星天牛转录组SSR位点特征分析

【目的】为了获得星天牛Anoplophora chinensis的SSR位点信息并开发其SSR分子标记技术,进一步为其遗传多样性以及综合治理提供理论依据。【方法】利用MISA软件,对星天牛转录组数据进行简单重复序列(SSR)位点筛选与分析;使用Primer3软件设计引物,采用PCR扩增以及电泳检测,筛选SSR引物,开发星天牛SSR分子标记技术。【结果】在9 325条unigene序列中共挖掘到2 360个SSR位点,出现频率为25.31%,涉及SSR位点序列1 758条,发生频率为18.85%。星天牛转录组中SSR的主要重复类型为单碱基重复,其次是三碱基重复,分别占总数的79.03%、12.54%。在核苷酸重复类型中,A/T基元种类数目最多,所占比例高达99.30%。SSR长度为10-11 bp的占比最高,为56.10%;重复次数为10次的数量最多,SSR位点数为1 188(50.34%)。重复次数和长度的分析结果对SSR位点的多态性获得了初步验证。在随机挑选序列设计的60对引物中,53对扩增产物达到预期大小,候选引物可用率高达88%,可在今后的研究中利用。【结论】本文对星天牛SSR位点的信息分析以及引物的设计与验证将有助于星天牛基因挖掘、种群遗传结构、遗传多样性、进化关系和综合治理的研究。     

基于RNA-seq数据的窄足真蚋SSR分子标记开发

【目的】窄足真蚋Simulium(Eusimulium)angustipes属嗜血蚋种,并传播禽类疾病。本研究旨在通过RNA-seq技术获得窄足真蚋的转录组数据,进而开发其微卫星标记,为窄足真蚋的种群遗传学研究提供可靠的分子标记。【方法】以采自陕西宝鸡和新疆阿勒泰地区的窄足真蚋幼虫为材料,构建转录组数据库。使用软件MISA(microsatellite identification tool)搜索窄足真蚋unigenes库中的所有SSR位点,并随机挑选SSR位点,利用软件Primer Premier 5.0和Oligo 6.7设计微卫星引物。经PCR扩增和电泳检测,用Cervus 3.0.7等生物信息学软件进行统计分析,筛选多态性微卫星引物。利用Blast X比对Nr和Swiss-Prot蛋白质数据库,对含多态性SSR位点的unigenes进行功能注释。【结果】共鉴定出29 471个SSRs。最丰富的重复基序是单核苷酸重复类型,占总SSR数的87.05%;其次是三核苷酸重复类型,占7.95%。共发现34种碱基重复基序,主要是A/T基序重复,占86.93%。15对微卫星引物均成功扩增出特异性产物,含12对具多态性的微卫星分子标记。比对结果显示,7个SSR位点来自注释基因序列。【结论】基于RNA-seq二代测序技术可实现窄足真蚋SSR分子标记的高效率开发,对窄足真蚋的种群遗传学研究具有重要意义。     

假眼小绿叶蝉微卫星位点的生物信息学分析

【目的】为开发假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis分子标记,采用高通量测序技术对假眼小绿叶蝉DNA进行了测序与分析。【方法】本研究基于Illumina Hi Seq测序技术,构建了PE文库(~400bp),对获得的测序数据利用生物信息学分析手段完成全基因组扫描,并进一步使用MISA分析鉴定基因组序列中出现的微卫星序列(SSR)。针对微卫星序列共设计10对引物,并使用3步法进行引物多态性筛选。【结果】共计检测Scaffold数量为183 194条,其中包含SSR的Scaffold共计1 545条,共计筛选出1 569个SSR位点。在假眼小绿叶蝉的微卫星中,共包括87种重复基元类型,二核苷酸与三核苷酸重复序列为主要重复类型,分别占SSRs总数的70.26%和27.84%;二核苷酸重复基元CA/TG和三核苷酸重复基元AAT/ATT是优势重复基元,分别占SSRs总数的33.96%和5.86%。在设计的10对引物中,5对具有多态性,在8个假眼小绿叶蝉个体中共发现16个等位基因。【结论】结果说明假眼小绿叶蝉SSR位点在多态性方面具有极大的可开发性,具有多态性的SSR位点可对假眼小绿叶蝉种群间的分化,种群间的扩散机理和途径及影响因素等问题提供分子视角。     

