广东省蜘蛛病原真菌初报

在广东省昆虫病原真菌的调查中发现了4种寄生于蜘蛛的病原真菌：球孢自僵菌、紫色野村菌、新几内亚刺束梗孢和丽球束梗孢,其中紫色野村菌、新几内亚刺束梗孢和丽球束梗孢是广东省新记录种。对4种蜘蛛病原真菌的形态特征进行了详细描述。     

淡水真菌三个中国新记录种

在进行我国淡水真菌多样性的研究中,发现3个中国新记录种：墨鱼状假黑囊壳Pseudomassaria sepincoliformis,二隔四壳座菌Quaternaria dissepta和萨尼亚小镰孢Fusariella sarniensis。文中对每个种进行了形态描述及讨论,标本保存于青岛农业大学菌物标本室。     

中国水生丝孢菌一新记录属和三个新记录种

报道淡水丝孢菌1个中国新记录属,即树状孢属Dendrosporium和3个新记录种,即裂叶树状孢D. lobatum,烛台树状孢D. candelabroides和心形赭粉菌Ochroconis cordanae。对采集材料进行了形态学特征描述和图解,标本保存于云南大学微生物保护与利用重点实验室。     

中国革菌三新记录种(英文)

报道了中国革菌 3 个新记录种:鲑色胶囊革菌 Gloeocystidiellum salmoneum 和多瘤原毛平革菌 Phanerochaete tuberculata 采自北京市,瘤孢绒毛革菌 Tomentella griseoumbrina 采自吉林省。根据所采集的标本对这 3 种真菌进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

捕食线虫丝孢菌的菌寄生性测定

研究了节丛孢Arthrobotrys、单顶孢Monacrosporium和隔指孢Dactylella三个捕食线虫丝孢菌属16个菌株,对水稻立枯丝核菌RhizoctoniasolaniAG1、大豆核盘菌Sclerotiniasclerotiorum、茄科镰刀菌Fusariumsolani和恶疫霉Phytophthoracactorum四种常见土壤植物病原真菌的菌寄生性。结果表明供试菌可以通过弹簧式菌丝圈缠绕、类附着胞结构吸附、简单的菌丝缠绕或者贴附寄主菌丝生长四种方式寄生病原菌。其中,绝大多数菌株对立枯丝核病菌有寄生作用,一些供试真菌对其它三种病原真菌有寄生现象。利用孢子液浸泡法测定了其中5种捕食线虫真菌对核盘菌菌核的寄生能力,显示有较高寄生率。     

广西南宁市柑橘木虱虫生真菌种类调查

自柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri体上分离虫生真菌,通过形态特征和ITS序列分析,鉴定虫生真菌的种类;通过致病性测定,明确昆虫病原真菌种类。结果发现,自死体柑橘木虱上分离到18个虫生真菌菌株,隶属4种真菌;自活体上分离到985个虫生真菌菌株,隶属25种真菌。致病性测定结果发现,仅4种真菌对柑橘木虱成虫有致病性,包括刀孢蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium psalliotae、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、爪哇虫草Cordyceps javanica和淡紫紫孢菌Purpureocillium lilacinum,该4种真菌的分生孢子悬浮液（浓度5×10^7个孢子/mL）接种柑橘木虱成虫后10 d的累计死亡率分别为100%、100%、98.89%和43.33%。其中爪哇虫草仅自死体柑橘木虱上分离到,刀孢蜡蚧菌仅在活体上分离到,球孢白僵菌和淡紫紫孢菌在死体和活体上均被分离到。可见,柑橘木虱活体上的虫生真菌种类丰富。生产上应加强保护和利用昆虫病原真菌,提高其对柑橘木虱的自然抑制力。     

从青杨天牛分离的几种致病真菌

从青杨天牛虫尸上分离出枝顶孢霉、球孢白僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌、轮状镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌5种病原真菌,其中枝顶孢霉为国内新记录。利用青杨天牛蛹对五种致病真菌进行了生物测定,5种病原菌的致病力顺序为:金龟子绿僵菌>球孢白僵菌>枝顶孢霉>尖孢镰刀菌>轮状镰刀菌。青杨天牛不同虫期对金龟子绿僵菌的易感性顺序为:1龄幼虫>蛹>老熟幼虫。利用金龟子绿僵菌和枝顶孢霉菌液田间防治青杨天牛幼虫,死亡率分别为95.56％及48.72％。     

