土壤宏基因组文库来源酯酶的鉴定与表征

【目的】利用宏基因组学技术挖掘土壤微生物来源的新型酯酶。【方法】构建土壤微生物宏基因组文库,利用三丁酸甘油酯平板法对所构建的文库进行筛选,并对阳性克隆中鉴定出的酯酶基因进行异源表达和生物化学特性分析。【结果】通过筛选文库中的12万个克隆,获得了一个阳性克隆,对克隆中的DNA片段进行序列分析,发现了一个可能的酯酶基因,通过研究其表达产物,确定其最适pH为9.0,最适反应温度为56°C,在90°C下仍可保持20%的酶活性;能专一性水解短链脂类,对长链脂类无水解作用;对一定浓度范围内的有机试剂如二甲基亚砜、甲醇、乙醇有较好的耐受性,尤其当二甲基亚砜含量为10%(体积比)时,相对酶活可提高44%。【结论】不依赖于微生物可培养性的宏基因组学技术可以发现新的活性酶,本研究获得的对高温、有机试剂有较好耐受性的酯酶ESTYN1具有在工业生产中应用的潜力。     

来源于海洋细菌Altererythrobacter epoxidivorans CGMCC 1.7731T的新型碱性酯酶E22的酶学性质

【目的】克隆表达海洋细菌Altererythrobacter epoxidivorans CGMCC 1.7731~T中的酯酶基因e22,并研究其酶学性质。【方法】分析菌株的全基因组序列,筛选获得一个酯酶基因e22,将其克隆至p ET-28a载体上,并转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)细胞中表达,研究纯化后表达产物的酶学性质。【结果】通过氨基酸序列分析,确定酯酶E22属于脂类水解酶第二家族(Family Ⅱ)。酶学性质研究结果表明,该酶最适反应底物为对硝基苯酚丁酸酯(C4);最适反应pH 10.5,为碱性酯酶;最适反应温度为55°C,并在60°C孵育2 h后仍保留超过50%的活性,显示了良好的热稳定性;1%甲醇、1%Triton X-100或0.1%SDS对酯酶E22的活性无显著影响,而10 mmol/L的Ba~(2+)或Ca~(2+)则对其活性有抑制作用。【结论】E22是一个新型海洋来源酯酶,具有耐碱性、热稳定性、有机溶剂和去垢剂耐受性等优良特性,在工业生产中具有较好的应用潜力。     

来源于海洋细菌Altererythrobacter luteolus SW109T的新型酯酶E29的克隆表达及其酶学性质

【目的】克隆表达一个来源于海洋细菌的酯酶E29,并研究其酶学性质。【方法】从细菌Altererythrobacter luteolus SW109T中筛选并扩增出一个酯酶基因,将其克隆至p SMT3载体上,并将重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行异源表达,分析表达产物的酶学性质。【结果】氨基酸序列分析结果表明,酯酶E29属于脂类水解酶第二家族(Family II)。酶学性质分析结果显示,酯酶E29的最适反应底物为对硝基苯酚丁酸酯,最适反应温度为45°C,最适反应pH为8.5;10 mmol/L的Co~(2+)和Mn~(2+)及15%的异丙醇和乙腈能强烈抑制酯酶E29的活性,1%的SDS能使酶失活,甘油的存在能促进酶活性。【结论】酯酶E29是一个海洋来源的新型酯酶,其具有较高的酶活力值、较宽的底物谱以及对部分有机溶剂和金属离子较好的耐受性,在工业方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

源于红树林土壤宏基因组文库的新型磷脂酶A1基因的筛选、克隆表达及酶学性质

【目的】利用宏基因组学的方法从红树林土壤中筛选新型酯水解酶类。【方法】构建红树林土壤宏基因组文库,采用以三丁酸甘油酯为底物的功能筛选方法,对筛选出的阳性克隆进行系统发育树分析,实现新型磷脂酶A1基因的原核表达,研究重组酶的酶学性质。【结果】筛选到一个新的磷脂酶A1编码基因phop1413 (GenBank登录号KF767097),测序表明其全长1 413 bp,可编码470个氨基酸残基,表达蛋白约51.7 kD,表达量高达220 mg/L,NCBI中Blast比对及系统进化树分析显示该蛋白属于磷脂酶类的fAMILY Ⅵ家族;酶学性质分析表明,该重组酶的最适反应底物为对硝基苯酚己酸酯,比酶活为124 U/mg;最适反应温度为54 °C,最适pH 7.8;50 °C热处理1.5 h剩余相对酶活为44%,表现出很好的热稳定性。【结论】通过构建宏基因组文库利用功能筛选方法获得一个新型磷脂酶A1基因;研究中获得的新型磷脂酶A1性质较好,可用于植物油酶法脱胶。     