基于转录组数据的齿缘刺猎蝽微卫星分子标记开发

【目的】齿缘刺猎蝽Sclomina erinacea是我国猎蝽科天敌昆虫常见种类,其不同地理种群存在明显形态差异。本研究旨在利用已经获得的齿缘刺猎蝽转录组数据筛选微卫星位点,为齿缘刺猎蝽种群遗传多样性和遗传分化研究开发可靠的微卫星分子标记。【方法】基于高通量测序技术平台Illumina HiSeq^TM 2000获得齿缘刺猎蝽转录组数据(42 215条unigenes),利用MISA软件进行搜索发掘SSR标记;利用Primer Premier 3软件设计SSR引物,从中随机选取54对SSR引物,利用PCR技术在中国齿缘刺猎蝽9个地理种群上进行验证。【结果】利用MISA软件搜索到微卫星位点2 395个,它们分布在2 107条unigenes上,其主要重复类型是三核苷酸重复(占总SSR的44.43%),其次是二核苷酸重复(占总SSR的40.08%),再次是四核苷酸重复(占总SSR的12.94%)。利用Primer Premier 3 软件成功设计出2 000余对SSR引物。随机选取的54对引物对9个齿缘刺猎蝽不同地理种群进行的SSR位点PCR扩增结果表明,共有16对引物较好地扩增出目的片段。【结论】研究表明利用齿缘刺猎蝽转录组数据可以大量发掘微卫星分子标记。本研究为进一步开展齿缘刺猎蝽的种群遗传学研究奠定了基础。     

基于转录组数据的意大利蝗微卫星位点分析与分子标记开发

【目的】意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus (L.)是新疆荒漠半荒漠草原重要害虫。本研究利用已获得的意大利蝗转录组数据,鉴定其微卫星位点。【方法】使用MISA筛选SSR位点,利用Primer Premier 5设计引物,通过PCR扩增对引物进行验证。【结果】在意大利蝗转录组数据库中,共检测出156500个SSR位点,分布在126369条unigene中。其中,单核苷酸重复为60.88%,二核苷酸重复为23.58%,三核苷酸重复和四核苷酸重复分别为12.99%和2.04%。单核苷酸重复主要为A/T(44.38%),二核苷酸重复主要为AC/GT(12.99%)和AG/CT(8.05%)。基于筛选的SSR位点设计引物,随机挑选24对引物,对10个不同地理种群意大利蝗成虫DNA样品进行PCR扩增,共有6对引物扩增成功。【结论】本研究利用转录组数据发掘意大利蝗SSR位点,为意大利蝗分子标记、种群遗传及功能基因等研究奠定基础。     

基于磁珠富集法的绣线菊SSR分子标记分离与筛选

微卫星序列（SSR）具有多态性高、共显性遗传等特点,是一种极具价值的分子遗传标记。采用磁珠富集法从高山绣线菊基因组DNA中分离和筛选SSR标记。高山绣线菊基因组经限制性内切酶Mse I酶切后与接头连接,并与生物素标记SSR探针（AC）15和（AG）15杂交,然后通过链霉亲和素磁珠富集、洗脱、PCR扩增、克隆,完成微卫星文库构建。利用载体通用引物和探针序列引物进行PCR扩增,筛选重组克隆并测序,获得112条序列。随机挑选其中60条序列设计的引物,经初期筛选获得多态性引物16对。用所得16对引物对4个居群92个个体的蒙古绣线菊和高山绣线菊进行PCR扩增。统计分析PCR产物的毛细管电泳结果,发现4个居群的平均等位基因数、平均期望杂合度及平均观测杂合度都比较高。64个数据系列（4个居群×16个位点）中的26个显著偏离HardyWeinberg平衡,推测可能由于无效等位基因的存在所引起。分析显示研究开发的16对多态性SSR引物可以用于后续遗传多样性、物种进化与亲缘关系等方面研究,丰富了绣线菊遗传多样性研究的分子标记。     

