甲壳动物性别分化的遗传决定及外界因素的影响(英文)

本文综述了甲壳动物的性别决定机理及外界因素对性别分化的影响。绝大多数甲壳动物没有明显的性染色体 ,促雄腺被认为是甲壳动物性别分化的最主要的决定因子 ,其作用已得到了广泛的证明。由于甲壳动物幼体在早期发育过程中具有向两性发育的潜能 ,促雄腺可以决定个体未来发育的性别 ,并且通过人为摘除或移植促雄腺的方法可以使性别已经分化的个体发生性逆转 ,从而改变幼体的性别。虽然甲壳动物的性别是由遗传决定的 ,但外界的因素比如寄生、光周期、温度或激素可以改变其性比 ,其中以寄生的影响研究比较多 ,并认为是影响某些甲壳动物性别分化的主要外界因子。由于大多数养殖的甲壳动物雌雄性之间有体重和体长的差异 ,在水产养殖中可以利用这些特征进行全雌或全雄种苗的生产 ,以提高产量和效益。     

甲壳动物性别分化的遗传决定及外界因素的影响

本文综述了甲壳动物的性别决定机理及外界因素对性别分化的影响,绝大多数甲壳动物没有明显的性染色体,促雄腺被认为是甲壳动物性别分化的最主要的决定因子,其作用已得到了广泛的证明,由于甲壳动物幼体在早期发育过程中具有向两性发育的潜能,促雄腺可以决定个体未来发育的性别,并且通过人为摘除或移植促雄腺的方法可以使性别已经分化的个体发生性逆转,从而改变幼体的性别。虽然甲壳动物的性别是由遗传决定的,但外界的因素经如寄生,光周期,温度或激素可以改变其性比,其中以寄生的影响研究比较多,并认为是影响某些甲壳动物性别分化的主要外界因子,由于大多数养殖的甲壳动物雌雄性之间的有体重和体长的差异在水产养殖中可以利用这些特征进行全雌全雄种苗的生产,以提高产量和效益。     

甲壳动物的性别决定

甲壳动物的性别决定吴融（浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所温州．３２５０００）甲壳动物一般为两性生殖．雌雄比率为１：１。据ｃｈａｒｎｌａｕｘ－Ｃｏｔｔｏｎ（１９６０）在端足目Ｏｒｃｈｅｓｔ。ａｇａｉｎ－ｍａｒｅｌｌａ（滨蚤）上的研究,知道性别的分化与造雄腺分泌...     

RNAi在甲壳动物中的研究进展

RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）是一类在真核生物中广泛存在的,由双链RNA介导的转录后基因沉默机制。作为一项研究基因功能的有力工具,RNAi技术已经被广泛应用在线虫、果蝇、斑马鱼和小鼠等生物的基因组学研究中。近来在甲壳动物中,通过RNAi技术取得了众多的科研成果。文章从免疫、生长发育、蜕皮、生殖、性别调控、渗透压调节和代谢等几个方面进行了综述。进而对RNAi技术在甲壳动物中的研究前景进行了展望,旨在为以后更好地研究甲壳动物的基因功能和调控网络提供参考。     

甲壳动物精氨酸激酶的结构与功能

精氨酸激酶（Arginine kinase）是调节无脊椎动物能量代谢的重要酶,在调节无脊椎动物体内磷酸精氨酸与ATP之间的能量平衡过程中具有重要作用。甲壳动物是节肢动物门内最重要的类群之一,并具有重要的经济价值。本文综述了甲壳动物体内精氨酸激酶的分子构象、表达变化及生理功能等方面的研究进展,为深入研究甲壳动物的能量代谢调控机制提供必要的参考。另外,文中对甲壳动物精氨酸激酶的重要性和研究中存在的问题进行了讨论。     

高等甲壳动物性别决定机制及其性逆转

高等甲壳动物性别决定机制及其性逆转康现江王所安（河北大学生物系保定０７１００２）关键词高等甲壳动物性别决定性逆转在我国,十足目甲壳动物（尤其是对虾属的种类）的养殖创造了显著的经济效益和社会效益。如何在现有的基础上提高其效益？途径之一即进行遗传育种的研...     

