视黄酸X受体α促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化

采用细胞转染、油红O染色、油红O染色提取法、GPDH活性测定、semi-qRT-PCR等方法研究了视黄酸X受体α (retinoic acid X receptor α, RXRα)在猪原代前体脂肪细胞分化中的作用及其机理.结果表明,转染pRXRα-EGFP促进了猪前体脂肪细胞RXRα 的表达,脂肪细胞分化能力随之增强, 脂肪细胞GPDH活性、分化转录因子PPARγ和C/EBPαmRNA表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05). 结果提示,RXRα可能通过调控过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ, PPARγ)和CAAT/增强子结合蛋白家族（CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins, C/EBP）C/EBPα 基因表达变化促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化.     

罗格列酮和血清脂对绵羊前体脂肪细胞分化的影响

目的探讨罗格列酮(rosiglitazone,Ros)和血清脂(serum lipid,Lip)对绵羊前体脂肪细胞分化的影响及不同组织来源的前体脂肪细胞分化影响的差异。方法用不同浓度的Ros和(或)Lip培养绵羊皮下前体脂肪细胞和肾周前体脂肪细胞,通过测量3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GPDH)活性和油红O染色萃取液A值分析前体脂肪细胞的分化程度和脂肪细胞充脂量的变化,应用实时荧光定量PCR检测PPARγ和LPL mRNA的表达水平。结果 Ros和Lip提高细胞GPDH活性和脂滴的沉积量(P<0.05),上调LPL mRNA表达(P<0.05),最佳浓度分别为100nmol/L和20μL/mL;最佳浓度条件下Ros的诱导作用强于Lip(P<0.05),Ros显著提高了PPARγmRNA表达量(P<0.05),而Lip对PPARγmRNA的表达没有明显影响(P>0.05);Ros和Lip共同诱导与Ros单独作用之间没有明显差异(P>0.05);在相同诱导分化条件下,皮下前体脂肪细胞的分化程度高于肾周前体脂肪细胞(P<0.05)。结论研究结果表明Ros和Lip可促进绵羊前体脂肪细胞的分化,在相同条件下,皮下前体脂肪细胞的分化能力强于肾周前体脂肪细胞。     

黄芩素对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响

研究黄芩素(BAI)对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。原代培养猪前体脂肪细胞,采用油红O染色观察细胞分化的形态学变化;MTT检测细胞增殖状况;油红O染色提取定量分析细胞内脂肪生成及细胞分化程度;分光光度法测定脂肪酸合酶(FAS)的活性;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测分化特异基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)mRNA表达变化。结果显示,前体脂肪细胞在分化成脂肪细胞的过程中,其形态由梭形变成椭圆形、圆形,细胞内充满大小不一的脂滴;BAI浓度在160～640μmol/L时显著抑制其增殖(P<0.05)、BAI浓度为40～320μmol/L时显著抑制PPARγ2mRNA表达和FAS的活性,并抑制细胞分化(P<0.05)。以上结果说明,BAI对前体脂肪细胞增殖分化均有一定抑制作用,BAI可能通过抑制PPARγ2mRNA表达和降低FAS活性,从而抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化。     

瘦素(Leptin )对猪前体脂肪细胞分化及PGC-1α和UCPs mRNA表达的影响

 以体外培养的猪前体脂肪细胞为研究对象,分析瘦素(leptin )对前体脂肪细胞分化及能量代谢相关基因PGC- 1α和UCPs mRNA表达的影响.油红O染色提取结果显示,10～90nmol/L的leptin对猪前体脂肪细胞甘油三酯合成均无显著影响(P>0.05).RT-PCR检测结果表明,30　nmol/L和100nmol/L leptin可显著促进LPL mRNA表达,处理24 h较12 h 作用效果明显(P<0.05);两个浓度的leptin对脂肪细胞分化转录因子C/EBPα和PPARγ2在mRNA水平上均没有明显的影响(P>0.05).对能量代谢相关基因的RT-PCR检测结果表明,30 nmol/L 和100nmol/L leptin 可显著促进PGC-1α和UCP3转录 (P<0.05),30nmol/L leptin可明显提高前脂肪细胞中UCP2 mRNA水平(P<0.05),且作用24h促进效果明显优于12h处理(P<0.05).研究结果提示,leptin不影响猪前体脂肪细胞分化,但可能通过上调PGC-1α和UCPs转录,促进能量消耗.     

