树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿和鹰嘴豆干旱适应能力比较

对1年生豆科作物鹰嘴豆Rupali品种和Almaz品种以及多年生植物树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿叶相对含水量和叶水势对逐渐干旱胁迫的响应进行了分析,比较了两类植物的干旱适应能力。结果表明鹰嘴豆叶相对含水量随叶水势的下降线性下降,树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿叶相对含水量在叶水势分别下降到-2.4MPa、-2.5MPa和-1.5 MPa之前没有下降,之后随水势的下降线性下降。树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿这种叶相对含水量下降的滞后性表明该类植物叶具有较硬而弹性较差的细胞壁,使得植物在干旱胁迫下叶具有良好的保水能力。鹰嘴豆叶具有的最低水势为-4.5MPa,对应的土壤相对含水量为14％,锦鸡儿植物叶具有的最低水势可达-6.7MPa,对应的土壤相对含水量为6％,说明锦鸡儿植物比鹰嘴豆具有更好的干旱适应能力,这种能力可能取决于锦鸡儿植物体内大量渗透调节物质的累积。     

短期干旱对水稻叶水势、光合作用及干物质分配的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同生育期短期干旱处理对水稻叶水势、光合作用和干物质分配的影响．结果表明,干旱胁迫后,水稻叶水势低于对照,午后叶水势回升缓慢。凌晨叶水势随土壤含水量的降低而降低,表现为阈值反应。叶片净光合速率与凌晨叶水势密切相关,低于凌晨叶水势临界值,水稻叶片净光合速率急剧下降在水稻抽穗期和灌浆期叶片净光合速率显著下降的凌晨叶水势临界值为-1.04和-1．13MPa,对应的土壤含水量阈值分别为饱和含水量的61.0％和50．9％,土壤水势分别为-0．133和-0．240MPa干旱胁迫下单叶净光合速率的日变化规律表现为：胁迫较轻时,单叶净光合速率在正午附近出现低谷;胁迫严重时,净光合速率全天低于对照,且不及对照的一半。短期干旱后,水稻叶、根、穗的分配指数均降低,茎鞘的分配指数升高。本研究可为水稻节水灌溉管理和水分限制下水稻的生长模拟提供生理基础和理论依据。     

干旱和复水对大豆光合生理生态特性的影响

选用大豆作为实验材料,研究干旱和复水对大豆光合生理的影响,以期为大豆抗旱栽培和高效利用水分提供理论依据.通过研究发现,在土壤相对含水量高于47%时,处理组大豆凌晨叶片水势和对照组相比基本没有下降,但当土壤相对含水量低于47%时,处理组叶片水势急剧下降,表现为一定的阈值反应,存在明显的凌晨叶水势临界值.大豆开花前期叶片的凌晨叶水势阈值约为-1.02MPa,低于此临界值,叶片水势急剧下降,叶片净光合速率也明显降低.研究发现,在实验的第3天,处理组土壤相对含水量为47%,叶片水势与对照组相比下降了7%,蒸腾速率为对照组的67%,净光合速率为对照组的90%,水分利用效率比对照组高35%,这说明大豆的蒸腾比光合对干旱更敏感.因此,可利用这一结果采取适度干旱等措施达到节水增产的目的.复水后大豆叶片水分状况得到改善,大豆叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率都表现为接近于直线的上升,气孔导度的恢复也很快,这表明大豆存在着胁迫解除后快速生长的特征.但是,干旱对大豆的生长等生理过程是否存在滞后效应,滞后效应的大小等问题还需要进一步的研究.     

三种草坪草的茎、叶解剖结构及其坪用性状

利用石蜡片法,对台湾草（Zoysia tenuifoia Willd.ex Trin.)、海雀稗（Paspalum vaginatum Sw.）、狗牙根[Cnodon dactylon(L.)Pers．]三种细叶暖季型草坪草的叶片有茎的解剖结构进行了研究。结果表明：叶片及茎的解剖结构与植物的耐旱性、耐践踏性和弹性等坪用特性有着密切联系。三种植物中,台湾草因叶片表皮细胞、泡状细胞、维管束鞘、机械组织有茎中纤维带的特征,而在耐旱性、耐踏踏性和弹性等坪用特性上表现出优于其他二种草坪草;狗牙根的耐旱性较强,耐踏踏性和弹性一般,海雀稗则在这几项坪用特征上均较弱。     