海鲍分离微生物Acinetobacter sp.酯酶基因的表达和酶学性质

【目的】克隆源于海鲍内脏中一株不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp.的酯酶基因estA,并对其进行重组表达和性质研究。【方法】利用分子生物学技术克隆出酯酶基因estA并构建pPICZα-C-estA重组表达载体,并通过电转化方法将重组质粒转入毕赤酵母X33中;通过甲醇诱导培养重组菌获得重组酯酶,并对重组酯酶进行生化表征。【结果】克隆得到的estA基因序列全长912 bp,编码304个氨基酸;重组X33发酵上清液中酯酶酶活力达到1 200 U/L,重组酯酶的分子量约为33.7 kD;酶学性质研究表明重组酯酶催化底物对硝基苯乙酸乙酯水解反应的最适pH和温度为8.0和40?C,在pH 8.0-10.0温度及小于60?C时具有较好的稳定性。【结论】成功克隆了海洋来源的不动杆菌酯酶基因并在Pichia pastoris中实现了高效表达。     

嗜热脱氮土壤芽孢杆菌β-葡萄糖苷酶的克隆与重组表达及其酶学性质研究

【目的】克隆嗜热脱氮土壤芽孢杆菌中的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因bglB,在E.coli中异源表达,纯化并研究其酶学性质。【方法】利用PCR技术从嗜热脱氮土壤芽孢杆菌的基因组DNA中克隆得到bglB基因,将该基因克隆到表达载体pGEX-2TL上并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达,对纯化后的β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶学性质及寡聚状态进行分析。【结果】重组表达的β-葡萄糖苷酶最适温度为65°C,最适pH为7.0,能在pH 5-10、60°C下稳定存在4 h,并能在较高的离子强度(880 mmol/L K+)下发挥其功能。Al3+离子对其有强烈的激活作用,Co2+有一定的抑制作用。最适反应条件下该酶比活力为0.043 IU/mg。该酶具有多种寡聚体形式,这些寡聚体均有β-葡萄糖苷酶活性。【结论】获得一个耐热耐盐的中性β-葡萄糖苷酶,为进一步研究β-葡萄糖苷酶的催化作用机理,提高其热稳定性提供一定的帮助。     

芽孢杆菌N1碱性蛋白酶的克隆表达及酶学性质

【背景】蛋白酶广泛应用于制革行业中,酶法脱毛对环境污染较小,但蛋白酶对化学试剂的不稳定性及胶原降解活性限制了其工业应用。【目的】克隆芽孢杆菌(Bacillussp.)N1基因组的碱性蛋白酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌中的异源表达,并对重组酶酶学性质及脱毛作用进行研究。【方法】利用基因组文库法克隆获得蛋白酶基因aprG,构建重组大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli)BL21(DE3)pLysS/pET-28a-aprG。异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达该重组酶,以福林酚显色法对其酶学性质进行研究,并将AprG作用于羊皮、兔皮和羽毛。【结果】克隆得到蛋白酶基因aprG,并实现其在大肠杆菌中的表达。重组酶AprG最适反应温度为50°C,最适反应pH为10.0。各种金属离子对AprG活性影响较小,且AprG对表面活性剂和氧化剂、还原剂的耐受性较强。底物特异性分析表明,该酶胶原活性较低。AprG对羊皮和兔皮作用显著,且降解羽毛效果明显。【结论】蛋白酶AprG在制革行业中具有良好的应用前景。     

麻类脱胶高效菌株果胶裂解酶基因克隆与表达

【目的】克隆麻类脱胶高效菌株Dickeya sp.DCE-01的果胶裂解酶基因并进行原核表达,对表达产物进行纯化和酶学性质研究。【方法】根据该菌株全基因组序列预测的果胶裂解酶基因Q59419设计引物,PCR扩增后将该基因连接到pEASY-E1和pACYCDuet-1载体上,导入E.coli BL21(DE3)进行表达。选择酶活力高的阳性克隆子进行大量诱导表达后,采用超滤和Sephadex G-100凝胶层析两步法纯化出果胶裂解酶,研究其酶学性质。【结果】克隆到果胶裂解酶基因pel(GenBank登录号:JX964997),其序列全长1 128 bp,编码375个氨基酸。pACYCDuet-1-pel-BL表达胞外果胶裂解酶活力最高,发酵液粗酶活达298.8 IU/mL。其最适反应温度为50°C,最适pH为9.0;保温1 h,酶活稳定温度≤45°C,稳定pH为9.0?10.0。酶催化作用依赖于Ca2+,其最适作用浓度为2 mmol/L;Zn2+、Ca2+和NH4+促进酶活力,Fe3+和Pb2+严重抑制酶活力;聚半乳糖醛酸钠为该酶的最适底物。【结论】从麻类脱胶高效菌株中发掘到碱性果胶裂解酶基因,其表达产物在生物质加工过程中具有重要工业化应用前景。     