濒危植物羊踯躅全基因组SSR标记开发与鉴定研究（英文）

该研究利用基于全基因组限制性酶切位点简化基因组测序技术(RAD-seq技术),开发濒危植物羊踯躅(Rhododendron molle G.Don)全基因组SSR标记,并对3个群体共63份羊踯躅材料进行验证鉴定,为进一步研究羊踯躅的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构以及保护利用提供技术支持。结果显示:(1)羊踯躅基因组测序获得原始数据7.653Gbp,过滤后为7.513Gbp;经组装发现,羊踯躅171.534Mbp的基因组分布在498 252contigs中。(2)通过SSR检测,在11 961SSR位点中获得了11 687对SSR分子标记,并且二核苷酸为基序的重复类型最丰富,达51.76%。(3)随机选取128对SSR标记在6个羊踯躅株系中进行PCR扩增,获得20对高多态性的SSR标记。(4)用所选的20对多态性SSR标记对3个群体共63份羊踯躅材料进行验证分析发现,这些多态性SSR标记位点的等位基因数为4~16个,期望杂合度(He)为0.489~0.908。研究表明,羊踯躅的SSR丰度适中,且二核苷酸为羊踯躅中最丰富的重复序列,该实验进一步证明RAD-seq技术是一种经济有效的基因测序方法,实验中开发的SSR引物将有助于进一步研究羊踯躅和其他近缘种的群体结构和多样性。     

通用引物双重PCR在节肢动物物种鉴定中的应用

【目的】本研究旨在使用基于线粒体基因通用引物的双重PCR技术同时扩增单一样本中两条标记基因,从而达到简化节肢动物物种鉴定流程的目的。【方法】在一次PCR实验中同时加入可扩增线粒体COI基因和16S rDNA两个不同分子标记的引物,对3纲8目14科的14种节肢动物物种标本的基因组DNA进行扩增;扩增产物经电泳和胶回收后测序,并BLAST在线搜索相似序列,验证基于通用引物的双重PCR在不同的动物类群中用于物种鉴定的有效性。【结果】应用基于COI和16S rDNA的引物从分属于3纲8目14科的14种节肢动物基因组DNA中均可成功扩增目的基因;扩增产物测序结果进一步证实了扩增的准确性。【结论】通过本方法进行物种的分子鉴定,不仅可以保证物种鉴定的高准确率,还可以明显减少时间与DNA样本量的消耗,这对需要快速准确鉴定物种或珍稀的材料样本十分重要。     

麦红吸浆虫唾腺EST-SSRs的信息分析及分子标记筛选

昆虫EST资源库的扩充为开发新的分子标记提供了宝贵的资源。本研究对NCBI的EST数据库中来源于麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana唾腺的1 217条EST序列进行了unigene组装、 SSR信息分析和EST-SSR分子标记筛选。结果表明： 在1 047个unigenes中共找到141个SSR位点, 分布于106个（10.12%）unigenes中, 平均每3.49 kb出现一个SSR位点。在1~6碱基重复基元中, 1~3碱基是主要重复类型, 占总SSR的97.16%以上。A/T（31.21%）, AC/GT（15.60%）和AAC/GTT（9.22%）分别是单、 双和三碱基中占优势的重复基元类型。利用Primer Premier 5.0软件对查找的EST SSRs进行引物设计, 并以麦红吸浆虫基因组DNA为模板, 对从中选出的26对SSR引物进行多态性检测。结果有20对（76.92%）引物能扩增出清晰的目的条带, 并且其中9对（45%）引物表现出多态性。多态性分析结果表明, 从9对EST-SSR引物中, 共检测到51个等位基因, 平均每个位点含有等位基因数为5.67, 平均期望杂合度为0.65, 平均多态信息含量为0.60。本研究能够为今后麦红吸浆虫的种群遗传结构与遗传多样性研究提供帮助。     