从青杨天牛分离的几种致病翼菌

从青杨天牛虫尸上分离出枝顶孢霉、球孢白僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌、轮状镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌5种病原真菌,其中枝顶孢霉为国内新记录。利用青杨天牛蛹对五种致病真菌进行了生物测定,5种病原菌的致病力顺序为：金龟子绿僵菌>球孢白僵菌>枝顶孢霉>尖孢镰刀菌>轮状镰刀菌。青杨天牛不同虫期对金龟子绿僵菌的易感性顺序为：l龄幼虫>蛹>老熟幼虫。利用金龟子绿僵菌和枝顶孢霉菌液田间防治青杨天牛幼虫,死亡率分别为95．56％及48．72％o     

蜈蚣衣内生真菌研究(英文)

对北京东灵山地衣蜈蚣衣进行内生真菌分离,经过6种不同的方法消毒后,内生真菌的定殖率为55.4%~100%;从316个地衣组织块上共分离到28个真菌分类单元,其中包括1个子囊菌,22个丝孢菌,3个腔孢菌,1个毛霉和1个酵母菌。根据定殖率和分离到的内生真菌的种类两个指标综合考虑,消毒方法IV(75%乙醇1min,2%次氯酸钠3min,75%乙醇30s)为进行地衣内生真菌研究的最佳消毒方法。     

五味子根内生真菌的分离及其抑菌活性的研究

采用组织块分离方法对五味子根内生真菌进行分离鉴定,并以人参疫病病菌[Phytophthora cactorum(Leb.et Coh.)Schroet.]、人参黑斑病病菌(Alternaria panax Whetz.)为供试病原菌对分离的内生真菌进行了抑菌活性筛选。试验共分离得到74株内生真菌,根据形态特征鉴定出33株,分别隶属于半知菌亚门丛梗孢科的轮枝孢属(Verticillium)、柱隔孢属(Ramularia)和瘤座孢科的镰刀菌属(Fusarium)。通过抑菌试验筛选出5个内生真菌有抑制作用,其中3个内生真菌的发酵产物、乙醇提取液对2种病原菌均有一定的抑菌活性。     

Accumulation of Minerals by Leccinum scabrum from Two Large Forested Areas in Central Europe: Notecka Wilderness and Tuchola Forest (Pinewoods)

Leccinum scabrum sporocarps and associated topsoils from two areas in Poland have been characterized for contents and bioconcentration potential of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn. Topsoil and fruitbody element composition varied between the two study sites, most likely as a result of local soil geochemistry. Element content of the labile fraction in topsoil from both sites followed the ‘pseudo‐total’ fraction and median values (mg kg^?1 dry matter) were: K 380 and 340, Mg 760 and 840, P 1100 and 920, Al 3800 and 8100, Ag 0.31 and 0.28, Ba 28 and 37, Ca 920 and 790, Cd 0.23 and 0.23, Co 2.0 and 1.7, Cu 3.2 and 3.6, Fe 2800 and 6300, Mn 280 and 180, Na 99 and 110, Ni 7.8 and 8.8, Pb 12 and 18, Rb 1.3 and 2.1, Sr 4.8 and 4.0 and Zn 22 and 19, respectively. Only for some elements such as K, Mg, Al, Ag, Ca, Co, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr and Zn we found concentration differences between the two study sites for the caps of sporocarps. With the exception of Al, Mn, Na and Pb, stipes showed a similar tendency. Caps had a higher concentration of K, Rb, P, Mg, Al, Ag, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni compared to stipes, while Na, Ba and Sr contents were higher in stipes. The comparison of soil and fruitbody concentrations indicates that L. scabrum bioconcentrate some elements while others are bioexcluded.     

Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a scientific effort to address shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, which suffer from arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co‐occurrence, heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic instability. This paper synthesizes evidence on the validity and utility of the thought disorder and detachment spectra of HiTOP. These spectra are composed of symptoms and maladaptive traits currently subsumed within schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal, paranoid and schizoid personality disorders. Thought disorder ranges from normal reality testing, to maladaptive trait psychoticism, to hallucinations and delusions. Detachment ranges from introversion, to maladaptive detachment, to blunted affect and avolition. Extensive evidence supports the validity of thought disorder and detachment spectra, as each spectrum reflects common genetics, environmental risk factors, childhood antecedents, cognitive abnormalities, neural alterations, biomarkers, and treatment response. Some of these characteristics are specific to one spectrum and others are shared, suggesting the existence of an overarching psychosis superspectrum. Further research is needed to extend this model, such as clarifying whether mania and dissociation belong to thought disorder, and explicating processes that drive development of the spectra and their subdimensions. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the thought disorder and detachment spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and higher acceptability to clinicians. Validated measures are available to implement the system in practice. The more informative, reliable and valid characterization of psychosis‐related psychopathology offered by HiTOP can make diagnosis more useful for research and clinical care.     

Discovery of ancestral L-ornithine and L-lysine decarboxylases reveals parallel,pseudoconvergent evolution of polyamine biosynthesis

Polyamines are fundamental molecules of life, and their deep evolutionary history is reflected in extensive biosynthetic diversification. The polyamines putrescine, agmatine, and cadaverine are produced by pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent L-ornithine, L-arginine, and L-lysine decarboxylases (ODC, ADC, LDC), respectively, from both the alanine racemase (AR) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) folds. Two homologous forms of AAT-fold decarboxylase are present in bacteria: an ancestral form and a derived, acid-inducible extended form containing an N-terminal fusion to the receiver-like domain of a bacterial response regulator. Only ADC was known from the ancestral form and limited to the Firmicutes phylum, whereas extended forms of ADC, ODC, and LDC are present in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Here, we report the discovery of ancestral form ODC, LDC, and bifunctional O/LDC and extend the phylogenetic diversity of functionally characterized ancestral ADC, ODC, and LDC to include phyla Fusobacteria, Caldiserica, Nitrospirae, and Euryarchaeota. Using purified recombinant enzymes, we show that these ancestral forms have a nascent ability to decarboxylate kinetically less preferred amino acid substrates with low efficiency, and that product inhibition primarily affects preferred substrates. We also note a correlation between the presence of ancestral ODC and ornithine/arginine auxotrophy and link this with a known symbiotic dependence on exogenous ornithine produced by species using the arginine deiminase system. Finally, we show that ADC, ODC, and LDC activities emerged independently, in parallel, in the homologous AAT-fold ancestral and extended forms. The emergence of the same ODC, ADC, and LDC activities in the nonhomologous AR-fold suggests that polyamine biosynthesis may be inevitable.     

Form and function of tentacles in pteriomorphian bivalves

Tentacles are remarkable anatomical structures in invertebrates for their diversity of form and function. In bivalves, tentacular organs are commonly associated with protective, secretory, and sensory roles. However, anatomical details are available for only a few species, rendering the diversity and evolution of bivalve tentacles still obscure. In Pteriomorphia, a clade including oysters, scallops, pearl oysters, and relatives, tentacles are abundant and diverse. We investigated tentacle anatomy in the group to understand variation, infer functions, and investigate patterns in tentacle diversity. Six species from four pteriomorphian families (Ostreidae, Pinnidae, Pteriidae, and Spondylidae) were collected and thoroughly investigated with integrative microscopy techniques, including histology, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Tentacles can be classified as middle fold tentacles (MFT) and inner fold tentacles (IFT) according to their position with respect to the folds of the mantle margin. While MFT morphology indicates intense secretion of mucosubstances, no evidence for secretory activity was found for IFT. However, both tentacle types have appropriate ciliary distribution and length to promote mucus transportation for cleaning and lubrication. Protective and sensory functions are discussed based on different lines of evidence, including secretion, cilia distribution, musculature, and innervation. Our results support the homology of MFT and IFT only for Pterioidea and Ostreoidea, considering their morphology, the presence of ciliated receptors at the tips, and branched innervation pattern. This is in accordance with recent phylogenetic hypotheses that support the close relationship between these superfamilies. In contrast, major structural differences indicate that MFT and IFT are probably not homologous across all pteriomorphians. By applying integrative microscopy, we were able to reveal anatomical elements that are essential for the understanding of homology and function when dealing with such superficially similar structures.     

