两种小车蝗染色体C带核型研究(蝗总科:斑翅蝗科)

采用秋水仙素体内注射法取昆虫精巢,低渗处理,空气干燥制片法制作染色体标本,吉姆萨染色.首次对分布在广西的小车蝗属Oedaleus两个种隆义小车蝗Oedaleus abruptus(Thunberg)和红胫小车蝗Oedaleus manjius Chang染色体核型和C带带型进行了分析研究.结果表明:两种小车蝗的染色体摹数、性别决定机制、染色体组式、染色体着丝粒类型和着丝粒C带等方面有着相同的特征,结构异染色质在染色体组中的总含量也比较接近;染色体是端部着丝粒和染色体都含有着丝粒C带带纹上具有一致性.但在个体大小、相对长度值、性染色体、除着丝粒C带以外的其它C带分布类型方面都有明显差异.所得结果符合传统的形态学分类.研究结果为直翅目的物种亲缘关系、遗传多样性分析提供有价值的生化遗传指标.     

中国2种短鼻蝗染色体C带核型研究(蝗总科:癞蝗科)

染色体C带核型在物种鉴定、分类阶元间的比较及其系统演化关系的推断中是一个有用的指标,染色体组内C带分布位置、大小、数量及异染色质含量可以反映出属、种及种下阶元的细胞学异同.本研究报道了中国2种短鼻蝗--裴氏短鼻蝗Filchnerella beicki和宽顶短鼻蝗Filchnerella amplivertica的染色体C带核型.结果表明:2种短鼻蝗均为XO(♂)型性别决定机制;染色体组成均为2n ♂=19,染色体为端着丝粒染色体;在各染色体相对长度、C带的大小、位置和着色程度上又存在不同程度的差异,可以作为区分种的依据.     

中国二种癞蝗染色体C带核型

染色体C带核型在物种鉴定、分类阶元间的比较及其系统演化关系的推断中是一个有用的指标,染色体组内C带分布位置、大小、数量及异染色质含量可以反映出属、种及种下阶元的细胞学异同。文章报道中国2种癞蝗——红缘疙蝗Pseudotmethis rubimarginis Li和准噶尔贝蝗Beybienkia songorica Tzyplenkov的染色体C带核型,结果表明:2种癞蝗均为XO(♂)型性别决定机制。染色体组成均为2n♂=19,染色体为端着丝粒染色体;在各染色体相对长度,C带的大小,位置和着色程度上又存在不同程度的差异,可以作为区分种的依据。     

异爪蝗属及雏蝗属部分种类染色体核型及C带带型分析研究(直翅目,蝗总科)

分析研究异爪蝗属Euchorthippus Tarb.2种和雏蝗属Chorthippus Fieb.5种的染色体核型及C带带型.结果表明,2个属在染色体数目、染色体组式、异染色质含量等方面都有明显的差异.属下种间在染色体数目、染色体组式、性别决定机制、着丝粒C带等方面有相同的特征,在染色体相对长度、异染色质含量等方面有差异.     

棉蝗的染色体组型和C带研究

本文研究了棉蝗(Chondracris roses rosea De Geer）的染色体组型和C带．结果表明：棉蝗的染色体数目：2n(♂）＝22十XO=23,全部为端着丝粒染色体,NF=23,核型公式：2n(♂）＝2X = 23t,按染色体长度顺序排列分成四组,但按相对程度也可分为三组;所有染色体都具有明显的着丝粒带;异染色质总量为15.94土0.26%;染色体组中最长与最短染色体之比为5.89 : l,臂比大于2:1的染色体比例为零,棉蝗的核型属"1C"核型．     

三种螽斯科昆虫的核型研究

本文首次报道中国螽斯科3种昆虫的染色体核型,结果表明:中华螽斯Tettigonia chinensis 2n♂=31均为近端着丝粒染色体,暗褐蝈螽Gampsocleis obscura 2n♂=31也均为近端着丝粒染色体,中华寰螽Atlanticus sinensis 2n♂=29第1对染色体为中部着丝粒染色体,其余为近端部着丝粒染色体。这3 种螽斯的性别决定机制均为XO♂/XX♀型。 Abstract:The karyotypes of three species belonging to three genera of Tettigoniidae were investigated.The diploid number of chromosomes for Tettigonia chinensis is 2n♂=31,for Gampsocleis obscura 2n♂=31,Atlanticus sinensis 2n♂=29.In the three species,the XO♂/XX♀type of sex determination was observed.     