烟草叶绿体基因组和线粒体基因组SSR位点分析

利用生物信息学方法对烟草叶绿体和线粒体基因组数据中的SSR信息进行了分析.结果表明,在叶绿体和线粒体基因组中分别获得186和578个SSR位点,SSR间的平均距离分别为838 bp和745 bp.在SSR的分布区域上,绝大多数SSR位点分布在UTR(尤其是5’UTR)区域;在SSR重复碱基类型上,主要集中在二、三碱基重复,二者占总SSR位点的90％以上,其中三碱基重复类型丰度最高.利用全部657对SSR引物在供试的10份烟草材料中进行扩增,发现所有引物均能获得目的片段,但在普通烟草内品种间并未检测到多态性,而在烟草种间有26对叶绿体基因组SSR引物和178对线粒体基因组SSR引物扩增出多态性条带,表明来源于烟草叶绿体基因组和线粒体基因组的SSR标记适合用于烟草种间进化、分类、遗传多样性等方面研究.     

Mining and validating grape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis</Emphasis> L.) ESTs to develop EST-SSR markers for genotyping and mapping

Grape expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are a new resource for developing simple sequence repeat (SSR) functional markers for genotyping and genetic mapping. An integrated pipeline including several computational tools for SSR identification and functional annotation was developed to identify 6,447 EST-SSR sequences from a total collection of 215,609 grape ESTs retrieved from NCBI. The 6,447 EST-SSRs were further reduced to 1,701 non-redundant sequences via clustering analysis, and 1,037 of them were successfully designed with primer pairs flanking the SSR motifs. From them, 150 pairs of primers were randomly selected for PCR amplification, polymorphism and heterozygosity analysis in V. vinifera cvs. Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon, and V. rotundifolia (muscadine grape) cvs. Summit and Noble, and 145 pairs of these primers yielded PCR products. Pairwise comparisons of loci between the parents Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon showed that 72 were homozygous in both cultivars, while 70 loci were heterozygous in at least one cultivar of the two. Muscadine parents Noble and Summit had 90 homozygous SSR loci in both parents and contained 50 heterozygous loci in at least one of the two. These EST-SSR functional markers are a useful addition for grape genotyping and genome mapping.     

Evaluation of inter-simple sequence repeat analysis for mapping in Citrus and extension of the genetic linkage map

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was evaluated for its usefulness in generating markers to extend the genetic linkage map of Citrus using a backcross population previously mapped with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and isozyme markers. ISSR markers were obtained through the simple technique of PCR followed by analysis on agarose gels, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. Optimization of reaction conditions was achieved for 50% of the SSR primers screened, and the primers amplified reproducible polymorphic bands in the parents and progeny of the backcross population. Mendelian segregation of the polymorphic bands was demonstrated, with an insignificant number of skewed loci. Most of the SSR primers produced dominant loci; however co-dominance was observed with loci derived from three primers. A new genetic map was produced by combining the segregation data for the ISSR markers and data for the RFLP, RAPD and isozyme markers from the previous map and creating genetic linkages among all the markers using JoinMap 2.0 mapping software. The new map has an improved distribution of markers along the linkage groups with fewer gaps, and marker order showed partial or complete conservation in the linkage groups. The incorporation of ISSR markers into the genetic linkage map demonstrates that ISSR markers are suitable for genetic mapping in Citrus. Received: 3 February 2000 / Accepted: 12 May 2000     

