趋磁细菌的磁小体

趋磁细菌是一类对磁场有趋向性反应的细菌,其菌体能吸收外界环境中铁元素并在体内合成包裹有膜的纳米磁性颗粒Fe₃O₄或Fe₃O_{3S4晶体即磁小体。综述了趋磁细菌的磁小体生物矿化的条件,以及趋磁细菌的铁离子吸收、磁小体囊泡的形成、铁离子的转运到磁小体囊泡及囊泡中受控的Fe3O4生物矿化的分子生物学和生物化学等方面的研究进展,重点介绍了趋磁细菌磁小体合成机制的研究进展及未来研究磁小体的发展方向。}     

趋磁细菌及磁小体的生物医学应用研究进展

近年来,趋磁细菌及其生物自身合成的磁小体由于良好的生物安全性逐渐被人们所认识,并被用于生物工程和医学应用研究。与人工化学合成磁性纳米颗粒相比,从趋磁细菌中提取的磁小体具有生物膜包被、生物相容性高、粒径均一及磁性高等优势。趋磁细菌因磁小体在其胞内呈链状排列,具有沿磁场方向泳动的能力,也被应用于各种应用研究。因此,综述了趋磁细菌及磁小体特性,并就最近的研究进展重点综述趋磁细菌和磁小体在生物工程及医学应用等领域的最新研究进展。     

细菌磁小体的修饰及其在病原物检测中的应用

趋磁细菌可以在细胞内合成Fe3O4或F3S4颗粒,称为磁小体。磁小体粒径为纳米级,晶形稳定,有质膜包被,在免疫检测、临床诊断、靶向治疗、污水处理等方面均有很好的应用前景。文章主要介绍采用化学法和生物法对磁小体进行修饰,并利用修饰后的磁小体对病原物进行免疫磁性分离、前期诊断和痕量检测的方法。     

磁小体的生物合成及用于肿瘤靶向治疗的研究进展

趋磁细菌产生的磁小体是生物膜包被的磁性纳米颗粒,具有优良的纳米磁特性;相比化学合成的磁性纳米材料,其生物来源赋予磁小体更好的生物相容性和遗传可操作性.在生物医学领域,除了用于磁热疗进行肿瘤治疗外,最近几年其作为靶向药物载体、可能参与肿瘤微环境调控的性质得到研究者的广泛关注;同时DNA重组技术的发展解决了磁小体的产率低而趋磁细菌难培养的问题.本文综述了磁小体的生物合成及其相关研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

趋磁细菌磁小体合成机制研究进展

趋磁细菌可在环境中吸收大量铁并在细胞内合成纳米级磁性颗粒—磁小体。比较几种趋磁细菌基因组特征,针对磁小体岛及与磁小体合成相关基因功能特点等方面,综述了当前磁小体合成机制的研究进展。     

趋磁细菌概述及应用进展

趋磁细菌是一类具有趋磁行为的革兰氏阴性茵的统称,其趋磁特性是由于菌体内含有磁小体。磁小体是由膜包被的纳米尺寸单磁畴颗粒,在菌体内多呈链状排列。自被发现以来,趋磁细菌及磁小体已逐步成为新的生物资源被广泛研究于材料学、医学、生物学、物理学、地质学等多个学科领域,并在仿生学、生态学、医学、地质学、工业处理、卫生检验等多个领域得到应用。主要介绍了趋磁细菌的生物特征、研究发展进程,以及近年来在多个学科领域的研究与应用。     

细菌纳米磁小体有望作为靶向药物载体

趋磁细菌细胞内合成的纳米磁小体具有颗粒均匀,晶型稳定的特点,每个磁小体有脂膜包被。提纯的磁小体毒性低,生物相容性好,可作为多种药物和大分子化合物的载体而应用于定向治疗肿瘤。本文介绍了细菌磁小体的结构特点,提出了采用细菌磁小体连接抗癌药物的策略,讨论了建立磁小体载药体系靶向治疗癌症的可能性。     

细菌纳米磁小体的合成机制及应用

综述了近年趋磁细菌纳米磁小体生物合成的分子机制及应用进展。磁小体的合成涉及磁小体膜的形成、铁的吸收和转运、磁小体晶体的矿化、成熟以及磁小体的链状排列等。其中Mam J和Mam K互作并丝状排列,固定磁小体使其链状排列及磁小体膜由细胞质膜内陷而形成是两个令人注目的成就。我们也提出了关于磁小体的生理意义及合成机制的假说:细胞在低氧浓度下由于氧胁迫大量吸收铁,Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺电子对可起到类似O₂/H₂O的作用,产生能量并作为电子受体;Fe3+得到电子还原成的Fe²⁺可引起Fenton反应,此反应产生的活性氧可影响到生物体的正常生理代谢,细胞为降低Fe²⁺浓度,将其与Fe³⁺一同转化为Fe₃O₄颗粒;磁小体的生理功能之一是降低胞内的活性氧。     

趋磁细菌及磁小体在肿瘤治疗中的应用

提高抗肿瘤药物的靶向性是肿瘤治疗、降低药物副作用的重要手段。在肿瘤组织内部由于癌细胞的快速增殖致使其形成低氧区,低氧区会对多种肿瘤治疗方案产生耐受。趋磁细菌 (Magnetotactic bacteria, MTB) 是一类能在细胞内产生外包生物膜、纳米尺寸、单磁畴磁铁矿 (Fe3O4) 或硫铁矿 (Fe3S4) 晶体颗粒-磁小体的微生物的统称。在磁场的作用下,趋磁细菌可凭借鞭毛运动至厌氧区。趋磁细菌在动物体内毒性较低且生物相容性良好,其磁小体与人工合成的磁性纳米材料相比优势显著。文中在介绍趋磁细菌及其磁小体生物学特点、理化性能的基础上,综述了趋磁细菌作为载体偶联药物进入肿瘤内部,并通过感受低氧信号定位于肿瘤低氧区,以及趋磁细菌竞争肿瘤细胞铁源的研究进展,总结了磁小体运载化疗药物、抗体、DNA疫苗靶向结合肿瘤的研究进展,分析了趋磁细菌及磁小体肿瘤治疗中面临的问题,并对趋磁细菌和磁小体在肿瘤治疗中的应用进行了展望。     

趋磁细菌磁小体研究进展

趋磁细菌能在细胞内形成由膜包裹的纳米级单畴磁性颗粒——磁小体。磁小体的形成是受生物严格控制的矿化过程,包括铁离子的吸收、转运和结晶成核等。磁小体膜在磁铁矿（Fe3O4）晶体的形成中起着重要的作用。主要介绍近年来关于磁小体形成过程和参与这一过程的蛋白质等方面的一些重要研究进展。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.