维生素C通过调控脂肪形成相关基因的转录促进猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖与分化

探讨维生素C（Vit C）诱导猪前体脂肪细胞增殖分化最佳浓度及在分化过程中,5种脂肪形成相关基因peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma(PPARγ)和retinoid X receptor alpha(RXRα),脂肪细胞分化标志基因lipoprotein lipase (LPL),生脂基因phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK)、stearoyl CoA desaturase(SCD) mRNA表达时序性的变化. 以3　d龄猪前体脂肪细胞为实验对象,用Vit C诱导猪前体脂肪细胞增殖分化,分别在增殖分化第2、4、6和8 d收获细胞,利用MTT测定其增殖程度;油红O染色提取法检测其脂肪含量;采用SQ RT PCR法检测脂肪生成相关基因PPARγ、RXRα、LPL、PEPCK和SCD mRNA表达的变化. 结果显示,PPARγ mRNA在诱导分化第2 d时有低水平表达,在诱导分化过程中表达量逐步升高,在终末分化阶段仍保持高水平表达;RXRα mRNA在诱导分化第2和4 d表达量很低,诱导分化第6 d时表达增加.在诱导分化第8 d,RXRα mRNA表达与第6 d相比差异不显著,直至终末分化. 脂肪细胞分化标志基因LPL在第2 d开始表达,第4和6 d逐步升高,在终末分化阶段仍保持高水平的表达;生脂基因PEPCK和SCD mRNA在第2和4 d开始表达,第6和8 d仍保持高水平的表达. 研究结果表明,100 μmol/L的Vit C促进猪前体脂肪细胞增殖能力最强;250 μmol/L Vit C能显著促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化. 其作用机制可能是通过对转录因子PPARγ和RXRα及标志基因LPL mRNA时序性表达的调控来进行的,促进生脂基因的表达,从而诱导脂肪细胞的分化.     

二十二碳六烯酸对大鼠脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响

体外培养大鼠脂肪细胞,分别以0 μmol/L（对照组）、40 μmol/L（低剂量组）和160 μmol/L（高剂量组）的二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）处理细胞。采用台盼蓝排斥试验和MTT比色法检测细胞活性及增殖状况;油红O染色化学比色法定量分析细胞内脂肪生成及细胞分化程度;逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT-PCR) 分析过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ2（PPARγ2）mRNA表达情况,探讨DHA对前体脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响及其可能机制。结果显示,各组细胞活力及MTT测得的光密度值(OD值)均低于对照组,160μmol/L组在60～72h作用显著（P<0.05）;脂肪细胞经DHA处理后, 160μmol/L组细胞油红O染色的OD值及PPARγ2 mRNA表达量均显著下降(P<0.01)。以上结果说明,DHA对脂肪细胞增殖分化均有一定抑制作用,高剂量DHA（160μmol/L）可显著减少细胞内脂肪的合成、抑制脂肪细胞分化,PPARγ2 mRNA表达量的下降可能是DHA抑制细胞分化的部分原因。     

EGCG对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和分化的作用

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（Epigallocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG）是绿茶提取物EGCG的生物活性成分,为了探讨其对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响,以不同浓度EGCG处理猪前体脂肪细胞,MTT法测定EGCG对猪前体脂肪细胞生长的影响;油红O染色检测猪前体脂肪细胞的形态学变化;油红O染色提取法定量分析脂肪细胞充脂量的变化;半定量RT-PCR检测分化转录因子过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体佗（PPARγ2）和CCAAT／增强子结合蛋白α（C／EBPα）mRNA表达水平变化。结果显示：EGCG随着浓度的递增显著抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖（P〈0．01）;低浓度的EGCG（5μmol／L）不影响脂肪细胞分化,而高浓度EGCG（200μmol／L）显著抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化,同时下调PPARγ2和C／EBPαmRNA表达,本研究结果表明EGCG可抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖和分化。     

共轭亚油酸对前脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响

培养前脂肪细胞3T3-L1,MTT法检测CLA对3T3-L1增殖的影响;以油红O染色检测3T3-L1分化过程胞内脂肪的堆积;同时采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测CLA对过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)mRNA表达的影响.结果显示: t10,c12-CLA以及CLA混合物对前脂肪细胞3T3-L1增殖均有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05).油红染色比色结果表明,t10,c12-CLA具有显著的抑制脂肪分化作用(P<0.05).RT-PCR结果显示,在前脂肪细胞3T3-L1分化过程中,经100 μmol/L t10,c12-CLA和50 μmol/L t10,c12-CLA处理后PPARγ2 mRNA表达量分别为对照组的52.1%,83.0%.     