基于RAD-seq技术的异型花SSR信息分析

用RAD-seq（restriction-site associated DNA sequencing）对异型花（Sinoswertia tetraptera（Maxiowicz） T.N.Ho,S.W.Liu & J.Q.Liu）进行简化基因组测序,并借此分析异型花的SSR（simple sequence repeats）信息。利用SR search软件甄别所得序列中的SSR,得到了双端各有至少100 bp的SSR位点5 844个,其中5 339个（91.38%）成功设计引物,而三核苷酸SSR位点最多（3 323个）;在能成功设计引物的SSR位点中,重复序列长度包括17种（12~36 bp）;重复序列的基序共277种,其中五核苷酸基序种类最多（106种）;随机挑选10对SSR引物,用4个异型花居群的32个个体检测检测其可用性和多态性,经PCR和聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳检测,有4对（ST2、ST3、ST6和ST10）成功扩增并表现出多态性;经GENEPOP 4.4对4个位点分析,显示其等位基因数量均值为6,多态性较高且不连锁（P<0.01）;4个位点在多数居群中偏离哈迪温伯格平衡（P<0.01）且存在较高的纯合子数量（观测杂合度均值0.023）,该结果归因于异型花主要进行自花授粉,在自然界中很难形成进行自由交配的居群;此外,ST2和ST6可在椭圆叶花锚（Halenia elliptica D.Don）中成功扩增,具有潜在通用性。本研究将为日后基于异型花SSR标记的相关研究提供数据库支持。     

Length Polymorphisms of Simple Sequence Repeat DNA in Soybean

The objective of this work was to ascertain the presence and degree of simple sequence repeat (SSR) DNA length polymorphism in the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. A search of GenBank revealed no (CA)n or (GT)n SSRs with n greater than 8 in soybean. In contrast, 5 (AT)n and 1 (ATT)n SSRs with n ranging from 14 to 27 were detected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to regions flanking the six SSR loci were used in PCR amplification of DNA from 43 homozygous soybean genotypes. At three loci, amplification produced one PCR product per genotype and revealed 6, 7 and 8 product length variants (alleles) at the three loci, respectively. F1 hybrids between parents carrying different alleles produced two PCR products identical to the two parents. Codominant segregation of alleles among F2 progeny was demonstrated at each locus. A soybean DNA library was screened for the presence of (CA/GT)n SSRs. Sequencing of positive clones revealed that the longest such SSR was (CA)9. Thus, (CA)n SSRs with n of 15 or more are apparently much less common in soybean than in the human genome. In contrast to humans, (CA)n SSRs will probably not provide an abundant source of genetic markers in soybean. However, the apparent abundance of long (AT)n sequences should allow this SSR to serve as a source of highly polymorphic genetic markers in soybean.     

竹子叶绿体基因组SSR分子标记的开发及其应用

为探讨观赏竹叶片异质性的机理,根据麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus)和绿竹(Bambusa oldhamii)叶绿体基因组序列开发SSR分子标记。结果表明,在麻竹和绿竹叶绿体基因组中分别存在87和86个SSR位点,其中三核苷酸重复类型最多,其次为单核苷酸重复类型。根据SSR位点设计21对引物,其中11对引物对6竹种能够扩增出稳定、清晰的条带,且具有多态性,引物有效率达到52.4%。聚类分析表明,6竹种可分为两大类群,与形态学分类结果基本一致。有4对引物在菲白竹(Pleioblastus fortunei)和白纹椎谷笹(Sasaella glabra f.albo-striata)的花叶中具有多态性,可作为区分观赏竹叶片异质性的分子标记。     

大铃棉中棉所48主要经济性状的QTL定位分析

利用4961对SSR引物对中棉所48的2个亲本进行多态性筛选,结果筛选到71对条带清晰、稳定性好的多态性引物,利用这些引物对261个F2群体进行扩增构建连锁图,获得了包含有49个标记位点的14个连锁群,共覆盖498.7cM,约占棉花总基因组10.0％的遗传图谱.采用WinQTL Cartographer 2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM),对F2群体的铃重、衣分及纤维品质进行分析,共检测到l1个稳定的QTLs,其中铃重2个、表分4个、纤维整齐度2个、纤维细度2个、纤维伸长率1个.这些稳定表达的QTLs能解释较大的表型变异,可用于纤维品质及产量性状的标记辅助选择,也可为大铃、优质棉的分子标记辅助选择,改良、提高大铃基因的选择效率,提供理论依据.     

Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and their use in determining relationships among Lycopersicon esculentum cultivars

The simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite marker is currently the preferred molecular marker due to its highly desirable properties. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize more SSR markers because the number of SSR markers currently available in tomato is very limited. Five hundred DNA sequences of tomato were searched for SSRs and analyzed for the design of PCR primers. Of the 158 pairs of SSR primers screened against a set of 19 diverse tomato cultivars, 129 pairs produced the expected DNA fragments in their PCR products, and 65 of them were polymorphic with the polymorphism information content (PIC) ranging from 0.09 to 0.67. Among the polymorphic loci, 2-6 SSR alleles were detected for each locus with an average of 2.7 alleles per locus; 49.2% of these loci had two alleles and 33.8% had three alleles. The vast majority (93.8%) of the microsatellite loci contained di- or tri-nucleotide repeats and only 6.2% had tetra- and penta-nucleotide repeats. It was also found that TA/AT was the most frequent type of repeat, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) was positively correlated with the number of repeats. The set of 19 tomato cultivars were clustered based on the banding patterns generated by the 65 polymorphic SSR loci. Since the markers developed in this study are primarily from expressed sequences, they can be used not only for molecular mapping, cultivar identification and marker-assisted selection, but for identifying gene-trait relations in tomato.     

Simple sequence repeat analyses of interspecific hybrids and MAALs of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">officinalis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>

Wild rice is a valuable resource for the genetic improvement of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L., AA genome). Molecular markers are important tools for monitoring gene introgression from wild rice into cultivated rice. In this study, Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to analyze interspecific hybrids of O. sativa-O. officinalis (CC genome), the backcrossing progenies and the parent plants. Results showed that most of the SSR primers (335 out of 396, 84.6%) developed in cultivated rice successfully amplified products from DNA samples of wild rice O. officinalis. The polymorphism ratio of SSR bands between O. sativa and O. officinalis was as high as 93.9%, indicating differences between the two species with respect to SSRs. When the SSR markers were applied in the interspecific hybrids, only a portion of SSR primers amplified O. officinalis-specific bands in the F(1) hybrid (52.5%), BC(1) (52.5%), and MAALs (37.0%); a number of the bands disappeared. Of the 124 SSR loci that detected officinalis-specific bands in MAAL plants, 96 (77.4%) showed synteny between the A and C-genomes, and 20 (16.1%) showed duplication in the C-genome. Sequencing analysis revealed that indels, substitution and duplication contribute to the diversity of SSR loci between the genomes of O. sativa and O. officinalis.     

SSR标记在毛木耳种质资源遗传多样性研究中的应用

本研究利用基于毛木耳全基因组开发的SSR标记对27份毛木耳菌株（野生14株、栽培13株）的遗传多样性进行分析。首先随机选取3个菌株（2个野生菌株、1个栽培菌株）的DNA为模板,从144对SSR引物中筛选出扩增条带清晰、稳定性强、多态性丰富的引物24对。24对SSR引物共检测到116个多态性SSR片段,每对引物的多态性片段有3-7个,引物平均检测效率为4.83个,Shannon’s遗传多样性指数范围是0.866-1.885,多态性位点比率100%。供试菌株遗传相似系数范围是0.618-0.971,说明毛木耳种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性。野生菌株与栽培菌株间平均遗传相似系数分别为0.746、0.779,说明毛木耳野生菌株遗传多样性更为丰富。经聚类分析,在遗传相似系数为0.680时,可将供试菌株分为无色（白色）类群Ⅰ和有色（浅黄色到红褐色）类群Ⅱ。遗传相似系数为0.704时,可将供试菌株中栽培菌株和野生菌株明显区分（14株野生菌株均在类群Ⅱ-2中,13株栽培菌株分别在类群Ⅰ和Ⅱ-1中）。本研究表明基于全基因组的SSR标记能从分子水平上揭示各菌株间的遗传差异,丰富毛木耳遗传多样性的研究手段,并为进一步进行毛木耳的品种选育、遗传学研究等提供有力手段。