土壤原生动物对环境污染的生物指示作用

土壤原生动物具有丰富的种类和巨大的生物量,在土壤生态系统中具有十分重要的地位．作为指示生物,土壤原生动物具有与其他土壤动物相比更独特的优势．研究它们的群落结构、数量及多样性动态变化,可以很好地评价和监测自然环境变化及人类活动带来的环境污染．本文根据国内外相关文献,简要概述了土壤原生动物在生态系统中的作用．对原生动物的生物指示物优势、土壤原生动物对环境因子响应和污染指示作用及对大气CO2浓度变化的响应等进行了论述,并对土壤原生动物在生态毒理诊断中的应用前景进行了展望．     

PFU原生动物群落生物监测的生态学原理与应用

原生动物是水生生态系统食物链中重要环节 ,发挥着十分重要的生态功能作用。在水环境质量变化评价与发展趋势预测中 ,与其它较高等生物类群比较 ,PFU原生动物群落在水质监测应用方面显示了诸多优点。系统地阐述了原生动物在水生生态系统中的地位与作用 ,重点介绍了原生动物评价水体污染的生态学基础及其优点和 PFU原生动物群落特征及其在水质监测应用中的优势。通过对国内外不同水质类型 PFU原生动物群落生物监测的典型案例研究 ,进一步论证了 PFU原生动物群落生物监测的生态学原理与应用优势     

土壤原生动物

土壤中存在着原生物动物,土壤原生动物起源淡水,尽管土壤原生动物与水生生动物有着千丝万继的联系,但由于对土壤环境的长期适应,它在群落组成,形态学,生理学及分布上形成了自身的特征,土壤原生动物在土壤生态系统中起着重要作用,具有重要意义。     

土壤原生动物

土壤原生动物早已被认为是土壤有机整体的一部分,尤其是在陆地生态系统的物质分解过程中所起到的重要作用,日益引起广泛的关注。因此,本文仅从土壤原生动物的种类与分布,环境对土壤原生动物的影响和原生动物在土壤中的作用三方面做一简要综述。     

土壤原生动物群落及其生态功能

土壤原生动物是土壤微生物区系的重要组成部分。在土壤生态系统中 ,由于微生物与微动物的生命活动及其相互作用 ,从而形成了土壤的物质循环和能量转化。土壤原生动物既参与了微生物所介导的物质转化和能量循环 ,又参与了动物对微生物的捕食作用。由于原生动物具有丰富的种类和多样性以及巨大的生物量 ,所以土壤原生动物的群落及其生态功能 ,已引起了人们的广泛关注 ,并且研究理论与方法日益深入。但我国在这方面的研究报道较少 ,本文拟从群落与生态功能方面的进展做一概述。1　土壤原生动物的群落特征土壤与淡水原生动物最早是由Ａｎｔｏｎ…     

尾草履虫毒性试验的研究

随着水污染的日益严重,作为水生食物链中重要一环的原生动物,愈来愈受到重视,用原生动物作毒性试验的报道也逐年在增多。 利用原生动物作为毒性试验材料具有许多优点:作为单细胞生物它与周围介质能够充分接触,与多细胞生物相比,对毒物的反应一般更     

纤毛原生动物研究的经济意义

纤毛原生动物与人们日常生活息息相关,具有重要的科学研究意义和社会经济价值。纤毛原生动物不仅可以监测与净化水体,维持反刍动物瘤胃的内环境稳定,促进土壤生态系统的平衡,还可以作为海洋抗菌活性物质及遗传学研究的材料。通过将其在以上各方面的应用价值进行初步的探讨性总结,以期得到人们更多的重视。     

原生动物在生物监测中的作用与应用

原生动物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,并在其中发挥着重要的生态作用。在水环境质量变化评价与发展趋势预测中,原生动物可作为指示生物来衡量水体的受污染程度。探讨了原生动物在水体监测中的作用及实际应用情况,展望了原生动物在生物监测中的应用前景。     

土壤原生生物多样性及其生态功能研究进展

原生生物广泛分布在土壤和不同生境中, 其数量庞大、种类繁多, 在生态系统物质循环和能量流动以及维持土壤和植物健康中起着举足轻重的作用。与土壤其他生物类群相比, 原生生物分类体系和生态类型复杂, 分类鉴定困难且分子检测技术不够成熟, 目前对原生生物的认识相对不足。本文对当前原生生物的相关研究进展进行了总结和梳理, 系统阐述了原生生物的分类系统和营养功能群特征、土壤原生生物的多样性分布特征及影响因子, 重点介绍了原生生物群落在参与土壤养分循环、维持土壤和植物健康等中的功能作用, 并对未来的研究方向与应用前景进行了展望。对土壤原生生物的研究有助于我们深入认识土壤生物多样性资源, 并进行保护性地开发和利用, 维护土壤和生态系统健康。     