木犀草素是具有PPARγ激动剂活性的新型AMPK激活剂

目的:木犀草素是一种天然黄酮类化合物,早期报导其能激活PPARγ,本实验室发现其也能激活AMPK。因此本研究验证木犀草素在脂肪细胞中能否激活PPARγ和AMPK,并探究这两种活性对脂肪前体细胞分化及脂联素高聚化的影响。方法:使用LanthaScreen TR-FRET PPARγ竞争性结合检测试剂盒检测木犀草素与PPARγ的结合能力,并用PPRE转录激活报告基因体系验证木犀草素是否激活PPARγ转录活性,利用油红O染色法检测木犀草素对3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞分化的影响,采用RNA干扰沉默成熟脂肪细胞中AMPKα1,用Western Blot检测相关蛋白水平。结果:木犀草素能直接结合PPARγ,其IC50为1880 nmoL·L-1,并显示剂量依赖的PPARγ转录激活活性,抑制PPARγSer-273位点磷酸化。木犀草素能升高pAMPK(Thr-172)水平,抑制脂肪前体细胞分化,升高脂联素高聚化水平。结论:木犀草素通过激活AMPK和PPARγ调控脂肪前体细胞分化和脂联素高聚化,是一种具有PPARγ激动剂活性的新AMPK激活剂,有望成为治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病和肥胖等代谢紊乱疾病的潜在药物。     

BAMBI通过促进ERK1/2磷酸化抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化

为了研究BAMBI在猪前体脂肪细胞分化过程中的作用,构建了BAMBI慢病毒干扰载体,包装并感染猪前体脂肪细胞,采用油红O染色、油红O提取比色法检测猪前体脂肪细胞分化情况,采用Real-time qPCR、Western blotting检测成脂标志基因mRNA以及蛋白水平表达的变化情况。结果表明,BAMBI慢病毒干扰载体感染前体脂肪细胞后显著降低了BAMBI的表达,shRNA2干扰效率最高,达到了60%以上,干扰BAMBI后能增加猪脂肪细胞的脂质积累,增加了成脂标志基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ,PPARγ)和脂肪酸结合蛋白2(Adipocyte protein 2,ap2)的表达。此外,干扰BAMBI后ERK1/2的磷酸化水平减少了。这些结果表明,BAMBI可能通过促进ERK1/2的磷酸化抑制脂肪细胞分化。     

不同冷冻保护剂对猪前体脂肪细胞冷冻后细胞活力的影响(简报)

与实验动物鼠相比,猪的生物学特性与人更为接近[1],肥胖程度更高,因而猪前体脂肪细胞更适合用来研究肥胖及其相关疾病,但猪原代前体脂肪细胞生长周期较长,且在常规培养条件下同一批次的细胞很难长期保存,而猪作为实验动物的价格又相对昂贵,如果采取适当的方法将猪前体脂肪细胞在超低温条件下保存,使其生命活动固定在某一阶段而不衰老死亡[2],既可节省实验经费,又能保证研究的可靠性与连续性。因而建立一种较为理想的猪前体脂肪细胞冻存方法具有重要的实际意义。目前,国内外尚未见到冷冻保存猪前体脂肪细胞的报道。本实验以猪前体脂肪细胞为…     

