葡萄拼争莎巴珍珠及其衍生品种的演化和遗传多样性分析

莎巴珍珠是极早熟葡萄品种之一,以莎巴珍珠为亲本材料,经过简单杂交或多亲多代杂交,培育了一系列早熟和无核葡萄品种;莎巴珍珠衍生品种选育的最主要途径为杂交育种,其次为芽变选种。并对莎巴珍珠衍生品种在种类、染色体倍型、果实香味、果实颜色、果实成熟期等方面的遗传多样性进行了简要分析。     

S-SAP分子标记开发及其在苹果芽变鉴别上的应用

S-SAP(特异序列扩增多态性,Ssequence specific amplification polymorphism)是一种基于反转录转座元件的广泛应用于生物遗传多样性研究的分子标记。本研究从34对引物中筛选出7对具有谱带清晰、多态性高的引物组合,成功地开发了苹果基因组的S-SAP分子标记。27个元帅系芽变品种中,共扩增出588条谱带,每对引物组合平均扩增出84条谱带,其中多态性谱带48条,多态性谱带占总扩增出谱带数的8.2%,遗传相似系数介于0.73～0.90之间。对15个苹果芽变品种进行S-SAP分析,相似系数在0.42～0.94之间,以相似系数0.80为阈值,可以区分各芽变品系。开发的S-SAP分子标记可以有效地将苹果芽变品种区分,并为苹果生物遗传多样性与系统进化、品种鉴定提供新方法。     

葡萄品种莎巴珍珠及其衍生品种的演化和遗传多样性分析

莎巴珍珠是极早熟葡萄品种之一,以莎巴珍珠为亲本材料,经过简单杂交或多亲多代杂交,培育了一系列早熟和无核葡萄品种;莎巴珍珠衍生品种选育的最主要途径为杂交育种,其次为芽变选种。并对莎巴珍珠衍生品种在种类、染色体倍型、果实香味、果实颜色、果实成熟期等方面的遗传多样性进行了简要分析。     

14个板栗品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD分子标记手段,研究板栗品种的遗传多样性。采用从100个随机引物筛选的20个引物对14个板栗品种的基因组DNA进行扩增,通过对140条谱带的聚类,分析了供试板栗品种的系统发育;运用特殊谱带,建立了板栗品种的分子检索表,结合扩增的特殊位点,提出了重点保存的板栗品种。     

甘蓝品种'争春'和'寒光2号'的DNA指纹图谱构建

用SDS法提取甘蓝（Brassfca oleraceavat．capitata）品种‘争春’、‘寒光2号’及其各自亲本的基因组DNA,通过SRAP、RAPD两种分子标记方法,构建其DNA指纹图谱,用于种子纯度鉴定。利用30对SRAP引物组合和200个RAPD随机引物,以各品种及其亲本的基因组DNA为模板组进行筛选,结果显示：多数SRAP引物组合对模板组的扩增带型一致,少数组合扩增出差异,但未能找到具有互补差异的引物组合;通过RAPD标记方法筛选出能鉴定2个品种纯度的引物分别为S42、S103、S193和S42、S89、S151,其中引物S42对2组材料均能扩增出特异的RAPD指纹图谱,并将RAPD指纹图谱转变为相应的数字指纹。     

我国主要地方绵羊品种随机扩增多态DNA研究

对蒙古羊、湖羊、滩羊、小尾寒羊、乌珠穆沁羊、藏绵羊、阿勒泰羊7个地方绵羊品种和无角陶赛特羊、德国美利奴羊、萨福克羊3个引入品种基因组DNA进行了RAPD分析。结果表明：（1）RAPD可作为一种有效的标记用于绵羊品种之间遗传亲缘关系的分析。（2）在所使用的43种随机引物中,有35种引物扩增出多态谱带,多态频率为66.24%,说明RAPD技术用于研究绵羊核DNA的遗传变异具有较高的检出率和灵敏度。（3）总群体平均遗传多样性指数（HSP)为0.9139,说明绵羊群体具有较为丰富的遗传多样性。（4）我国地方绵羊品种间的分子聚类关系与其所处的地理位置、考古学结果,以及细胞遗传学研究结果基本,引入品种间的分子聚类关系也与其育成史基本一致。     