Revision of the Athyrisininae, Siluro-devonian Brachiopods from China and Russia

Athyrisinine brachiopods from the Upper Silurian of Russia and the Lower–Middle Devonian of China and north Vietnam include over 70 species belonging to Athyrisina and Parathyrisina ; generic and subfamilial diagnoses are emended. Five genera are considered synonyms of Athyrisina and three of Parathyrisina . A neotype is selected and illustrated for Athyrisina squamosa , the type species of Athyrisina . Four nomina nova , Athyrisina xui , Parathyrisina wani , P. minima , and P. cheni , are suggested as new substitute names for Athyrisina tumida Wang, in Xu et al. 1978 (primary homonymy), Athyrisinoides ganxiensis Wan, in Xu et al. 1978, Parathyrisina minor Zhang, in Zhang and Fu 1983, and Athyrisinoides tudilingensis Chen, 1979 (secondary homonyms) respectively. A new genus, Bruntosina , is described from the Emsian to Eifelian of the Qinling region. A new subfamily, Homeathyridinae, is erected within the Athyrididae with Homeathyris , Pseudohomeospira , and Squamathyris included, revised and their diagnoses emended. Homeathyris incisus sp. nov. is described from the Ludfordian of Novaya Zemlya. Ikella is revised and excluded from the athyrisinins. The origin and dispersal of the homeathyridins and the athyrisinins are discussed.     

Dual actions of nitric oxide on angiogenesis: possible roles of PKC, ERK, and AP-1

Regulation of angiogenesis by nitric oxide (NO) is controversial since NO has been shown to have both pro- and anti-angiogenic effects. In this study, we examined the effect of the NO donor, S-nitro-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), on in vitro angiogenesis, and the mechanisms involved: PKC activity, ERK and c-Jun phosphorylation, and AP-1 DNA binding activity, in microvascular endothelial cells. SNAP, at 0.5-4 mM, significantly and dose-dependently inhibited angiogenesis, PKC activity, and ERK and c-Jun phosphorylation up to 80%, 83%, and 63% and 73%, respectively. SNAP at concentrations > 2mM also abolished AP-1 binding activity. Lower concentrations of SNAP (0.1-0.3 mM) significantly increased angiogenesis, PKC activity, and ERK and c-Jun phosphorylation up to 46%, 60%, and 61% and 180%, respectively. These findings indicate that the dual pro- and anti-angiogenic actions of NO are dose-dependent and suggest that they are mediated by PKC and ERK acting on AP-1.     

自然保护区生态旅游对野生动物的影响

目前中国的很多自然保护区开展了生态旅游,但这类活动对野生动物的影响研究却十分薄弱,因此十分有必要在介绍欧美、澳洲学者的研究进展基础上,针对我国的研究现状,提出该领域的研究方向、监测和管理策略.自然保护区的生态旅游活动主要有野生动物观赏、徒步行走、摄影、野外宿营、山地车或雪地车、电动或机动艇游湖、溪涧漂流、环境教育、社区访问等,旅游活动类型、范围、强度、时空分布等是影响对野生动物干扰大小的主要因素.生态旅游对野生动物的影响包括直接影响(个体的行为反应和生理指标改变、繁殖力降低、种群分布和物种组成的改变等)和间接影响(生境破坏、外来种散布和环境污染等).国外生态旅游对鸟类的影响研究较多,主要集中鸟类的惊飞反应、取食、能量消耗、繁殖等方面;对兽类影响的研究主要集中在行为、生理指标改变、种群数量等方面.我国未来的研究应注重收集基础性研究数据和深入探讨一些理论与应用问题,要运用多种技术手段对自然保护区野生动物的行为、生理、种群动态、物种多样性、生境质量、游客的时空分布、态度和行为等进行长期监测,而后将其结果应用到野生动物、生境以及游客的管理决策中去.另外,研究中应重视自然科学和社会科学的多学科交叉融合.     

