福建平潭岛海岸不同演化阶段草丛沙堆表面老鼠艻叶水势日变化特征

以福建省平潭岛海岸不同演化阶段草丛沙堆表面典型沙生植物老鼠艻为对象,研究其叶水势日变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明: 老鼠艻叶水势日变化以“W”型为主,午间出现短暂升高现象.发育阶段沙堆表面老鼠艻叶水势日均值较稳定阶段高,且夜间水分恢复能力更强;老鼠艻叶水势与大气水势和相对湿度呈显著正相关,与气温呈显著负相关,但与不同深度土壤水势无显著相关性;发育阶段沙堆丘间地老鼠艻叶水势在10:00—16:00皆高于迎风坡和背风坡,迎风坡除10:00和12:00外皆低于背风坡.不同坡位叶水势日变异程度表现为背风坡>迎风坡>丘间地,但无显著差异.沙堆迎风坡老鼠艻叶水势与大气水势和相对湿度呈显著正相关,与气温呈显著负相关;沙堆背风坡和丘间地老鼠艻叶水势与气象因子有一定相关性,但不显著.     

海岸沙生植物老鼠艻(Spinifex littoreus)叶水势对风蚀、沙埋和风沙流磨蚀的响应

台风是海岸地区常见的自然灾害之一,其通过风蚀、沙埋和风沙流磨蚀,严重威胁到该地区的沙生植物生长。本文以福建省平潭岛海岸典型沙生植物老鼠艻(Spinifex littoreus)为研究对象,对台风后受到风蚀、沙埋和风沙流磨蚀危害的植株叶片水势及其土壤水势和气象要素进行同步观测。结果表明:(1)老鼠艻在遭受风蚀后其受到的水分胁迫较未风蚀植株提前且强度更大,叶水势较未风蚀植株显著降低(P0.05),且与大气水势无显著相关性(P0.05)。而未风蚀时其与大气水势和相对湿度呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与气温则呈极显著负相关(P0.01);(2)沙埋后老鼠艻叶水势在10:00—16:00均高于未沙埋植株,变化幅度较小,且对气象因子响应存在滞后现象。土壤水分不足时,老鼠艻叶水势主要受土壤水势的影响,土壤水分充足时,则主要受气象因子的影响。未沙埋的老鼠艻叶水势与大气水势、相对湿度呈显著正相关(P0.05),与气温呈显著负相关(P0.05)。随着沙埋深度的增加,老鼠艻叶水势先升高后降低,适度沙埋有利于其保持较高水势以适应胁迫环境;(3)老鼠艻叶片被擦伤后,其叶水势大部分时间均低于未擦伤处理,与大气水势有一定相关性,但不显著(P0.05),而未擦伤植株叶水势则与大气水势和相对湿度呈显著正相关(P0.05),与气温呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

塔里木河下游干旱胁迫下多枝柽柳茎水势的变化

于2005-2006年对新疆塔里木河下游亚合浦马汗和阿拉干断面多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)茎水势进行了测定.结果表明:多枝柽柳茎水势日变化规律与其它植物水势不同,8:00较高,14:00和20:00较低,20:00以后略呈上升趋势,说明在塔里木河下游气温不是影响多枝柽柳水势变化的主导因素;对多枝柽柳茎水势和地下水埋深、土壤盐分进行相关分析表明,多枝柽柳茎水势与地下水埋深之间呈显著负相关性,与土壤盐分不具有显著相关性,说明塔里木河下游多枝柽柳茎水势对地下水埋深的变化响应强烈,对土壤盐分的变化响应不强烈.该研究可为塔里木河下游进行有效的生态输水,加速受损生态系统的恢复提供科学依据.     

平潭岛海岸三种典型沙生植物非结构性碳水化合物含量特征研究

非结构性碳水化合物(non-structural carbonhydrate,NSC)作为光合作用的主要产物,其含量多少可反映植物整体的碳收支平衡关系及对外界环境胁迫的适应策略。该研究采用改进的苯酚-浓硫酸法对福建省平潭岛海岸处于生长旺盛期的3种典型沙生植物木麻黄、单叶蔓荆和老鼠艻茎叶的NSC及其组分含量进行测定。结果表明:(1)单叶蔓荆叶片、茎干可溶性糖含量均最大,分别为(137.83±3.75)、(90.74±2.65)mg·g~(-1),老鼠艻叶片、茎干淀粉含量均最大,分别为(105.41±2.49)、(120.48±7.67) mg·g~(-1),二者茎叶NSC含量均大于木麻黄,且全部达到显著水平(P0.05)。(2)沙堆表面老鼠艻叶片NSC及组分含量从雏形、发育到稳定阶段变化不明显,但茎干NSC及组分含量在雏形阶段沙堆表面显著大于其他两个演替阶段(P0.05),且依次呈现下降趋势。(3)从幼龄林、中龄林到成龄林阶段,木麻黄NSC含量呈现先上升后下降趋势,其中成龄林叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量、茎干可溶性糖和NSC含量均显著低于其他两个生长阶段(P0.05)。(4)不同沙生植物对环境胁迫的适应策略各异,海岸沙丘表面植被恢复应充分考虑物种特性及其更新。     