夏玉米三叶期持续干旱下不同叶位叶片含水量变化及其与光合作用的关系

植物干物质的累积依赖于群体光合速率,而群体光合速率又与单叶的光合能力密切有关。叶片光合作用与其含水量密切相关,目前关于不同叶位叶片含水量对持续干旱的响应及其与光合作用的关系还未见报道。以华北夏玉米郑单958为材料,设置6个不同灌水处理,模拟不同灌溉量下持续干旱对夏玉米不同叶位叶片生理特性的影响,分析夏玉米顶部开始的第一、三、五叶位叶片的水分变化及其与净光合速率的关系。结果表明:夏玉米不同叶位的叶片最大含水量不同,且随干旱进程的推进叶片含水量的变化速率也不同,第一叶的叶片含水量下降速率高于第三、第五叶,第一叶的最大含水量高于第三、五叶,且可进行光合产物积累的叶片含水量下限随叶位的增加而增大。同时,第一叶的叶片含水量与土壤水分呈显著相关,且与净光合速率的相关性也非常强。第一叶可进行光合产物积累的叶片水分下限(净光合速率为零时的叶片含水量)最小,表明其耐旱性最强,对干旱具有指导意义。研究结果可为提高冠层光合作用模拟的准确性及夏玉米干旱发生发展的监测预警提供参考。     

玉米生育期土壤-植物-大气连续体水流阻力与水势的分布

根据玉米生育期的田间试验资料分析了土壤-植物-大气连续体中水势和水流阻力的分布,结果表明土壤与植物叶片之间的水势差在玉米抽雄期前达0.8—1.0MPa,到抽雄期以后达1.0—1.5MPa,叶片与大气之间的水势差则在抽雄期前后分别达80—120MPa和60—80MPa;连续体内的水流阻力主要在叶片与大气之间.建立了连续体中玉米叶片水势的动态模拟公式,模拟叶水势具有较高的精度.最后,揭示了叶片蒸腾速率与叶-气系统水势差和水流阻力的关系,当叶片与大气之间的水势差达90—100MPa之后,蒸腾速率随叶-气间水势差增加而减小.     

夏玉米三叶期持续干旱下不同叶位叶片含水量变化及其与光合作用的关系分析

植物干物质的累积依赖于群体光合速率,而群体光合速率又与单叶的光合能力密切有关。叶片光合作用与其含水量密切相关,目前关于不同叶位叶片含水量对持续干旱的响应及其与光合作用的关系还未见报道。以华北夏玉米郑单958为材料,设置6个不同灌水处理,模拟不同灌溉量下持续干旱对夏玉米不同叶位叶片生理特性的影响,分析夏玉米顶部开始的第一、三、五叶位叶片的水分变化及其与净光合速率的关系。结果表明:夏玉米不同叶位的叶片最大含水量不同,且随干旱进程的推进叶片含水量的变化速率也不同,第一叶的叶片含水量下降速率高于第三、第五叶,第一叶的最大含水量高于第三、五叶,且可进行光合产物积累的叶片含水量下限随叶位的增加而增大。同时,第一叶的叶片含水量与土壤水分呈显著相关,且与净光合速率的相关性也非常强。第一叶可进行光合产物积累的叶片水分下限(净光合速率为零时的叶片含水量)最小,表明其耐旱性最强,对干旱具有指导意义。研究结果可为提高冠层光合作用模拟的准确性及夏玉米干旱发生发展的监测预警提供参考。     

平潭岛典型海岸草丛沙堆植物群落水势日变化特征及其影响因素

水势是反映植物受到环境胁迫的重要指标之一,可用来确定其受胁迫的程度和适应能力大小。以福建省平潭岛海岸典型沙生植物老鼠艻(Spinifex littoreus)形成的草丛沙堆为研究对象,选取晴朗无云的天气,采用PSYPRO水势测量系统对其植物叶、茎水势及其所形成的沙堆土壤水势进行测定,同时采用HUMIPORT10手持式温湿度计对当日的气象要素进行同步观测。结果表明:(1)老鼠艻的叶水势呈现出与早晚高午间低相反的反梯度现象,叶、茎水势的日变化均表现为"M"型变化趋势,除18:00后,其它时间均表现为叶片水势下降、茎干水势上升,并且发现叶、茎水势的变化趋势存在位相后移现象;(2)老鼠艻的叶、茎水势在10:00时差异达到最大的0.65MPa,且茎水势高于叶水势,在14:00左右,植物茎水势出现低于叶水势的反常现象,在18:00时叶、茎水势趋于相同;(3)除表层30cm外,其它层土壤水势日变化特征总体表现为从早晨开始下降,14:00达到最低,但总体变化不明显;(4)随着深度增加,草丛沙堆土壤水势呈现为依次增加的趋势,但80cm以下土壤水势变化不显著(P0.1);(5)叶水势与大气水势具有较好的相关性,且变化显著(P0.1),与茎水势及浅层土壤水势有一定相关性,但变化不显著(P0.1),与50cm以下土壤水势均无相关性。     