甜荞品种内与品种间的遗传多样性研究

以9个甜荞品种为材料,1个苦荞品种为对照,每个品种随机取10粒种子发芽,提取基因组DNA,采用长随机引物和内含子切接点引物的PCR分子标记技术,对甜荞品种内和品种间的遗传多样性进行了分析.结果表明:(1)所使用的引物均能在 9份甜荞品种和1份苦荞品种中稳定扩增出条带,共获得了45条条带,其中多态性条带42条,占总数的93.3%;(2)甜荞同一品种内存在一定的遗传差异,但遗传距离较小,大部分不同甜荞品种间的遗传差异大于其品种内的遗传差异.因而,在甜荞品种鉴定和遗传多样性研究中,通过品种内适当混合取样可以较好地代表和反映甜荞品种特性.     

无核葡萄品种的无核性来源分析

系谱分析表明,无核白是世界范围内无核葡萄育种的主要无核性来源,以其为最早的亲本材料,经过简单杂交或多亲多代杂交,培育了一系列的无核葡萄品种;无核紫和俄罗斯无核是部分无核品种的原始亲本材料之一;有核葡萄的无核芽变也是无核品种选育的重要途径。     

葡萄早熟芽变与其亲本果实发育特征比较分析

‘峰早’和‘洛浦早生’葡萄分别是‘巨峰’和‘京亚’的早熟芽变,本研究对比分析了早熟芽变与其亲本间在果实发育过程中与成熟有关的生理指标动态变化的差异。结果表明,与亲本相比,两个早熟芽变品种在果实横径、纵径、单粒重的增长速率,叶绿素、类黄酮和总酚含量变化趋势,以及β-半乳糖苷酶活性等方面的变化趋势差别不大。可溶性固形物和可溶性糖的变化趋势、类胡萝卜素的含量及脂氧合酶（LOX）活性的变化趋势在两对芽变与亲本间无明显一致的趋势,表现出的情形比较复杂。但两芽变品种花色素苷的增长速率在花后50 d均显著快于亲本,且在成熟时的绝对含量均大于对应时期亲本,这可能是早熟芽变品种果实先着色的原因之一。两芽变与亲本间果胶甲酯酶（PE）活性和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）活性变化模式相一致,且两芽变的PG酶活性增长速率均明显大于其亲本,这种变化幅度也与早熟芽变性状变化的幅度相关,所以PG酶活性增加加快了芽变品种的成熟软化,这可能是芽变比亲本早熟的原因之一。     

21个枣品种（系）的AFLP指纹分析

采用AFLP技术,利用从30对引物中筛选出的10对多态性较好的引物,对21个枣品种(系)的基因组DNA进行了分析,共扩增出条带531条,其中多态性条带216条,多态性位点百分比为40.68%.采用UPGMA法,对AFLP扩增结果进行了聚类分析,将供试品种(系)分为6类,并得到了18个品种(系)的特征性AFLP标记,可为分子水平进行枣种质鉴定提供参考.     

与葡萄抗霜霉病基因紧密连锁的分子遗传标记

以种间杂交组合88-110［83-4-96（毛葡萄,抗霜霉病）×粉红玫瑰（欧洲葡萄,感霜霉病）］的F     

Genealogy of wine grape cultivars: "Pinot" is related to "Syrah"

Since the domestication of wild grapes ca 6000 years ago, numerous cultivars have been generated by spontaneous or deliberate crosses, and up to 10 000 are still in existence today. Just as in human paternity analysis, DNA typing can reveal unexpected parentage of grape cultivars. In this study, we have analysed 89 grape cultivars with 60 microsatellite markers in order to accurately calculate the identity-by-descent (IBD) and relatedness (r) coefficients among six putatively related cultivars from France ("Pinot", "Syrah" and "Dureza") and northern Italy ("Teroldego", "Lagrein" and "Marzemino"). Using a recently developed likelihood-based approach to analyse kinship in grapes, we provide the first evidence of a genetic link between grapes across the Alps: "Dureza" and "Teroldego" turn out to be full-siblings (FS). For the first time in grapevine genetics we were able to detect FS without knowing one of the parents and identify unexpected second-degree relatives. We reconstructed the most likely pedigree that revealed a third-degree relationship between the worldwide-cultivated "Pinot" from Burgundy and "Syrah" from the Rhone Valley. Our finding was totally unsuspected by classical ampelography and it challenges the commonly assumed independent origins of these grape cultivars. Our results and this new approach in grape genetics will (a) help grape breeders to avoid choosing closely related varieties for new crosses, (b) provide pedigrees of cultivars in order to detect inheritance of disease-resistance genes and (c) open the way for future discoveries of first- and second-degree relationships between grape cultivars in order to better understand viticultural migrations.     