生长抑素基因在不同性别和年龄黑线仓鼠哈氏腺的差异表达

哈氏腺作为“视网膜-松果体轴”的候补结构,介导了体外光信号与体内神经内分泌调控过程,具有多样性和复杂的生理功能,并受神经和体液因素的双重调控。生长抑素（somatostatin, SS）是调控动物生长发育的主要因子之一,检测SS基因在黑线仓鼠哈氏腺的差异表达模式,为光信号调控动物的生长发育机制提供理论依据。以野生黑线仓鼠（Cricetulus barabensis）为研究对象,测量了不同性别和年龄个体哈氏腺的形态学指标,克隆了哈氏腺SS cDNA序列,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测了哈氏腺中SS基因的表达变化。结果显示：（1）黑线仓鼠体重无性别差异,随年龄增长而增加;哈氏腺的长度和重量也随年龄增长而增加;调整体重影响后,哈氏腺的重量和长度没有年龄之间的差异,但哈氏腺重量存在性别间差异（P<0.05）。（2）克隆到黑线仓鼠哈氏腺SS cDNA序列489 bp ,并对序列结构进行分析,黑线仓鼠哈氏腺SS cDNA具有典型分泌蛋白cDNA的特征,并在进化上高度保守;（3）检测到SS mRNA在黑线仓鼠哈氏腺中均有表达,表达量存在年龄和性别差异（P<0.05）;（4）随着个体性成熟和衰老,黑线仓鼠哈氏腺中SS mRNA的相对表达量逐渐降低,其表达量分别与哈氏腺长度和重量的发育变化负相关（r=-0.557,P=0.022;r=-0.806,P＜0.001）。结果表明,黑线仓鼠哈氏腺重量和SS表达量均表现出两性异形,可能是对不同繁殖策略的适应;SS基因作为负调控因子参与野生黑线仓鼠哈氏腺的生长发育过程。     

甲壳动物RNAi技术研究与应用进展

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是指由双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,ds RNA)诱发的一种使特定基因沉默的现象。作为一种研究基因功能、发现新基因和抗病毒的新型手段,近年来RNAi技术在昆虫、真菌、植物和哺乳动物等的研究中已被广泛应用,但是在甲壳动物研究中尚处于起步阶段。对甲壳动物RNAi技术实施方法做了简要介绍;着重综述了RNAi技术在甲壳动物CHH家族神经肽类基因功能、蜕皮和生长调控机制、配子及性腺发育调控和甲壳动物抗病毒机制研究上的应用进展。     

甲基法尼酯在甲壳动物中的生理作用及其机制的研究进展

甲基法尼酯是一种类倍半萜烯激素,与昆虫的保幼激素在结构和功能上相似,是重要的内分泌调控因子。MF与甲壳动物的蜕皮、形态建成、渗透压调节、卵巢发育等生理活动的调控密切相关。主要就甲基法尼酯在甲壳动物中的生理功能、分子作用机制及其合成代谢等方面的研究进展进行综述,为进一步深入探讨甲基法尼酯的作用机制和解决虾蟹类养殖实践中的性早熟与亲本发育不良等难题奠定基础。     

金标记植物钙调素的制备和应用

ThePreparationandAppicationofColloidalGold-LabeledPlantCalmodulinSONGChun－Fens，SUNDa－Ye（CellLaboratory,DepartmentofBiology,HebeiNormalUniversity,Shijiazhuang050016）LIShu-Rong（LaboratoryCenterofElectronMicroscopy,HebeiMedicalUniversity,Shijiazhuang050017）CaM是一种多功能的Ca2＋受体蛋白，广泛存在于各种真核、原核生物中，并参与众多生理功能的调控。但迄今尚未发现CaM具有任何酶活性，其调控作用是通过与之相结合的CaM结合蛋白（CaMBPs）实现的。因此，研究与CaM相结合的各种不同ChMBP…     

Direct evidence for the function of crustacean insulin-like androgenic gland factor (IAG): Total chemical synthesis of IAG

Insulin-like androgenic gland factor (IAG) is presumed to be a sex differentiation factor so-called androgenic gland hormone (AGH) in decapod crustacean, although the function of IAG peptide has not yet been reported. In this study, we synthesized IAG from the prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, and its function was assessed by an in vitro bioassay. As a result, IAG with the insulin-type disulfide bond arrangement showed biological activity, whereas its disulfide isomer did not. These results strongly suggest that the native IAG peptide has an insulin-type disulfide, and it is the decapod AGH.     