四种斑腿蝗科昆虫染色体带型的比较

应用染色体C带及银染核仁组成区定位分析方法对斑腿蝗科4种昆虫,即小蹦蝗属2种;峨眉小蹦蝗Pedopodisma emeiensis和秦岭小蹦蝗P.tsinlingensis;无翅蝗属2种;小无翅蝗Zubovskiaparvula和柯氏无翅蝗Z.koeppeni进行了研究,结果表明：4种蝗虫染色体数目（2n♂=21,XO)一致,小蹦蝗属M8染色体上具有端带;无翅蝗属X染色体具有特殊带纹,银染核仁组成区定位在两属各有特点,小蹦蝗属位于第8号染色体端部区域;无翅蝗属位于X染色体端部区域,除上述属内共性之外,各物种C带带纹又存在明显差异,其中峨眉小蹦蝗带型极为特殊。文中还对上述4种蝗虫带型结构特征及其进化意义作了讨论。     

广东白腹巨鼠的G带核型和银染色

本文报道了广东白腹巨鼠的核型、G带和银染色。结果表明,二倍体染色体数目为2n=40,常染色体包括4对近端着丝粒染色体,6对末端着丝粒染色体,8对中着丝粒染色体,1对近中着丝粒染色体。性染色体XY为大小不等的末端着丝粒染色体。G分带可鉴别每对染色体的特征,Ag-NORs位于1对近端着丝粒染色体（3号）和2对中等大小的末端着丝粒染色体。     

雏蝗属与异爪蝗属二个近缘属蝗虫的染色体核型比较（直翅目：网翅蝗科）

采用常规染色体制片方法,对雏蝗属的模式种白边雏蝗Chorthippus albomarginatus(De Geer)和异爪蝗属的模式种素色异爪蝗Euchorthippus unicolor(Ikonnikov)的染色体核型进行了分析比较。结果表明,两种蝗虫的染色体数目均为2n(♂)=17=16+XO;常染色体为中部着丝粒(m,6条)和端部着丝粒(t,10条)两种类型,性染色体类型为端部着丝粒。二者的相似性显示出2属具有较近的亲缘关系,并且在进化过程中处于较近的发展阶段。但2种蝗虫的核型公式和染色体的相对长度组成则不相同,白边雏蝗K(2n,♂)=6m+11t=8L+4M+4S+XO;素色异爪蝗K(2n,♂)=6m+11t=8L+6M+2S+XO;且2种蝗虫性染色体的位次也有明显差别,白边雏蝗的性染色体为第9位,而素色异爪蝗则为第8位。由此看出,该2属的蝗虫存在的不同遗传特征。     

贵州两种黄脊蝗核型和C-带的比较研究

本文研究了贵州日本黄脊蝗 Patanga japonica Bolivar和印度黄脊蝗 P.Succincta Johansson的核型和c-带。结果表明：两种黄脊蝗的染色体数目均为2n(♂)=22+x.=23,全部为端着丝粒染色体;核型公式2n(♂)=2X=231,NF=23. 但日本黄脊蝗的染色体绝对长度总和(79.75±2.22μm)比印度黄脊蝗的(71.4 7±0.63μm)长;异染色质总量(35.65±0.14μm)比印度黄脊蝗的(10.76±0.11μm多;日本黄脊蝗的核型属“1B”核型,印度黄脊蜱的核型属“lc”核型。     

The characterization of somatic chromosomes of Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche, 1809) by C-banding and NOR staining (Osteichthyes,Anguilliformes)

The diploid chromosome number of Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche, 1809) is 2n=42, the karyotype comprising six pairs of meta-submetacentric and fifteen pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. C-positive chromatin is present in the centromeres of all chromosomes as well as in the paracentromeric regions of some chromosomes. A nucleolar organizer region was identified on the long arm of chromosome 9, near the centromere. This region is also positive to C-banding.Cytotaxonomical relationships are evidenced between the described karyotype and that of the related species Muraena helena.     

