中国二种癞蝗染色体C带核型

染色体C带核型在物种鉴定、分类阶元间的比较及其系统演化关系的推断中是一个有用的指标,染色体组内C带分布位置、大小、数量及异染色质含量可以反映出属、种及种下阶元的细胞学异同。文章报道中国2种癞蝗——红缘疙蝗Pseudotmethis rubimarginis Li和准噶尔贝蝗Beybienkia songorica Tzyplenkov的染色体C带核型,结果表明:2种癞蝗均为XO(♂)型性别决定机制。染色体组成均为2n♂=19,染色体为端着丝粒染色体;在各染色体相对长度,C带的大小,位置和着色程度上又存在不同程度的差异,可以作为区分种的依据。     

两种短鼻蝗的染色体C-带核型

本文初次报道了癫蝗科Pamphagidae短鼻蝗属Filchnerella kearn,两个种（青海短鼻蝗F.kukunoris B.-Bienko和永登短鼻蝗F. yongdensis Xi et Zheng）的次级精母细胞减数分裂中期11染色体C-带核型比较研究。结果表明：两种短鼻蝗的染色体组型和结构异染色质总含量没有明显差异,并且C-带在第3,5,6,7,8和X染色体上分布和强弱相同,以上反映了两个种在系统演化上的亲缘关系。另外,两者C-带带型上的差异在第1,2,4,9号染色体上有不同程度反映,尤其在对应的第2和第4染色体上居间C-带发生的位置和强弱有明显变化。     

中国短鼻蝗属一新种(直翅目,蝗总科,癞蝗科)

记述了采自宁夏中卫的短鼻蝗属1新种--宽顶短鼻蝗Filchnerella amplivertica sp.nov,.模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆.宽顶短鼻蝗,新种Filchnerella amplivertica sp.nov.新种与裴氏短鼻蝗Filchnerella beicki Ramme,1931近似,区别特征为:后股节内侧下区仅端部红色;雄性前翅较短,不到达肛上板基部;雌性头顶宽,为颜面隆起在触角之间宽度的6倍;雌性体较大,体长37.6～42.2mm.     

两种小车蝗染色体C带核型研究(蝗总科:斑翅蝗科)

采用秋水仙素体内注射法取昆虫精巢,低渗处理,空气干燥制片法制作染色体标本,吉姆萨染色.首次对分布在广西的小车蝗属Oedaleus两个种隆义小车蝗Oedaleus abruptus(Thunberg)和红胫小车蝗Oedaleus manjius Chang染色体核型和C带带型进行了分析研究.结果表明:两种小车蝗的染色体摹数、性别决定机制、染色体组式、染色体着丝粒类型和着丝粒C带等方面有着相同的特征,结构异染色质在染色体组中的总含量也比较接近;染色体是端部着丝粒和染色体都含有着丝粒C带带纹上具有一致性.但在个体大小、相对长度值、性染色体、除着丝粒C带以外的其它C带分布类型方面都有明显差异.所得结果符合传统的形态学分类.研究结果为直翅目的物种亲缘关系、遗传多样性分析提供有价值的生化遗传指标.     

中国两种波腿蝗（蝗总科：癞蝗科）染色体C带核型研究

报道中国两种波腿蝗的染色体C带核型,结果表明：红胫波腿蝗Asiotmethis zacharjini (Bei-Bienko, 1926) 2n ♂ =18, neo-X为亚中着丝粒染色体,其他均为近端着丝粒染色体,染色体除强染的着丝粒C带,S8染色体具强染端部C带带纹,neo-Y染色体还具有一条宽的弱染的近着丝粒端居间C带,性别决定机制是neo-XY ♂型,该种染色体组成和性别决定机制在我国癞蝗中为首次报道,蓝胫波腿蝗Asiotmethis jubatus (Uvarov, 1926) 2n＝19♂,均为近端着丝粒染色体,仅具有明显强染的着丝粒C带,性别决定机制是XO ♂型;两种波腿蝗的异染色质含量存在显著性差异（α=0.05）。     

短鼻蝗属一新种(直翅目:蝗总科)

短鼻蝗属Filchnerella Karny现已知5种。但这些种类的翅均不很发达,雄性前翅顶端不到达后足股节的端部;雌性前翅侧置,并较短于前胸背板之长。本文所记述的肃南短鼻蝗Filchnerella sunanensis新种的翅却比较发达,雄性前翅顶端明显超过后足股节端部;雌性前翅在背部毗连,并较长于前胸背板。但综观其它特征,本新种放在短鼻蝗属Filchnerella Karny中还是比较适宜的。     

中国短鼻蝗属一新种(直翅目,蝗总科,癞蝗科)

记述短鼻蝗属1新种,定西短鼻蝗Filchnerella dingxiensis sp.nov.,编制了该属18种的检索表。模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆。     

两种突颜蝗的染色体C带核型研究

采用染色体C分带技术初次对癞蝗科Pamphagidae中国特有的突颜蝗属Eotmethis B.-Bienko 2个种,即天祝突颜蝗E. tientsuensis (Chang)和景泰突颜蝗E.jintaiensis Xi et Zheng的精原细胞有丝分裂中期和初级精母细胞减数分裂中期（中期I）染色体C带核型进行了比较研究。结果表明: 2种突颜蝗的染色体基数、着丝粒位置及染色体分组形式相同,且与前人的研究结果基本吻合,反映了癞蝗科昆虫核型的稳定性。同时,2种突颜蝗染色体相对长度值较为接近;结构异染色质总含量没有明显差异;并且两者无论在精原细胞有丝分裂中期还是减数分裂中期I细胞,其3号、4号和X染色体上都显现深着色较大块的着丝粒C带, 9号染色体上都出现大块深着色的端部C带,2号染色体上都发生清晰的近中部居间C带,以上反映了2个种在系统发生上的亲缘关系。另外,2种突颜蝗在C带带型上的差异,在1号、7号、8号染色体上有不同程度的反映,尤其是对应的7号、8号染色体上着丝粒C带块的大小和强弱有明显变化。     

异爪蝗属及雏蝗属部分种类染色体核型及C带带型分析研究(直翅目,蝗总科)

分析研究异爪蝗属Euchorthippus Tarb.2种和雏蝗属Chorthippus Fieb.5种的染色体核型及C带带型.结果表明,2个属在染色体数目、染色体组式、异染色质含量等方面都有明显的差异.属下种间在染色体数目、染色体组式、性别决定机制、着丝粒C带等方面有相同的特征,在染色体相对长度、异染色质含量等方面有差异.     

五种稻蝗染色体核型和C带带型的比较

本文研究了五种稻蝗Oxya chinensis、O. shanghaiensis、O. adentata、O. hyla intricara、O. agavisa的染色体核型和C带带型.玻片制备采用压片法,BSG法C带处理.结果表明:五种稻蝗染色体核型差异较小,具有属的保守性,但在C带方面则显示出一定的差别,种间染色体带型的差异大小与形态学上的差异程度具明显的正相关.其中小稻蝗和山稻蝗各自具有独特的带型结构,与其余三种显然不同,而中华稻蝗、上海稻蝗、无齿稻蝗虽在主要标志性染色体上带纹趋于一致,但在一些细微结构和统计数据方面存在一定差异.本文对五种稻蝗减数分裂中期Ⅰ的染色体数目和交叉定位也作了统计和比较,在染色体行为分析方面做了初步工作.据此,本文讨论了五种稻蝗的染色体分类问题.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.