Bilateral eyestalk ablation of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus, produces hypertrophy of the androgenic gland and an increase of cells producing insulin-like androgenic gland hormone

The androgenic glands (AG) of male decapod crustaceans produce insulin-like androgenic gland (IAG) hormone that controls male sex differentiation, growth and behavior. Functions of the AG are inhibited by gonad-inhibiting hormone originating from X-organ-sinus gland complex in the eyestalk. The AG, and its interaction with the eyestalk, had not been studied in the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus, so we investigated the AG structure, and then changes of the AG and IAG-producing cells following eyestalk ablation. The AG of P. pelagicus is a small endrocrine organ ensheathed in a connective tissue and attached to the distal part of spermatic duct and ejaculatory bulb. The gland is composed of several lobules, each containing two major cell types. Type I cells are located near the periphery of each lobule, and distinguished as small globular cells of 5-7 μm in diameter, with nuclei containing mostly heterochromatin. Type II cells are 13-15 μm in diameter, with nuclei containing mostly euchromatin and prominent nucleoli. Both cell types were immunoreactive with anti-IAG. Following bilateral eyestalk ablation, the AG underwent hypertrophy, and at day 8 had increased approximately 3-fold in size. The percentage of type I cells had increased more than twice compared with controls, while type II cells showed a corresponding decrease.     

Chemical synthesis of insulin-like peptide 1 and its potential role in vitellogenesis of the kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus

The insulin superfamily comprises a group of peptides with diverse physiological functions and is conserved across the animal kingdom. Insulin-like peptides (ILPs) of crustaceans are classified into four major types: insulin, relaxin, gonadulin, and androgenic gland hormone (AGH)/insulin-like androgenic gland factor (IAG). Of these, the physiological functions of AGH/IAG have been clarified to be the regulation of male sex differentiation, but those of the other types have not been uncovered. In this study, we chemically synthesized Maj-ILP1, an ILP identified in the ovary of the kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus, using a combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and regioselective disulfide bond formation reactions. As the circular dichroism spectral pattern of synthetic Maj-ILP1 is typical of other ILPs reported thus far, the synthetic peptide likely possessed the proper conformation. Functional analysis using ex vivo tissue incubation revealed that Maj-ILP1 significantly increased the expression of the yolk protein genes Maj-Vg1 and Maj-Vg2 in the hepatopancreas and Maj-Vg1 in the ovary of adolescent prawns. This is the first report on the synthesis of a crustacean ILP other than IAGs and also shows the positive relationship between the reproductive process and female-dominant ILP.     

Molecular evolution of the androgenic hormone in terrestrial isopods

In crustaceans, the androgenic gland (AG), thanks to the synthesis of the androgenic gland hormone (AGH), controls the differentiation of the primary and secondary male sexual characters. In this study, we amplified 12 new AGH cDNAs in species belonging to five different families of the infra-order Ligiamorpha of terrestrial isopods. Putative essential amino acids for the production of a functional AGH protein exhibit signatures of negative selection and are strictly conserved including typical proteolytic cleavage motifs, a putative N-linked glycosylation motif on the A chains and the eight Cys positions. An insulin-like growth factor motif was also identified in Armadillidium AGH sequences. The phylogenetic relationships of AGH sequences allowed one to distinguish two main clades, corresponding to members of the Armadillidiidae and the Porcellionidae families which are congruent with the narrow specificity of AG heterospecific grafting. An in-depth understanding of the regulation of AGH expression would help deciphering the interaction between Wolbachia, widespread feminizing endosymbiotic bacteria in isopods, and the sex differentiation of their hosts.     