白藜芦醇对猪原代前体脂肪细胞的增殖与分化及Sirt1基因转录表达时序的影响

分别以0μmol/L(对照组)、10μmol/L(低剂量组),20μmol/L(中等剂量组),50μmol/L,100μmol/L(高剂量组)的白藜芦醇(Resveratrol,RES)处理体外培养1~3日龄健康仔猪前体脂肪细胞,采用MTT比色法检测细胞活性及增殖状况;油红O染色化学比色法定量分析细胞内脂肪生成及细胞分化程度;RT-PCR法分析Sirt1(sirtuin1)mRNA表达情况,探讨Sirt1对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响及其分子机制。结果表明,脂肪细胞经RES处理后,各组MTT和油红O染色测得的光密度值(OD值)均低于对照组,50μmol/L,100μmol/L组在96~120h作用极显著(P<0.01),与中低剂量组差异显著(P<0.05);以20μmol/L,100μmol/LRES处理细胞后,Sirt1mRNA表达量随细胞分化的进行而逐渐升高,100μmol/L组均显著高于对照组和20μmol/L组(P<0.05)。RES对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖分化均有一定抑制作用,高剂量RES(50μmol/L和100μmol/L)可显著减少细胞内脂肪的合成、抑制脂肪细胞增殖与分化,Sirt1mRNA表达量显著升高可能是RES抑制细胞分化的重要原因之一。     

Up-regulation of skeletal muscle LIM protein 1 gene by 25-hydroxycholesterol may mediate morphological changes of rat aortic smooth muscle cells

Changes in the expression level of the skeletal muscle LIM protein 1 (SLIM1) in cultured A10 cells were monitored in response to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), an oxidized form of cholesterol present in the oxidized low-density lipoproteins. The level of SLIM1 mRNA was elevated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by treatment of 25-HC. Expressions of smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin and calponin-1 (CNN-1), early markers for SMC differentiation, were also increased by the 25-HC treatments. Expressions of all three genes (SLIM1, SM alpha-actin and CNN-1) were simultaneously elevated in the cells treated with 9-cis retinoic acid (RA). On the other hand, the SLIM1 expression induced by the 25-HC or 9-cis RA (as well as SM alpha-actin and CNN-1) was decreased by the treatment of 15d-PGJ2. Since the 25-HC, 9-cis RA and 15d-PGJ2 were ligands for the LXR, RXRalpha and PPARgamma respectively, there might be a functional positive cross-talk between LXR and RXRalpha pathways and a negative cross-talk between PPARgamma and LXR and/or RXRalpha pathways in the regulation of SLIM1 expression. The cells stably transfected with the expressional vector for SLIM1 also showed an elevation in the levels of SM alpha-actin and CNN-1. In addition, an over-production of SLIM1 in the cells resulted in a change in the cell-shape into a spindle-like form, which is identical to that observed after a prolonged treatment of the cells with cholesterol.     

外源性脂肪酸对罗非鱼脂肪细胞增殖与分化的影响

为了探究脂肪酸对罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响, 在体外培养罗非鱼前脂肪细胞, 并在其增殖和分化过程中分别添加100 μmol/L的棕榈酸(Palmitic Acid, PA)、油酸(Oleic Acid, OA), 亚油酸(Linoleic Acid, LA)和α-亚麻酸(α-Linolenic Acid, LNA)进行处理。使用SRB (Sulforhodamine B)染色法和油红O染色法检测外源性脂肪酸对脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响, Real-time qPCR检测增殖分化过程中基因表达情况。结果显示, 在培养8d时, 外源添加的不饱和脂肪酸可以促进罗非鱼前脂肪细胞增殖, 并且增殖过程中增殖相关基因(c-fos和c-myc)、脂解相关基因(ATGL)和脂合成相关基因(PPARγ和CD36)的表达与对照组相比均显著提高(P<0.05)。此外, 外源脂肪酸的加入可以抑制脂肪细胞的分化。棕榈酸的加入使得脂肪细胞中产生的脂滴面积较少, 数量较多; 分化过程中细胞的β氧化相关基因(CPT-1a)与对照组相比显著上调, 而脂解相关基因(ATGL)则显著下调。外源性不饱和脂肪酸可以促进罗非鱼前脂肪增殖, 而饱和脂肪酸主要抑制细胞分化。在增殖过程中, 过量的脂肪酸先通过脂合成储存在胞内, 再借助脂解等途径进行代谢, 从而帮助细胞适应环境中高浓度的脂肪酸。而在分化过程中, 添加外源脂肪酸, 可能通过抑制脂肪细胞内的脂合成和脂解的发生, 同时促进β氧化等方式来抑制脂肪细胞分化。     