Nutritional requirements of Pochonia chlamydospora and ARF18, fungal parasites of nematode eggs

Twenty carbohydrates (C), 18 nitrogen compounds (N), and 9 vitamins were examined for their effects on the growth and conidiation of the nematode-egg-parasitic fungi Arkansas Fungus 18 (ARF18, isolate 908) and Pochonia chlamydospora var. chlamydospora in solid and liquid cultures. Glycogen was the best, and inulin, D-(+)-galactose, and soluble starch were good C sources for the growth of ARF18 in both solid and liquid cultures. ARF18 could not utilize alpha-cellulose in liquid; alpha-lactose and D-mannitol in solid; and D-(+)-xylose, L-(-)-sorbose, and D-(-)-ribose in both solid and liquid cultures. Casein was the best N source for ARF18 growth in both solid and liquid cultures and L-aspartic acid, DL-glutamic acid, peptone, and L-histidine were good in solid culture. ARF18 could not utilize L-cystine and L-tyrosine in solid culture, and L-cystine, DL-methionine, peptone, L-proline, and ammonium nitrate in liquid culture. Supplement of vitamins appeared to be unnecessary for ARF18 to grow. For P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora growth, all test C sources, except L-(-)-sorbose, alpha-cellulose, citric acid, and D-(+)-glucose, were good in both solid and liquid cultures. Most N compounds were good for P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora growth with casein and peptone the best. Vitamins had limited effect on P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora growth. P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora conidiation was well supported by D-(-)-ribose, D-(-)-fructose, melibiose, and D-(+)-galactose as C sources and by L-aspartic acid, DL-glutamic acid, and L-arginine as N sources. Excluding myo-inositol from the medium containing all other test vitamins increased P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora conidiation, while excluding pyridoxine appeared to reduce its conidiation.     

Endogenous Opiates: 1996

Olson, G. A., R. D. Olson and A. J. Kastin. Endogenous opiates: 1996. Peptides 18(10) 1651–1688, 1997.—This paper is the nineteenth installment of our annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1996 reporting the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress, tolerance and dependence; eating; drinking; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; mental illness and mood; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; sex, pregnancy, and development; immunological responses; and other behaviors.     

贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层的再研究

本文详细描述了贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)剖面的生物地层和年代地层,其牙形刺序列自上而下可详细划分为：Streptognathodus isolatus, S. wabaunsensis, S. tenuialveus, S. firmus, Idiognathodus nashuiensis , Streptognathodus simulator, S. guizhouensis , S. gracilis-S, excelsus , S. cancellosus , S. clavatulus , S. nodocarinatus , Idiognathodus podolskensis , Mesogondolella clarki -Idiognathodus robustus , Diplognathodus ophanus-D, ellesmerensis, Idiognathoides ouachitensis, Streptognathodus expansus, Idiognathoides sulcatus parva, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus bassleri, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus symmetricus, Neognathodus symmetricus, Idiognathoides corrugatus-I, pacificus, I. sinuatus, I. sulcatus sulcatus, Declinognathodus noduli ferus 和 Gnathodus bilineatus bollandensis 等带。 Declinognathodus noduliferus 和 Streptognathodus isolatus 的首次出现分别代表上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)和二叠系的开始。根据牙形刺和有孔虫的序列,罗甸纳水剖面的上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层自下而上可划分为罗苏阶(Luosuan)、滑石板阶(Huashibanian)、达拉阶(Dalaan)和马平阶(Mapingian),并可与俄罗斯的巴什基尔阶(Bashkirian)、莫斯科阶(Moscovian)、卡西莫夫阶(Kasimovian)和格舍尔阶(Gzhelian),北美的莫罗阶(Morrowan)、阿托克阶(Atokan)、得梅因阶(Desmoinesian)、密苏里阶(Missourian)和弗吉尔阶(Virgilian)进行对比。另外,本文也详细讨论了剖面中的石炭系中间界线及石炭-二叠系界线。