Timing sexual differentiation: full functional sex reversal achieved through silencing of a single insulin-like gene in the prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

In Crustacea, an early evolutionary group (～50?000 species) inhabiting most ecological niches, sex differentiation is regulated by a male-specific androgenic gland (AG). The identification of AG-specific insulin-like factors (IAGs) and genomic sex markers offers an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the sexual differentiation mechanism in crustaceans and other arthropods. Here, we report, to our knowledge, the first full and functional sex reversal of male freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) through the silencing of a single IAG-encoding gene. These "neofemales" produced all-male progeny, as proven by sex-specific genomic markers. This finding offers an insight regarding the biology and evolution of sex differentiation regulation, with a novel perspective for the evolution of insulin-like peptides. Our results demonstrate how temporal intervention with a key regulating gene induces a determinative, extreme phenotypic shift. Our results also carry tremendous ecological and commercial implications. Invasive and pest crustacean species represent genuine concerns worldwide without an apparent solution. Such efforts might, therefore, benefit from sexual manipulations, as has been successfully realized with other arthropods. Commercially, such manipulation would be significant in sexually dimorphic cultured species, allowing the use of nonbreeding, monosex populations while dramatically increasing yield and possibly minimizing the invasion of exotic cultured species into the environment.     

A Crayfish Insulin-like-binding Protein: ANOTHER PIECE IN THE ANDROGENIC GLAND INSULIN-LIKE HORMONE PUZZLE IS REVEALED*

Across the animal kingdom, the involvement of insulin-like peptide (ILP) signaling in sex-related differentiation processes is attracting increasing attention. Recently, a gender-specific ILP was identified as the androgenic sex hormone in Crustacea. However, moieties modulating the actions of this androgenic insulin-like growth factor were yet to be revealed. Through molecular screening of an androgenic gland (AG) cDNA library prepared from the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, we have identified a novel insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) termed Cq-IGFBP. Based on bioinformatics analyses, the deduced Cq-IGFBP was shown to share high sequence homology with IGFBP family members from both invertebrates and vertebrates. The protein also includes a sequence determinant proven crucial for ligand binding, which according to three-dimensional modeling is assigned to the exposed outer surface of the protein. Recombinant Cq-IGFBP (rCq-IGFBP) protein was produced and, using a “pulldown” methodology, was shown to specifically interact with the insulin-like AG hormone of the crayfish (Cq-IAG). Particularly, using both mass spectral analysis and an immunological tool, rCq-IGFBP was shown to bind the Cq-IAG prohormone. Furthermore, a peptide corresponding to residues 23–38 of the Cq-IAG A-chain was found sufficient for in vitro recognition by rCq-IGFBP. Cq-IGFBP is the first IGFBP family member shown to specifically interact with a gender-specific ILP. Unlike their ILP ligands, IGFBPs are highly conserved across evolution, from ancient arthropods, like crustaceans, to humans. Such conservation places ILP signaling at the center of sex-related phenomena in early animal development.     

The Crustacean Androgen: A Hormone in an Isopod and Androgenic Activity in Decapods

The androgenic gland has been described in a variety of crustaceanspecies—isopods, amphipods and decapods. It has been shownto play a role in the regulation of male differentiation andin the inhibition of female differentiation. Upon its applicationfor endocrine manipulation, it inhibits female characteristics.Recently, the androgenic hormone from the isopod Armadillidiumvulgare was purified and characterized on the basis of a morphologicalbioassay. The hormone is a glycosylated protein composed oftwo peptide chains connected each to the other by two disulfidebridges. The pro-hormone consists of the same two chains connectedby a third peptide in a complex that resembles the insulin superfamily hormones. The study of the androgenic gland in decapodslags behind that in the isopods, and a decapod androgenic hormonehas yet to be identified. In this review, five decapod speciesare described as models, in which the androgenic gland exertsmorphological, anatomical, physiological and behavioral effects.These models could serve as the basis of possible bioassaysfor the study of the structure and mode of action of the androgenichormone in decapod crustaceans.