新疆典型荒漠区单食性天花吉丁虫磷元素含量对环境的响应

磷是生态系统中重要的元素,驱动着生态系统的食物链及其相关的生态过程.沙漠生态系统P元素相对亏缺,了解该地区P元素对生物种群过程的影响及对生物多样性的保护有重要价值.通过定期监测土壤-植物(梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron)和昆虫(天花吉丁虫Julodis varioloris Pall)磷元素变化(磷含量及其RNA),分析土壤-植物-昆虫之间P元素的关系,结果表明:梭梭叶片中的C/P与土壤中有效P呈负相关,吉丁虫体内P和RNA与梭梭叶片中C/P呈负相关,与土壤中有效P含量呈正相关.吉丁虫中P与RNA含量直接受梭梭叶片中C/P影响,间接受土壤有效P影响,土壤和植物间P元素动力学可能是驱动天花吉丁虫种群变化的重要因素.自然条件下天花吉丁虫种群数量与其体内RNA含量变化一致,表明天花吉丁虫种群动态变化可以通过自然环境中磷元素的变化来评估,这可能是一个从微观角度研究昆虫种群变化的新方法.     

农田土壤线虫多样性研究现状及展望

目前土壤生物多样性已成为土壤生态学研究的热点问题之一。土壤生物以不同的方式改变着土壤的物理、化学和生物学特性。在农田生态系统中, 土壤动物是分解作用和养分矿化作用等生态过程的主要调节者。线虫作为土壤中数量最丰富的后生动物, 其生活史和取食类型多样, 在生态系统中发挥着重要作用。本文介绍了农田生态系统中影响线虫多样性的主要因素; 回顾了土壤线虫的物种多样性、营养类群多样性、生活史多样性和功能多样性的研究现状; 并提出了今后农田生态系统线虫多样性研究的重点。建议通过综合土壤线虫的生活史策略和营养类群等信息, 深入了解其生物多样性和土壤生态系统功能, 从而更好地发挥土壤线虫对农田生态系统变化的生物指示作用。     

The use of biological activities to monitor the removal of fuel contaminants—perspective for monitoring hydrocarbon contamination: a review

Soil biological activities are vital for the restoration of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons. Their role includes the biotransformation of petroleum compounds into harmless compounds. In this paper, the use of biological activities as potential monitoring tools or bioindicators during bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil are reviewed. The use of biological activities as bioindicators of hydrocarbon removal in soil has been reported with variable success. This variability can be attributed partially to the spatial variability of soil properties, which undoubtedly plays a role in the exposure of organisms to contaminants. Widely used bioindicators have been enzyme activities, seed germination, earthworm survival and microorganisms or microbial bioluminescence. A mixture of some successful utilization of biological activities and several failures, and inconsistencies reported, show that at this stage there is no general guarantee of successful utilization of biological activities as monitoring tools. Wherever possible, the use of biological activities as bioindicators of hydrocarbon removal must be used to complement existing traditional monitoring tools.     

Uncertainties in biotic indicators and a corrigendum to : Implications for biomonitoring

Many bioindicators based on species composition have been proposed during the past 30 years in both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Kelly (2011) raised the need to better communicate the usefulness and meaning of the indices and their uncertainties. A survey of European bioindicators of freshwater ecosystems has recently highlighted that most indices have not even considered uncertainties. While recording errors have sometimes been taken into account into the calculation of index uncertainties, the reliability of biotic indices in terms of causality and predictability between a given environmental pressure and bioindicator response have seldom been considered. This has led to serious misunderstanding of what bioindicators may be able to achieve. Here a correction to Ponader et al. (2007) is presented showing that the tolerance (ecological niche) of individual species of diatoms along nutrient enrichment gradients is much wider than formerly presented. The correction, together with the comments by Kelly (2011) and recent whole ecosystem experiments seriously question the reliability of diatoms as nutrient indicators, similarly to recent findings with aquatic macrophytes. A more mechanistic basis for biomonitoring is needed based on current ecological science, rather than early 20th century community ecology.     

Diversity distribution of saproxylic beetles in Chilean Mediterranean forests: influence of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and perturbation

Mediterranean ecosystems have been recognized as a priority for biodiversity conservation due to their high levels of species richness and endemism. In South America, these environments are restricted to central Chile and represent a biodiversity hotspot. The study of saproxylic beetles in this area is an unexplored topic, despite the ecological role they play in these ecosystems and their potential usefulness for monitoring the degree of forest conservation. We investigated the diversity distribution of trophic guilds of saproxylic beetles in Chilean Mediterranean forests, to identify the main environmental variables that influence their distribution. We also analyzed seasonal dynamics as a key factor influencing insect communities and the effect of human disturbance on their diversity and composition. We identified characteristic species of perturbation degree as bioindicators for habitat monitoring. A total of 40 window traps were used to survey three Mediterranean forest types in the Río Clarillo National Reserve and the adjacent non-protected areas. We found that the diversity, abundance and composition of saproxylic beetles varied significantly spatiotemporally among the studied forest types and among perturbation degrees, showing different patterns depending on the trophic guild. Results indicated that conservation decisions should include the preservation of a larger range of different vegetation types and the nearby zones that have suffered low levels of disturbance or fragmentation and where actions promoting the presence of old native trees would have a significant conservation value.     

