,挑选出对于壳斗科化石叶片分类鉴定起主要作用的10个性状特征,并将其应用于化石鉴定进行验证。结果表明,仅考虑经过主成分分析法压缩挑选的10个主要性状特征,仍然能够实现壳斗科化石植物的准确鉴定。主成分分析法应用于壳斗科性状特征的降维处理效果良好,剔除冗余特征对标本鉴定结果没有影响。     

Vegetation of alpine marshland and its neighboring areas,northern part of Sichuan Province,China

To obtain the characteristics of Chinese alpine grassy marshland, the vegetation of Ruoergai marshland, which is the largest peatland in China, and of neighboring areas was surveyed along mountain slopes in three areas, Ouhailao, Waqie and Kaharqiao. Based on the clustering of 122 1 m × 1 m quadrats surveyed, the vegetation was grouped into 8 types. From bottom to top of mountain slopes, the dominant species, zonally established, were: 1) Carex enervis and Equisetum limosum; 2) Carex meyeriana; 3) Deschampsia caespitosa, Caltha scaposa and Anemone obtusiloba; 4) Koeleria cristata; 5) Kobresia tibetica and Caltha scaposa; 6) Blysmus sinocompressus; 7) Polygonum sphaerostachyum and Trollius ranuncloides; and 8) Ranunculus pedicularis. In this order, species richness increased gradually along the slopes. A principal component analysis demonstrated that water depth partly regulated the establishment of vegetation. The geographical difference of vegetation was also observed, in particular, in Waqie. Likewise, grazing is considered to modify this vegetation.