A PCR-based diagnostic tool for distinguishing grape skin color mutants

Berry skin color mutants are phenotypically different from their original cultivars, but they show identical molecular profile if analysed by using microsatellite markers. This work gives an easy, inexpensive and quick diagnostic tool to discriminate these somatic variants. We distinguished some grape (Vitis vinifera L.) skin color mutants from white to red or pink and from black to grey, pink or white and we investigated their molecular bases by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), single base primer extension and coding sequence analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme genes and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of VvmybA1 regulatory gene. Analyses of structural genes did not reveal polymorphisms between wild type and mutant cultivars but only among different varieties, whereas the study of VvmybA1 regulatory gene has given important outcomes for color mutants characterisation. The discrimination between white wild type and its derived colored mutant and between black wild type and white mutant has been obtained through a simple test of amplification for presence/absence. The discrimination between black wild type and less colored mutant has occurred through a quantitative result on agarose gel confirmed by real-time PCR analysis: the amount of functional allele in less colored somatic variants genome was about one-fourth of the correspondent quantity in original black cultivars genome.     

链霉菌工业菌种HS007的基因组标记

通过小片段基因组文库的构建获得工业生产菌HS007的若干基因组片段,并以大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭质粒pHJL400为载体,构建了5个插入了特异性标记序列及抗性筛选标记的重组质粒pHJL02AFOH,pHJL07AFOH,pHJL08AFOH,pHJL10AFOH和pHJL12AFOH.利用这些质粒转化工业生产菌株HS007,获得具有特异性标记序列和相应抗性的标记菌株02-72,07-44,08-02,10-81和12-58,其中02-72和12-58的生产能力不受插入片段的影响.利用重组质粒pSP02AFOH上抗性标记两端两个FRT序列的分子内重组去除抗性标记,并以大肠杆菌一链霉菌穿梭质粒pGH112替换该质粒的载体部分,得到重组质粒pGH02FH.以pGH02FH转化标记菌株02-72,获得具有特异性标记序列而没有相应抗性的菌株02-72-36.发酵结果表明,标记片段的插入不影响菌株02-72-36的生产能力.本方法建立了链霉菌工业菌种基因组标记的技术平台.     

Assessment of genetic diversity among 16 promising cultivars of ginger using cytological and molecular markers

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an economically important plant, valued all over the world. The existing variation among 16 promising cultivars as observed through differential rhizome yield (181.9 to 477.3 g) was proved to have a genetic basis using different genetic markers such as karyotype, 4C nuclear DNA content and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The karyotypic analysis revealed a differential distribution of A, B, C, D and E type of chromosomes among different cultivars as represented by different karyotype formulas. A significant variation of 4C DNA content was recorded in ginger at an intraspecific level with values ranging from 17.1 to 24.3 pg. RAPD analysis revealed a differential polymorphism of DNA showing a number of polymorphic bands ranging from 26 to 70 among 16 cultivars. The RAPD primers OPC02, OPA02, OPD20 and OPN06 showing strong resolving power were able to distinguish all 16 cultivars. The extent of genetic diversity among these cultivars was computed through parameters of gene diversity, sum of allele numbers per locus and Shannon's information indices. Cluster analysis, Nei's genetic similarity and genetic distances, distribution of cultivars into special distance classes and principal coordinate analysis and the analysis of molecular variance suggested a conspicuous genetic diversity among different cultivars studied. The genetic variation thus detected among promising cultivars of ginger has significance for ginger improvement programs.     

'Cardinal' grape parentage: a case of a breeding mistake.

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most widely grown fruit plants, with table grapes accounting for at least 20% of the total world production. A few traditional table grape cultivars have achieved great international prominence. Among the most important cultivars is 'Cardinal', a historical Californian grapevine obtained by E. Snyder and F. Harmon in 1939 by crossing 'Flame Tokay' (syn. 'Ahmer Bou Amer') with 'Ribier' (syn. 'Alphonse Lavallée') at the Horticultural Field Station of Fresno, Calif.. In the course of DNA typing grapevine varieties collected in Algeria and other Mediterranean countries, we found, surprisingly, that 'Cardinal'could not result from this cross. Here, we present molecular genetic evidence that 'Cardinal' has no parentage relationship with 'Flame Tokay'. We also show, for the first time, that 'Flame Tokay' is a mutant version, at the VVS5 microsatellite locus, of the table grape 'Ahmer Bou Amer', which is considered its synonym.     