Free-living nematodes research: State of the art,prospects, and future directions. A bibliometric analysis approach

Nematodes are among the most successful metazoans inhabiting the Earth and they are pivotal components as in terrestrial as in aquatic (both in marine and freshwater) environments providing important ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to understand major research trends and topics on free-living nematodes inhabiting soil, marine and freshwater environments and to highlight possible differences among them. To achieve this objective, a bibliometric analysis was performed using Scopus database. The indexed global scientific literature on free-living nematodes from 1912 to 2021 was explored using VOSviewer software, allowing a comprehensive overview of the topic. The analyses of co-authorship (among researchers and countries), the co-occurrence of keywords and the analysis of citation of journals were performed. Overall, free-living soil nematodes found a wider audience in high ranked journals especially when compared with freshwater nematodes. Marine nematodes stand in between them and many aspects of biodiversity research in marine ecosystems are covered by high-medium ranked journals (i.e. taxonomy, systematic, phylogeny, morphological and genetic diversity). Although, the estimation of the taxonomic diversity of the phylum Nematoda enumerated a high number of documents, an increasing attention emerged for the investigation of pollution effects (i.e. nematodes as bioindicators of environmental status) and the use of nematodes as model organisms for addressing scientific questions in line with the Eco-Evo-Devo (Ecological Evolutionary Developmental biology) approach. These fundamental themes were indirectly confirmed by the co-authorship analysis, which revealed that taking integrative approaches between taxonomy (both morphological and molecular), ecological and evolutionary aspects attracted a higher number of citations.     

步甲作为指示生物的研究进展

步甲是鞘翅目的重要类群之一,几乎分布于所有陆生生境。步甲与环境关系密切,不少学者认为可将其作为指示生物。目前国外关于步甲作为指示生物的研究很多,内容主要集中在探索生态系统的可持续管理和对整体环境质量的评估,而国内关于步甲的研究主要是区系分类和群落多样性研究,很少关于步甲对环境的指示作用报道。因此,深入研究步甲与环境的相互关系,在此基础上进一步研究其指示作用并应用于生态环境监测和评估之中十分重要。文章对近年来国内外关于步甲作为指示生物的相关研究工作进行概括和总结,对步甲作为指示生物的优点、环境因子对步甲的影响、步甲对环境变化的响应等进行简要评述,同时讨论步甲作为指示生物的研究中存在的一些问题以及该研究领域的发展前景。     

Use of terrestrial invertebrates for biodiversity monitoring in Australian rangelands,with particular reference to ants

Abstract Taken literally, the aim of biodiversity monitoring is to track changes in the biological integrity of ecosystems. Given the overwhelmingly dominant contribution of invertebrates to biodiversity, no biodiversity monitoring programme can be considered credible if invertebrates are not addressed effectively. Here we review the use of terrestrial invertebrates, with a particular focus on ants, as bioindicators in Australia in the context of monitoring biodiversity in Australia's rangelands. Ant monitoring systems in Australia were initially developed for assessing restoration success following mining, and have since been applied to a wide range of other land‐use situations, including grazing impacts in rangelands. The use of ants as bioindicators in Australia is supported by an extensive portfolio of studies of the responses of ant communities to disturbance, as well as by a global model of ant community dynamics based on functional groups in relation to environmental stress and disturbance. Available data from mining studies suggest that ants reflect changes in other invertebrate groups, but this remains largely undocumented in rangelands. The feasibility of using ants as indicators in land management remains a key issue, given the large numbers of taxonomically challenging specimens in samples, and a lack of invertebrate expertise within most land‐management agencies. However, recent work has shown that major efficiencies can be achieved by simplifying the ant sorting process, and such efficiencies can actually enhance rather than compromise indicator performance.     

Taxonomic sufficiency in detecting hydrological changes and reproducing ordination patterns: A test using planktonic ciliates

Ciliates are commonly and successfully used as bioindicators in marine ecosystems, even at low levels of taxonomic resolution. However, the use of these organisms in biomonitoring programs of freshwater ecosystems is less common. Evidence showing the reliability of the taxonomic sufficiency approach for freshwater ciliates is also limited. Demonstrating taxonomic sufficiency would be important to foster the use of ciliates in freshwater biomonitoring programs in a cost-effective way. Here we tested whether richness and multivariate patterns generated by ciliate community data, at species level, were retrieved by analyses carried out with data at lower taxonomic resolutions. Community and environmental datasets were gathered at 36 sites in the Upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil), during high and low water levels periods of the years 2010 and 2011. We found that, in comparison with species-level data, genus-level identification was sufficient to detect the effects of the environmental changes caused by floods, to retrieve the ordination patterns generated during each hydrological period and to detect relationships with environmental and spatial gradients. We also showed that the use of coarser taxonomic resolutions was not advisable because high relationships with species-level data were found only with genus-level data. We encourage the use of ciliates in biomonitoring programs of freshwater ecosystems and, according to our results, the use of genus-level identification is a reliable strategy, not only to increase cost-efficiency, but also to guarantee temporal comparability of data.