The role of Akt on arsenic trioxide suppression of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation

The present study investigates the molecular details of how arsenic trioxide inhibits preadipocyte differentiation and examines the role of Akt/PKB in regulation of differentiation and apoptosis. Continual exposure of arsenic trioxide, at the clinic achievable dosage that does not induce apoptosis, suppressed 3T3-L1 cell differentiation into fat cells by inhibiting the expression of PPARy and C/EBPα and disrupting the interaction between PPARγ and RXRα, which determines the programming of the adipogenic genes. Interestingly, if we treated the cells for 12 or 24 h and then withdrew arsenic trioxide, the cells were able to differentiate to the comparable levels of untreated cells as assayed by the activity of GAPDH, the biochemical marker of preadipocyte differentiation. Long term treatment blocked the differentiation and the activity of GAPDH could not recover to the comparable levels of untreated cells. Continual exposure of arsenic trioxide caused accumulation in G2/M phase and the accumulation of p21. We found that arsenic trioxide induced the expression and the phosphorylation of Akt/PKB and it inhibited the interaction between Akt/PKB and PPARγ. Akt/PKB inhibitor appears to block the arsenic trioxide suppression of differentiation. Our results suggested that Akt/PKB may play a role in suppression of apoptosis and negatively regulate preadipocyte differentiation.     

Effect of transforming growth factor-beta on insulin-like growth factor 1- and dexamethasone-induced proliferation and differentiation in primary cultures of pig preadipocytes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a known inhibitor, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) versus the known stimulators insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and dexamethasone (DEX) on pig preadipocyte differentiation in serum and serum-free primary cultures. In cultures with serum, preadipocyte and nonpreadipocyte replication was increased (p < 0.02) by IGF-1 and by TGF-beta1 (p < 0.05; p < 0.001). IGF-1 (10 nM) enhanced preadipocyte differentiation (p < 0.05) in serum-supplemented (1% pig serum) cultures, whereas TGF-beta1 (15 pM) reduced preadipocyte differentiation (p < 0.01) in the presence and absence of IGF-1. Furthermore, GPDH (SN-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) specific activity (marker that indicates differentiation) was decreased (p < 0.05) by adding TGF-beta1 to serum-free cultures, but TGF-beta1 had little effect in serum-supplemented cultures. DEX significantly enhanced GPDH activity and fat cell cluster number, whereas pretreatment with TGF-beta1 eliminated the DEX enhancement. We have shown for the first time that TGF-beta can decrease (p < 0.01) the cellular secretion of IGF-1 by pig adipose tissue cells and counter the effects of exogenous IGF-1. These studies indicate that TGF-beta1 may not inhibit adipocyte development in the initial growth phase, but may inhibit differentiation and/or hypertrophy (lipid filling) at a later stage of development.     

Modulation of Sirt1 by resveratrol and nicotinamide alters proliferation and differentiation of pig preadipocytes

Sirt1, a NAD⁺-dependent histone deacetylase, may regulate senescence, metabolism, and apoptosis. In this study, primary pig preadipocytes were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) with or without reagents affecting Sirt1 activity. The adipocyte differentiation process was visualized by light microscopy after Oil red O staining. Proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes was measured using methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Oil red O extraction. Expression of Sirt1, FoxO1, and adipocyte specific genes was detected with semi-quantitive RT-PCR. The results showed that Sirt1 mRNA was widely expressed in various pig tissues from different developmental stages. Sirt1 mRNA was expressed throughout the entire differentiation process of pig preadipocytes. Resveratrol significantly increased Sirt1 mRNA expression, but decreased the expression of FoxO1 and adipocyte marker gene PPARγ2. Resveratrol significantly inhibited pig preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. Nicotinamide decreased the expression of Sirt1 mRNA, but increased the expression of FoxO1 and adipocyte specific genes. Nicotinamide greatly stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of pig preadipocytes. In conclusion, these results indicate that Sirt1 may modulate the proliferation and differentiation of pig preadipocytes. Sirt1 may down-regulate pig preadipocytes proliferation and differentiation through repression of adipocyte genes or FoxO1.