Antiplatelet "hybrid" peptides analogous to receptor recognition domains on gamma and alpha chains of human fibrinogen

Platelet receptor recognition domains are located on the gamma and alpha chains of human fibrinogen. The former encompasses residues 400-411 [Kloczewiak, M., Timmons, S., Lukas, T. J., & Hawiger, J. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 1767], and the latter is present in two loci on the alpha chain (alpha 95-97 and alpha 572-574) [Hawiger, J., Kloczewiak, M., Bednarek, M. A., & Timmons, S. (1989) Biochemistry (first of three papers in this issue)]. Peptide gamma 400-411 (HHLGGAKQAGDV) inhibited aggregation of ADP-treated platelets mediated not only by gamma-chain but also by alpha-chain multimers. Peptide alpha 572-575 (RGDS) inhibited aggregation of platelets mediated by alpha-chain as well as gamma-chain multimers. These results indicate that the platelet receptor for fibrinogen is isospecific with regard to the domain present on alpha and gamma chains. Subsequent "checkerboard" analysis of combinations of gamma 400-411 and alpha 572-575 showed that the inhibitory effect toward binding of 125I-fibrinogen was additive rather than synergistic. Next, a series of "hybrid" peptides was constructed in which the alpha-chain sequence RGDF (alpha 95-98) replaced the carboxy-terminal segment of gamma 408-411. The dodecapeptide HHLGGAKQRGDF was inhibitory with concentration, causing 50% inhibition of binding (IC50) at 6 microM, 5 times more potent than gamma 400-411. The shorter peptides AKQRGDF and KQRGDF were also more inhibitory than gamma 400-411. The second series of hybrid peptides was constructed with the alpha-chain sequence RGDS preceding the sequence of gamma 400-411 or sequence RGDV following it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Glutamine Synthetase Activity, Relative Water Content and Water Potential in Maize Submitted to Drought

Primer screening and optimization for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) was investigated. Among four series (A, B, D and N) of 10-mer primers, A-series performed better amplification of fragments than other series. The maximum amplification fragments was obtained using OPA-02, OPA-03, OPA-09, OPB-06, OPB-10, OPD-03, OPD-05 and OPN-03 primers. The primers OPA-02 and OPN-03 produced maximum number of DNA fragments in Anacardium occidentale cv. H-320. Primers (OPB-08 and OPN-05 performed a least number of amplification fragments. RAPD profile also indicate that some primer did not produce good amplification. The primer OPA-02 amplified 12 number of polymorphic bands in 20 cultivars of cashew. Only one DNA fragment was produced in A. occidentale cv. Vridhachalam - 2 (M-44/3) by using the primer OPA-02. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

葡萄感霜霉病基因的分子标记(英文)

 在葡萄抗病育种中 ,幼苗期排除感霜霉病的后代具有特别重要的意义 .用 BSA,RAPD和SCAR方法研究了葡萄感霜霉病基因的分子标记 .分析了两个种间杂交组合 [毛葡萄 (抗病 )×欧洲葡萄 (感病 ) ]88- 1 1 0和 88- 84与 88- 1 1 0的 F1代自交或互交所得的 3个 F2 代 ,以及欧洲葡萄品种和中国野生葡萄种 .共筛选了 2 80个随机引物 .引物 OPO1 0产生了一个 RAPD标记 OPO1 0 - 80 0与葡萄感霜霉病主效基因紧密联锁 .将该 DNA片段克隆并测序 .OPO1 0 - 80 0的实际长度为 835bp,所以 OPO1 0 - 80 0应为 OPO1 0 - 835.据其两端序列 ,设计了一对长度为 2 6bp和 2 8bp的特异引物分别扩增上述试材 ,获得了与该 RAPD标记相同大小的一条带 ,将 RAPD标记转化为 SCAR标记SCO1 0 - 835.并证实了此 SCAR标记的通用性 ,该 SCAR标记可用于葡萄抗病育种中杂种后代对霜霉病的抗病与感病性鉴定 .