Cytogenetic characterization and description of an XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system in catfish Harttia carvalhoi (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Karyotypic and cytogenetic characteristics of catfish Harttia carvalhoi (Paraíba do Sul River basin, S?o Paulo State, Brazil) were investigated using differential staining techniques (C-banding, Ag-staining) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S and 5S rDNA probes. The diploid chromosome number of females was 2n = 52 and their karyotype was composed of nine pairs of metacentric, nine pairs of submetacentric, four pairs of subtelocentric and four pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. The diploid chromosome number of males was invariably 2n = 53 and their karyotype consisted of one large unpaired metacentric, eight pairs of metacentric, nine pairs of submetacentric, four pairs of subtelocentric, four pairs of acrocentric plus two middle-sized acrocentric chromosomes. The differences between female and male karyotypes indicated the presence of a sex chromosome system of XX/XY1Y2 type, where the X is the largest metacentric and Y1 and Y2 are the two additional middle-sized acrocentric chromosomes of the male karyotype. The major rDNA sites as revealed by FISH with an 18S rDNA probe were located in the pericentromeric region of the largest pair of acrocentric chromosomes. FISH with a 5S rDNA probe revealed two sites: an interstitial site located in the largest pair of acrocentric chromosomes, and a pericentromeric site in a smaller metacentric pair of chromosomes. Translocations or centric fusions in the ancestral 2n = 54 karyotype is hypothesized for the origin of such multiple sex chromosome systems where females are fixed translocation homozygotes whereas males are fixed translocation heterozygotes. The available cytogenetic data for representatives of the genus Harttia examined so far indicate large kayotype diversity.     

Cytogenetic analysis of the neotropical spider Nephilengys cruentata (Araneomorphae, Tetragnathidae): standard staining nors, C-bands and base-specific fluorochromes.

The aim of this work is to characterize Nephilengys cruentata in relation to the diploid number, chromosome morphology, type of sex determination chromosome system, chromosomes bearing the Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs), C-banding pattern, and AT or GC repetitive sequences. The chromosome preparations were submitted to standard staining (Giemsa), NOR silver impregnation, C-banding technique, and base-specific fluorochrome staining. The analysis of the cells showed 2n = 24 and 2n = 26 chromosomes in the embryos, and 2n = 26 in the ovarian cells, being all the chromosomes acrocentric. The long arm of the pairs 1, 2 and 3 showed an extensive negative heteropycnotic area when the mitotic metaphases were stained with Giemsa. The sexual chromosomes did not show differential characteristics that allowed to distinguish them from the other chromosomes of the complement. Considering the diploid numbers found in N. cruentata and the prevalence of X1X2 sex determination chromosome system in Tetragnathidae, N. cruentata seems to possess 2n = 24 = 22 + X1X2 in the males, and 2n = 26 = 22 + X1X1X2X2 in the females. The pairs 1, 2 and 3 showed NORs which are coincident with the negative heteropycnotic patterns. Using the C-banding technique, the pericentromeric region of the chromosomes revealed small quantity or even absence of constitutive heterochromatin, differing of the C-banding pattern described in other species of spiders. In N. cruentata the fluorochromes DAPI/DA, DAPI/MM and CMA3/DA revealed that the constitutive heterochromatin is rich in AT bases and the NORs possess repetitive sequences of GC bases.     

Karyotypes, C-banding, and chromosomal location of active nucleolar organizing regions in Tapinoma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

The haploid and diploid karyotypes of Tapinoma erraticum (n = 8) and Tapinoma nigerrimum (n = 9) were analyzed using C-banding and observation of NOR sites. C-banding showed the existence of heterochromatin in the paracentromeric regions of all chromosomes. The analysis of NOR sites in these species proved the existence of primary activity NOR in one or two chromosomes, respectively, whereas the other chromosomes showed secondary activity NOR, expressed only in a minority of cells. In both species the NOR were located in paracentromeric regions. These results are discussed in relation to a hypothesis of chromosome differentiation of these species.     

Karyological evidence for interspecific hybridization between Cichla monoculus and C. temensis (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in the Amazon

Cichla monoculus, Cichla temensis (peacock bass or tucunare), and its presumed hybrids, were cytogenetically analyzed. The fish were collected at three distinct sites in the central Amazon basin, namely in the Uatuma (C. monoculus, C. temensis and their natural hybrid), Jau (C. temensis), and Solimoes rivers (C. monoculus). The two species and the natural hybrid showed the same diploid number, 2n=48 acrocentric chromosomes. Single NORs were detected in the distal region of the long arm in all three species. However, in C. monoculus, the NOR was found on the second pair of the complement, in C. temensis, on the third pair and in the hybrid two NOR patterns were found, one on the second pair and the other on the third pair of chromosomes. The two species and the hybrid have their constitutive heterochromatin located in the pericentromeric region of all chromosomes and an interstitial C-band located on the largest chromosome pair. The great similarity in the chromosome number and morphology, chromosome size class differences, the NOR patterns and C-banding suggested chromosomal stasis during speciation and hybridization of Cichla.     