长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤水分及作物叶水势的影响

通过长期定位试验研究了黄土高原西部旱农区,传统耕作方式和5种保护性耕作措施对豌豆-小麦(P→W)和小麦-豌豆(W→P)轮作序列的耕层土壤水分和作物叶水势的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作(T)处理相比,保护性耕作都能不同程度地提高0—30 cm土层土壤含水量,增幅为3.29%—28.67%,其中免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)处理的土壤含水量在整个生育期内均为最高。豌豆和春小麦在不同生育期,叶水势的日变化趋势大致相同,均为清晨6:00最高,然后随着时间的推移而下降,大约在12:00—14:00之间达到最低,随后逐渐回升。春小麦各处理在拔节期和抽穗期的叶水势相对较高,孕穗期和开花期次之,灌浆期最低;叶片相对含水量在拔节期和抽穗期最高,开花期次之,灌浆期最低。豌豆各处理的叶水势均在出苗期和孕蕾期达到了最大值,分枝和开花期结荚期次之,灌浆成熟期相对较低;叶片相对含水量均随生育期的进程而呈下降趋势。整个生育期春小麦和豌豆各处理10:00的叶水势与0—30 cm平均土壤含水量之间显著相关,当土壤水分含量较低时,春小麦和豌豆叶水势与耕层土壤含水量的相关性达极显著水平。与传统耕作(T)相比,免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕+地膜覆盖(NTP)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、地膜覆盖(TP)5种保护性耕作措施能不同程度的提高作物叶水势、叶片相对含水量和作物产量,其中免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)的优势最明显。     

四种红树植物根茎叶的碳氮磷化学计量特征

以漳江口红树林的秋茄(Kandelia candel)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)为研究对象,对其根、茎、叶中的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量以及生态化学计量学特征进行分析。结果表明:秋茄、桐花树、老鼠簕3种植物各器官中的C含量均表现为茎、叶显著大于根,秋茄、木榄、桐花树3种植物的N、P含量均表现为叶茎根;桐花树、老鼠簕不同器官的C含量变异系数均表现为根叶茎,秋茄、木榄、老鼠簕3种植物N含量的变异系数均表现为根、茎大于叶,秋茄、木榄、桐花树3种植物P含量的变异系数均表现为根、茎大于叶;秋茄、木榄、老鼠簕C∶N的变异系数为根、茎大于叶; 4种植物中,老鼠簕根、叶的P含量显著高于其他3种植物,茎的P含量略高于其他3种植物,根C、N、P与叶C、P的变异系数均大于其他3种植物; 4种红树植物叶的C∶N∶P质量比(151∶9∶1)显著小于根(187∶4∶1)和茎(239∶5∶1),叶的C、N和P的生态化学计量特征相对稳定。分析红树植物不同器官养分元素间的分配规律,可为大尺度的红树林生态化学计量学研究提供理论基础,并为红树植物的保护与可持续经营提供科学依据。     

毛乌素沙地4种植物叶水势变化及其影响因素分析

对毛乌素沙地旱柳( Salix matsudana Koidz.)、小叶杨( Populus simonii Carr.)、北沙柳( Salix psammophila C. Wang et Chang Y. Yang)和沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum Spreng.)4种植物叶水势的月变化和日变化规律以及不同冠层叶水势的差异进行了研究,并分析了4种植物叶水势与气候因子及树干液流速度的相关性。结果表明：在5月份至8月份,旱柳、小叶杨和北沙柳清晨(5：00)的叶水势波动不明显;但3种植物正午(13：00)的叶水势有一定差异,其中旱柳和小叶杨正午的叶水势差异不明显,而北沙柳7月份和8月份的叶水势则明显小于其5月份和6月份;总体上看,各月份3种植物正午的叶水势均明显小于清晨叶水势。供试4种植物的叶水势日变化曲线均以“单峰型”为主,最高值出现在5：00至6：00,最低值出现在12：00至16：00;日间北沙柳的平均叶水势最低,而其他3种植物的平均叶水势差异不明显,5月份和8月份,北沙柳的平均叶水势分别为-11.9和-17.1 MPa,而旱柳、小叶杨和沙蒿的平均叶水势分别为-6.2和-7.1、-7.7和-7.3、-6.8和-8.4 MPa;但夜间4种植物的平均叶水势无明显变化。4种植物日间均表现出树冠下层叶水势高、上层叶水势低的趋势,而夜间则树冠上层和下层的叶水势几乎一致。相关性分析结果表明：4种植物的叶水势与气温、净辐射量以及树干液流速度负相关、与空气相对湿度正相关,其中,不同月份4种植物的叶水势与净辐射量和树干液流速度均极显著相关(P<0.01)。研究结果显示：毛乌素沙地不同植物叶水势的变化因种类、季节、气候条件的不同而异,但总体上看净辐射量是影响4种植物叶水势变化的最主要气象因子。     

