心肌缺血后处理中一氧化氮的变化

目的:研究心肌缺血再灌注与心肌缺血后处理两种因素下大鼠心肌一氧化氮(NO)的含量与一氧化氮合酶(niricoxide synthase,Nos)活性的关系.方法:采用健康雄性Wistar大鼠(n=12)建立离体心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型.采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)直接测定心脏灌流液中NO的含量.采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)测定瓜氨酸生成量计算心肌中NOS活性.使用紫外分光光度法测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性.使用染色法计算心肌梗死面积.结果:平衡末,对照组NO含量与实验组NO含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组平衡末NO含量与再灌注后NO含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组再灌注后NO含量与实验组后处理后NO含量相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组后处理后NO含量与平衡末NO含量相比显著升高(P<0.05).实验组后处理后心肌组织NOS活性明显高于对照组(P<0.05).实验组心肌释放的LDH活性显著低于对照组(P<0.01).与对照组比较,缺血后处理可减少心肌梗死面积(P<0.05).结论:缺血后处理时心肌细胞中NO生成量与NOS活性普遍高于缺血再灌注时.     

氧化氮对抗脑缺血再灌注所致脑细胞凋亡的机制探讨

目的探讨一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）对局灶性脑缺血再灌注所致神经细胞损伤的影响及影响机制。方法将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（N组）、脑缺血再灌注组（MCAO组）、脑缺血再灌注加侧脑室微量注射20mmol／L的L-Arg5肚组（L-Arg组）及脑缺血再灌注加侧脑室微量注射20mmol／L的L-NAME5 μl组（L-NAME组）,作脑缺血30min,再灌注12h、24h和2d,冰冻切片,相邻切片分别作焦油紫染色、NOS免疫组化、NOSmRNA原位杂交、TUNEL法原位检测凋亡细胞。结果N组NOS的活性弱阳性表达;MCAO组术后24hNOS的表达明显增强,与各组比较,P〈0．05;L-Arg组术后12h小血管内皮细胞出现NOS的阳性高表达,术后24h神经细胞NOS的阳性表达最高,与各组比较,P〈0．05;L-NAME组各时间点NOS活性的表达为阴性或可疑阳性,与各组比较P〈0．05,NOS的活性明显受到抑制。凋亡细胞的计数结果为N组26．3±4、2个,MCAO组62±4．2个,L-Arg组40、6±2．7个,L-NAME组78．3±3．3个,P〈0．05。结论适量NO可有效降低细胞凋亡的发生,减轻脑缺血再灌注所致的神经细胞的损伤。     

促红细胞生成素对脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨促红细胞生成素(Epo)对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:32只SD大鼠,采用夹闭双侧颈总动脉30min再灌注24h制作脑缺血/再灌注模型。随机分为4组(n=8):假手术组、脑缺血/再灌注组、Epo组及阳性对照组(尼莫地平),观察缺血/再灌注后血清一氧化氮(NO)和脑组织匀浆中超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及脑组织含水量的变化。结果:Epo组血清NO和脑组织匀浆中MDA含量显著下降,SOD活性显著升高,脑组织含水量显著下降,与缺血/再灌注组相比有显著性差异。结论:大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后,Epo能减轻脑组织的含水量,减少自由基的生成,减轻脂质过氧化反应,对脑缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

牛磺酸对失血性休克复苏家兔血浆和心肌NOS活性影响

目的:探讨牛磺酸对失血性休克复苏后血浆和心肌一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、一氧化氮(NO)含量变化的影响.方法:新西兰种兔24只随机分为3组(n=8):对照组、休克组、牛磺酸治疗组.采用失血性休克复苏动物模型.连续观察休克前、休克1.5 h、复苏后1 h、2 h、3 h血浆一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、一氧化氮代谢产物(NO-2/NO-3)含量、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性的动态变化.测定复苏后3 h心肌一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、一氧化氮代谢产物(NO-2/NO-3)含量的变化,并常规留取心肌标本观察形态学改变.结果:①休克组复苏后各时限血浆NOS活性、NO-2/NO-3含量、LDH活性显著高于休克前及休克1.5 h;②休克组复苏后3 h心肌NOS活性、NO-2/NO-3含量显著高于对照组,心肌出现明显水肿和脂肪变性;③牛磺酸(40 mg·kg-1 iv)可显著缓解上述变化.结论:失血性休克复苏后NOS的激活和NO的大量释放,可能介导了休克复苏所致心肌损伤,牛磺酸可减少NO的生成使心肌损伤减轻.     

牛磺酸对失血性休克再灌注肺损伤的防护作用及其机制探讨

目的:探讨失血性休克再灌注肺损伤与一氧化氮的关系及牛磺酸对其的影响.方法:健康家兔24只随机分为三组:对照组、单纯休克组、牛磺酸治疗组.采用失血性休克再灌注后肺损伤模型.测定肺组织及血浆中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、一氧化氮代谢产物(NO2-/NO3-)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、肺湿重/肺干重、肺水含量、肺通透指数(LPI)、肺泡灌洗液(PALF)中蛋白含量等指标的变化,并常规留取肺标本进行病理形态观察.结果:①再灌注3 h时肺组织及血浆中SOD活性显著下降,而上述其它指标均显著升高,与对照组相比差异有显著性(均P<0.01).②血浆、肺组织中NO2-/NO3-含量与MDA含量均呈正相关,且肺组织中NO2-/NO3-含量和肺损伤指标呈显著正相关.③牛磺酸(40 mg*kg-1,iv)可减轻上述指标的变化.结论:NO在休克再灌注肺损伤中起重要作用,牛磺酸可减少NO的生成、增强自由基的清除从而使肺组织损伤减轻.     

脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型eNOS和nNOS的变化

目的通过对缺血再灌注早期eNOS与nNOS表达情况的观察,探讨NO在脑缺血再灌注损伤中发挥神经毒性作用时是否出现一氧化氮合酶(NOS)不同亚型的变化。方法采用线栓法制作大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,激光多普勒灌流监测仪测血流来判断模型是否成功,Western blot方法检测eNOS与nNOS变化。结果血管内皮细胞内eNOS表达在缺血1h内升高,之后到再灌注2h内持续降低;而nNOS的表达在缺血到再灌注2h内持续上升。结论大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型中eNOS与nNOS的变化趋势不同。表明NO在缺血性脑损伤的病理过程的发挥作用与NOS亚型的变化有关。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血后一氧化氮合酶基因表达的变化

目的:观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血后3种类型一氧化氮合酶(NOS)mRNA表达的变化.方法:大鼠随机分为正常对照组、缺血后2、6、12、24 h组,以逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法分别检测缺血脑组织NOS基因表达的变化.结果:脑缺血后eNOS、nNOSmRNA表达增强,分别于2、6 h达高峰;iNOS mRNA表达亦增高,但在缺血后12 h达高峰.结论:大鼠脑缺血早期eNOS和nNOS占主要地位,缺血后期iNOS占主要地位.     

一氧化氮在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的：观察一氧化氮（NO）对相对缺血再灌注心肌损伤的保护作用。方法：高频弱电流刺激法建立离体心肌相对缺血再灌注模型,设非缺血组和相对缺血组,相对缺血组包括对照、L－精氨酸（L－ARG）、硝基－L－精氨酸甲酯（L－NAME）三组。测定缺血前和再灌注时心功能变化、NO含量和乳酸脱氢酶同工酶－1（LD－1）活性。结果：L－ARG可明显促进再灌注期间NO合成,抑制D－1活性升高。再灌注40min时,L－ARG组心肌功能恢复程度明显高于对照组和L－NAME组（P＜0.05）,L－NAME使心肌NO含量降低（P＜0.05）,LD－1活性升高（P＜0.05）,心功能恢复程度最低。结论：NO可明显减轻心肌缺血再灌注时的细胞损伤,促进心功能的恢复。     

一氧化氮、内皮素-1对大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注后脑损伤的影响

目的: 研究一氧化氮(NO)和内皮素-1(ET-1)在大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注(LI/R)后脑损伤中的作用,探讨NO/ET-1平衡关系的变化对脑损伤的影响.方法: 在大鼠LI/R损伤模型上,应用NO合成前体物质L-精氨酸(L-Arg)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂氨基胍(AG)、ETA受体阻断剂BQl23进行干预,观察血浆 NO、ET-1、MDA、XOD、SOD、LDH及脑组织tNOS、iNOS、cNOS、NO、ET-1、MDA、XOD、MPO、 SOD的变化.结果: 与对照组比较,I/R组血浆MDA、XOD、LDH及脑组织MDA、XOD、MPO升高,SOD活性降低(P<0.01),脑组织tNOS和iNOS明显升高,而cNOS明显降低(P<0.01),I/R组血浆及脑组织NO、ET-1增加,NO/ET-1比值降低,脑损伤加重.应用L-Arg及BQ123后,血浆及脑组织NO/ET-1比值较I/R组升高,脑损伤减轻,应用AG后,NO/ET-1比值降低,脑损伤进一步加重.结论: 肢体缺血/再灌注后,一氧化氮与内皮素-l的比值降低时脑损伤加重.     

小鼠短暂前脑缺血海马中半胱天冬酶-３酶原表达的变化

通过测定脑缺血再灌注时海马中半胱天冬酶-3酶原(procaspase-3)的表达变化, 从细胞凋亡的角度探讨脑缺血再灌注损伤的分子生物学机制及procaspase-3的活化机制.将C57BL/6N小鼠随机分为假手术组(正常对照组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组), 后者夹闭双侧颈总动脉20 min后再通血流, 建立前脑缺血再灌注模型, 分别于再灌注6 h、12 h、24 h和48 h取海马.采用蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting)方法检测海马中procaspase-3的表达变化.结果显示, 12 h I/R及24hI/R组海马中总procaspase-3水平与假手术组相比有明显升高, 且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),24 h I/R组海马中去磷酸化水平与假手术组相比有明显升高, 且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而各组procaspase-3磷酸化水平与假手术组相比差异无统计学意义.结果提示, 脑缺血再灌注损伤诱发procaspase-3表达增加,其中procaspase-3去磷酸化水平高明显, 提示脑缺血再灌注损伤可能诱发procaspase-3去磷酸化, 继而促进procaspase-3转化为活性形式.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.