绞股蓝植株水分生理变化的研究

不同生境绞股蓝植株水分生理变化。表面在：叶片含水量、水势日变化相近,器官不同含水量的季节变化趋势蔓茎＞叶片＞根系;水分状况的束／自值为野生的高于棚栽的22．72％,但需水程度却低于棚栽的16．83％;至于Tr与Pn的日变化进程基本呈平等同步关系,为不典型的双峰曲线变化,但与Qs的相关性不显著。     

不同叶位大豆叶片细胞壁弹性调节与抗旱性关系

干旱条件下,不同叶位的大豆叶片的弹性调节表现出明显差异：初生叶和顶端幼叶（顶叶）不存在弹性调节,而第一、第三、第五复叶均存在弹性调节,弹性调节能力的大小依次为第五复叶＞第三复叶＞第一复叶;各叶位叶片的水势值（ψｗ）干旱时均下降,但降低值无明显差异;各叶片的相对含水量（ＲＷＣ）干旱时的变化为：初生叶和顶叶的下降值较大,三种复叶的下降值较小,其顺序为：第一复叶＞第三复叶＞第五复叶。细胞壁弹性调节的存在增强了植物的抗旱性,弹性调节能力的大小与抗旱能力的大小成正比。     

四川间作地区作物高度、覆盖度和叶面积指数的动态变化

为研究间作系统的作物参数,于2005年在四川间作地区进行了作物高度、覆盖度和叶面积指数的时间变化研究.结果表明:作物的高度、覆盖度和叶面积指数随时间变化很大;玉米的最大高度是177 cm,最大覆盖度(86%)出现在花期,最大叶面积指数是1.96;红苕的最大和最小株高分别为22和12 cm,最大覆盖度(73%)出现在薯块膨大期,最大叶面积指数为1.79.与玉米间作时,红苕所有作物参数均受玉米影响.在玉米-红苕间作系统中,最危险的侵蚀期是玉米收获后至红苕覆盖度最大期.     

Allelopathic potential of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) germplasm resources of Yunnan Province in southwest China

A laboratory bioassay was conducted to determine the allelopathic potentials of aqueous extracts from either roots or leaves of seventeen sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)] cultivars (SP0, SP1, SP2, SP3, SP4, SP5, SP6, SP7, SP9, SP10, SP11, SP13, SP14, SP15, SP16, SP18, and SP19). Most inhibitory rates on Lactuca sativa calculated for leaf or root extracts from the seventeen sweet potato cultivars exhibited positive values and significantly increased with increasing concentration. Germination was totally inhibited at a concentration of 0.05 g·mL^?1 for leaf water extracts of SP13, SP15, SP18 and at a concentration of 0.05 g·mL^?1 for both leaf and root water extracts of SP19. Inhibition of root length was clearly greater than inhibition of shoot length for both leaf and root water extracts. Biomass inhibition increased with increasing concentration, but some cultivars showed stimulatory effects at low concentrations, and inhibition was generally more pronounced for root water extracts than for leaf water extracts. Moreover, most synthetical inhibitory rates for both leaf and root water extracts from the seventeen cultivars exhibited positive values and significantly increased with increasing concentration. Comparing the synthetical inhibitory rates for both leaf and root water extracts among the seventeen cultivars, SP19, SP6, SP11, and SP7 had the highest allelopathic inhibition. The inhibitory activity on germination index was the greatest, followed by germination rate, root length, biomass, and shoot length in all bioassays. Inhibition by leaf water extracts was generally greater than inhibition by root water extracts, except in the case of shoot length or biomass. Overall, we conclude that all seventeen sweet potato cultivars have strong inhibitory effects on L. sativa, but that these effects vary with cultivar and plant part, with SP19, SP6, SP11, and SP7 exhibiting the highest rates of allelopathic inhibition.     