沙打旺根系提水作用及其机理研究

采用上下桶分根法研究了3年生沙打旺的根系提水作用及土壤水势与植物组织水势、植物渗透调节物质之间的关系。结果表明,当上下桶土壤体积含水量和水势分别在14.9%和-1.28MPa、19%和-0.6MPa左右时,下桶土壤水势>下桶根水势>上桶根水势>上桶土壤水势>叶水势,出现沙打旺根系提水现象。上桶土壤含水量和土壤水势的日变化在晴天表现为:7:00～16:00急剧下降,16:00～22:00上升较快并于22:00达到最大值,之后缓慢下降;而其在阴天随时间的推移呈现缓慢下降趋势。沙打旺叶片中K 、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量等渗透调节物质在16:00和22:00均高于根中,16:00上桶根和叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、K 和Na 的含量显著高于22:00,由此产生了上桶根水势、叶水势的日变化,促进了沙打旺的提水作用。     

准噶尔盆地南缘"丰收林"胡杨水势

以准噶尔盆地南缘150团丰收林的胡杨为研究对象,通过比较其与梭梭和柽柳水势变化的规律,以及与土壤含水量和大气温、湿度的关系,探讨了干旱环境下胡杨水势的变化特点.结果表明:胡杨叶、茎水势日变化呈"V"型,梭梭和柽柳水势日变化呈"W"型.相关分析表明,胡杨老林叶、茎水势与温度呈极显著负相关(r分别为-0.839和-0.818),胡杨幼林的茎水势与温度呈显著负相关(r=-0.650);胡杨幼林叶水势与空气湿度呈正相关(r=0.786).胡杨老林2 m处叶、茎的清晨水势与5和10 m处均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),而5和10 m处叶、茎的清晨水势无显著差异(P>0.05);2、5和10 m处的叶、茎正午水势均存在显著差异(P<0.05);在20:00,胡杨老林在不同高度叶水势存在显著性差异(P<0.05).     

亚热带不同林龄杉木林叶-根-土氮磷化学计量特征

以亚热带地区湖南会同5、10、15、20、25年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林的针叶、细根及土壤(0—15、15—30、30—45 cm)为研究对象,在测定植物叶、细根、土壤中全N、全P含量的基础上,探讨杉木人工林全生命过程叶-根-土N、P化学计量特征的变化,为其经营过程提供基础数据。研究结果表明:(1)林龄对土壤N、P含量及N∶P具有极显著的影响(P0.01)。土层对土壤N含量影响显著(P0.01)。各层土壤N、P含量随林龄呈先减后升的趋势,变化显著(P0.05),土壤N、P含量的最大值分别出现在成熟林、幼龄林阶段,最小值出现在中龄林阶段。土壤N∶P随林龄呈增加趋势,但变化不显著。(2)林龄、器官均对植物N、P含量及N∶P具有极显著的影响(P0.01)。叶和细根的N、P含量随林龄呈"V"字型的变化趋势,且变化显著(P0.05),叶和细根N、P含量的最大值均出现在幼龄林、成熟林阶段,最小值出现在中龄林阶段。杉木叶的N∶P随林龄无显著变化,细根的N∶P随林龄显著增加(P0.05),杉木叶和细根N∶P变化范围分别为11.79—14.86,9.00—22.89。(3)5个林龄杉木叶、细根、土的N、P含量均表现为叶细根土,且差异显著(P0.05)。叶与细根的N、P含量及N∶P均显著正相关(P0.05)。0—15 cm土壤N与植物叶、细根N无显著相关性,15—30、30—45 cm土壤N与植物叶、细根N在5、10年生时存在显著相关性(P0.05)。5个林龄杉木叶、细根、土壤之间的P含量及N∶P均存在显著相关性。这些结果说明:在杉木的生长过程中,植物叶、细根以及土壤中养分不断变化,叶、细根、土之间的N、P化学计量特征显示出一定的相关关系。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense

Four phenolic amides, dihydro-N-caffeoyltyramine (1), trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (2), trans-N -caffeoyltyramine (3), and cis-N-caffeoyltyramine (4), were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller. All had an anti-fungal effect; compounds 1-3 were potent at 5-10 microg ml(-1) and were without hemolytic activity against human erythrocyte cells. Compound 4 was active at 40 microg ml(-1). All four compounds impeded the dimorphic transition of pathogen, Candida albicans.