First evidence of achiasmatic male meiosis in the water bears Richtersius coronifer and Macrobiotus richtersi (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae)

Chromosome behaviour during male meioses has been studied in two bisexual amphimictic populations of two tardigrade species, namely Richtersius coronifer and Macrobiotus richtersi (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Both bisexual populations exhibit a diploid chromosome number 2n=12 and no sex chromosomes were identified. DAPI staining and C-banding data indicate that all chromosomes of the bisexual population of R. coronifer are acrocentric. In both species, at male meiotic prophase, all six bivalent homologous chromosomes are aligned side by side along their length and show no evidence of chiasmata. However, in the oocytes of both species a chiasma is generally present in each bivalent at diplotene stage. Lack of recombination is previously unknown in tardigrades, but is a well known phenomenon in many other metazoans where it is always restricted to the heterogametic sex. In tardigrades there is no evidence of heterochromosomes, but it does not mean that in tardigrades, the heterogametic sex does not exist. The adaptive and evolutionary significance of achiasmatic meiosis is discussed.     

On sex determination in the Turkish desert woodlouse Hemilepistus elongatus (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea): searching for sex chromosomes and for sex-specific differences in simple DNA repeats.

The karyotype of male and female Hemilepistus elongatus was investigated by means of C-banding. The diploid chromosome number in both sexes is 2n = 50. By scrutinizing general morphology and localization of the constitutive heterochromatin, no heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found. All chromosome pairs in males are well paired during diakinesis. Hybridization of genomic DNA with (GACA)4 and (GATA)4 oligonucleotides revealed no sex-specific patterns. Key words : karyotype, C-banding, sex determination, simple DNA-repeats, Isopoda.     

Karyotype differentiation between two stickleback species (Gasterosteidae)

The stickleback family (Gasterosteidae) of fish is less than 40 million years old, yet stickleback species have diverged in both diploid chromosome number (2n) and morphology. We used comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on 2 stickleback species, Gasterosteus aculeatus (2n = 42) and Apeltes quadracus (2n = 46), to ascertain the types of chromosome rearrangements that differentiate these species. The A. quadracus karyotype contains more acrocentric and telocentric chromosomes than the G. aculeatus karyotype. By using bacterial artificial chromosome probes from G. aculeatus in our FISH screen, we found that 6 pericentric inversions and 2 chromosome fusions/fissions are responsible for the greater number of acrocentric and telocentric chromosomes in A. quadracus. While most populations of G. aculeatus have an XX/XY sex chromosome system, A. quadracus has a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system, as previously reported. However, we discovered that a population of A. quadracus from Connecticut lacks heteromorphic sex chromosomes, providing evidence for unexpected sex chromosome diversity in this species.     

Occurrence of ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thoracocharax stellatus</Emphasis> fish (Characiformes,Gasteropelecidae) from the Araguaia River,South America

The karyotypic and chromosomal characteristics of the hatchetfish Thoracocharax stellatus from the Araguaia River, Brazil (Araguaia-Tocantins basin) were analyzed using Giemsa, AgNO(3), and CMA(3) fluorescent staining, and C-banding. The diploid chromosome number was 54 and the karyotypes of females and males were composed of six metacentrics, six submetacentrics, six subtelocentrics and 36 acrocentrics. Two unpaired acrocentric chromosomes were detected in the female karyotype. C-banding showed heterochromatic blocks at several chromosomes and an entirely heterochromatic acrocentric chromosome in females that was lacking in the male karyotype. This discovery indicated a heteromorphic sex chromosome system of the ZZ/ZW type. Ag-staining and CMA(3) fluorescence revealed one major chromosome pair bearing the NORs with the presence of additional signals in some metaphases. Both heterochromatic segments associated with Ag-NORs and the W chromosome were positively stained by CMA(3). Considering the present data and previous findings it is hypothesized that the occurrence of ZW sex chromosome system is widespread in the genus Thoracocharax.