红薯水提物对外来入侵植物喜旱莲子草生长的化感影响

从植物化感作用的角度,探索利用具有较高经济价值的本地植物或伴生的本地物种对入侵植物进行抑制和清除,是一种控制外来入侵植物行之有效的方法。本研究以本地作物红薯和入侵植物喜旱莲子草为试验对象,探究红薯不同部位(根、茎、叶)3个浓度(0.025、0.05、0.1 g·mL^-1)的水提物对喜旱莲子草的化感作用。以形态学指标(无性系小株个数、节数、叶片数、叶面积、株高、总干重和根数)、化感响应指数、性状比值(肉质化程度、根冠比、比叶面积、叶生物量比、茎生物量比、根生物量比)、新生叶片中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等作为衡量红薯对喜旱莲子草根状茎生长影响程度的参数。结果表明: 1)不同浓度不同部位红薯水提物对喜旱莲子草生长有不同影响。0.1 g·mL^-1根水提物显著抑制所有形态学指标,除总干重和根数外,其他形态学指标均随不同部位水提物浓度的升高而显著降低。2)所有处理的综合化感响应指数均为负值,说明红薯水提物对喜旱莲子草各指标具有负效应,抑制其正常生长。在所有处理中,0.1 g·mL^-1根水提物的化感抑制作用最强,化感响应指数为-0.73,其次为0.1 g·mL^-1茎水提物和0.05 g·mL^-1根水提物,化感响应指数均为-0.44。3)从性状比值可以看出,红薯水提物对肉质化程度、根冠比、比叶面积和叶生物量比有显著抑制作用,而对茎生物量比和根生物量比无显著性影响。4)红薯水提物显著增加新生叶片中丙二醛含量,显著降低超氧化物歧化酶含量,但对过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶无显著影响。表明红薯水提物对喜旱莲子草根状茎生长有显著抑制作用。     

三峡库区花岗岩坡耕地不同种植方式下水土流失定位研究

对三峡库区花岗岩坡耕地不同种植方式下水土流失规律的定位研究表明,库区雨季主要集中在5～8月,降雨量约占全年总降雨量的60%以上;此期间的土壤侵蚀量也占全年总侵蚀量的60%以上,其中6、7月土壤侵蚀量约占全年的1/2.不同种植方式下地面覆盖率差异较大,三熟制下或与多年生植物(牧草、黄花菜)间作时地面的覆盖率明显大于两熟制,夏季作物为花生时雨季的地面覆盖高于夏作为红薯,其土壤及养分流失量亦相对较低.不同种植方式下土壤及养分流失的大小顺序为油(麦)红薯>油菜(小麦)玉米红薯>油菜(小麦)玉米花生>油菜(小麦)金荞麦花生,油菜(小麦)黄花花生.研究结果还表明,在良好的种植与管理方式下,坡耕地土壤流失量仍可被控制在允许范围内.     

Midday stomatal conductance is more related to stem rather than leaf water status in subtropical deciduous and evergreen broadleaf trees

Midday depressions in stomatal conductance (g_s) and photosynthesis are common in plants. The aim of this study was to understand the hydraulic determinants of midday g_s, the coordination between leaf and stem hydraulics and whether regulation of midday g_s differed between deciduous and evergreen broadleaf tree species in a subtropical cloud forest of Southwest (SW) China. We investigated leaf and stem hydraulics, midday leaf and stem water potentials, as well as midday g_s of co‐occurring deciduous and evergreen tree species. Midday g_s was correlated positively with midday stem water potential across both groups of species, but not with midday leaf water potential. Species with higher stem hydraulic conductivity and greater daily reliance on stem hydraulic capacitance were able to maintain higher stem water potential and higher g_s at midday. Deciduous species exhibited significantly higher stem hydraulic conductivity, greater reliance on stem capacitance, higher stem water potential and g_s at midday than evergreen species. Our results suggest that midday g_s is more associated with midday stem than with leaf water status, and that the functional significance of stomatal regulation in these broadleaf tree species is probably for preventing stem xylem dysfunction.     

Coordination and trade‐offs between leaf and stem hydraulic traits and stomatal regulation along a spectrum of isohydry to anisohydry

The degree of plant iso/anisohydry, a widely used framework for classifying species‐specific hydraulic strategies, integrates multiple components of the whole‐plant hydraulic pathway. However, little is known about how it associates with coordination of functional and structural traits within and across different organs. We examined stem and leaf hydraulic capacitance and conductivity/conductance, stem xylem anatomical features, stomatal regulation of daily minimum leaf and stem water potential (Ψ), and the kinetics of stomatal responses to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in six diverse woody species differing markedly in their degree of iso/anisohydry. At the stem level, more anisohydric species had higher wood density and lower native capacitance and conductivity. Like stems, leaves of more anisohydric species had lower hydraulic conductance; however, unlike stems, their leaves had higher native capacitance at their daily minimum values of leaf Ψ. Moreover, rates of VPD‐induced stomatal closure were related to intrinsic rather than native leaf capacitance and were not associated with species' degree of iso/anisohydry. Our results suggest a trade‐off between hydraulic storage and efficiency in the leaf, but a coordination between hydraulic storage and efficiency in the stem along a spectrum of plant iso/anisohydry.     

落花生不同器官对硒元素吸收和累积动态的研究

通过盆栽试验研究了落花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)对硒元素的生物富集作用。结果表明:随着生长发育期的推进,落花生对硒的生物累积作用呈动态变化,表现在植株体内硒的含量、硒元素累积进程及其贮量上。硒在植株内的累积以下针期为转折点,呈前轻后重之势,全株中55％的硒是结荚后累积的,下针期前硒以叶片为累积贮存中心,其后以荚果为中心,硒在植株内趋向于分布在植株生长旺盛的器官。成熟收获后,植株不同器官的贮量以果仁>叶>果壳>茎>根,含量分布为果仁>根>果壳>茎>叶。     

Influence of preceding crop on wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) abundance in the coastal plain of North Carolina

Three studies were conducted to determine the effect of preceding crop on wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) abundance in the coastal plain of North Carolina. In all three studies, samples of wireworm populations were taken from the soil by using oat, Avena sativa L., baits. Treatments were defined by the previous year's crop and were chosen to reflect common crop rotations in the region. Across all three studies, eight wireworm species were recovered from the baits: Conoderus amplicollis (Gyllenhal), Conoderus bellus (Say), Conoderus falli (Lane), Conoderus lividus (Degeer), Conoderus scissus (Schaeffer), Conoderus vespertinus (F.), Glyphonyx bimarginatus (Schaeffer), and Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal). The effect of corn, Zea mays L.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; fallow; soybean, Clycine max (L.) Merr.; sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.; and tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) was evaluated in a small-plot replicated study. M. communis was the most frequently collected species in the small-plot study and was found in significantly higher numbers following soybean and corn. The mean total number of wireworms per bait (all species) was highest following soybean. A second study conducted in late fall and early spring assessed the abundance of overwintering wireworm populations in commercial fields planted to corn, cotton, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), soybean, sweet potato, and tobacco in the most recent previous growing season. C. lividus was the most abundant species, and the mean total number of wireworms was highest following corn and soybean. A survey was conducted in commercial sweet potato in late spring and early summer in fields that had been planted to corn, cotton, cucurbit (Cucurbita pepo L.), peanut, soybean, sweet potato, or tobacco in the most recent previous growing season. C. vespertinus was the most abundant species, and the mean total number of wireworms per bait was highest following corn.     

甘薯茎尖与常见叶菜类蔬菜氨基酸含量及组成的比较分析

选用叶菜型甘薯茎尖和14种常见叶菜类蔬菜为材料,对比分析了氨基酸含量及组成。结果表明:甘薯茎尖含有18种氨基酸,种类齐全。氨基酸总量、人体必需氨基酸含量和儿童必需氨基酸含量均居第1位。甘薯茎尖的E/T值为39.50%,E/N值为0.65,符合理想蛋白质的要求。茎尖中各种人体必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的比例(Val、Ile、Leu、Phe+Tyr、Lys、Thr)与1973年FAO/WHO修订的人体必需氨基酸含量模式谱基本一致,仅M et+Cys中度缺乏。甘薯茎尖中鲜味类、芳香族、甜味类氨基酸含量居第1位。     

几种农田作物害鼠经济阈值的测定

1 引言 农田害鼠的危害经济阈值是害鼠防治的依据,也是害鼠管理的一个重要指标,王华弟等及邢林等曾报道过这方面的研究,但未能考虑害鼠群落中各种鼠的数量组成比例和危害强度的不同,1983年,在山东