深海太平洋火色杆菌琼胶降解基因分析和琼胶酶Aga0950的表达及酶学性质

【目的】对深海太平洋火色杆菌(Flammeovirga pacifica WPAGA1)全基因组进行生物信息学分析,筛选获得琼胶酶基因aga0950,采用基因工程手段对该基因的功能和性质进行验证和分析。【方法】采用Illumina HiSeq2500测序技术进行基因组测序分析;采用克隆表达和镍柱纯化方法获得纯aga0950基因表达产物;采用薄层层析(TLC)和离子色谱(IC)法分析酶降解琼胶产物;采用二硝基水杨酸法(DNS)测定琼胶酶活性。【结果】基因组序列分析表明,菌株WPAGA1全基因组拥有13个β-琼胶酶相关基因;氨基酸序列比对显示,同源性为60%–85%,其中aga0950是具有GH16家族典型特征的基因,同源性为67%。纯化的重组酶Aga0950比活力达51770 U/mg,具有高效降解琼胶活性,降解终产物为新琼四糖和新琼六糖;最适温度为50°C,最适pH为4.0–10.0;Co~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和Fe3+促进酶活,Cu~(2+)抑制酶活。【结论】深海菌株WPAGA1具有丰富的琼胶酶基因;属于GH16家族的琼胶酶基因aga0950表达产物具有高效降解胶琼活性和良好的热、酸、碱稳定性。     

黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）F044脂肪酶新型基因lipB的克隆、表达及酶学性质分析

摘要：【目的】本研究拟克隆新型的黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）脂肪酶（EC 3.1.1.3）基因,实现其在大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）的高效表达,并对表达产物进行系统的酶学性质分析,为该脂肪酶的工业化生产及应用奠定基础。【方法】通过PCR和RT-PCR克隆脂肪酶基因,并将其开放式阅读框（ORF）克隆入融合表达载体pET28a;表达产物经Ni-agarose纯化后对LipB进行酶学性质分析,并通过圆二色谱进行结构分析。【结果】成功地从A. niger F044中克隆了一个新型的脂肪酶基因lipB,获得了该基因的全基因组序列和cDNA序列（GenBank: FJ536287、FJ536288）,并实现了其在E. coli中的高效表达。LipB分子量约为43.0 kDa,最适底物为pNPC（C8）,酶学动力学常数Km=5.98 mmol/L,最适反应温度为50℃,最适pH为6.0;该酶能在40℃条件下保持稳定,在60℃条件下处理1 h后残余酶活仅为18.8%;该酶对Ca2+敏感,当脂肪酶经2 mmol/L Ca2+处理1 h后,酶活提高了2.6倍。圆二色谱分析表明该酶在Ca2+处理前后具有明显的结构变化。【结论】新型A. niger脂肪酶lipB基因的克隆不仅积累了脂肪酶基因资源,而且为高效基因工程菌的构建及规模化应用奠定基础;对LipB的酶学性质分析表明该酶在食品和油酯化工等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

Characterization of four esterase genes and esterase activity from the gut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes

Four esterase genes and general esterase activity were investigated in the gut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Two genes (RfEst1 and RfEst2) share significant translated identity with a number of insect JH esterases. The two remaining genes (RfEst3 and RfEst4) apparently code for much shorter proteins with similarity to fungal phenolic acid esterases involved in hemicellulose solubilization. All four genes showed consistently high midgut expression. This result was further supported by colorimetric activity assays and Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which showed significant esterase activity and a number of isoforms in the midgut. The greatest esterase activity and isoform composition were detected when α‐naphthyl propionate was used as a substrate. Moreover, esterase activity and diverse isoforms were present in gut mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosolic sub‐cellular protein fractions, as well as in the hindgut lumen. These findings reveal an agreement between gut esterase gene expression and activity distributions, and support the idea that R. flavipes gut esterase activity is host (not symbiont)‐derived. In addition, these findings support the hypotheses that termite gut esterases may play important roles in lignocellulose digestion and caste differentiation. This study provides important baseline data that will assist ongoing functional‐genomic efforts to identify novel genes with roles in semiochemical, hormone, and lignocellulose processing in the termite gut. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Action of xylan deacetylating enzymes on monoacetyl derivatives of 4-nitrophenyl glycosides of β-D-xylopyranose and α-L-arabinofuranose

Measurements of esterase activity by enzyme-coupled assays on monoacetates of 4-nitrophenyl β-d-xylopyranoside and 4-nitrophenyl α-l-arabinofuranoside showed that acetylxylan esterases of families 1, 4 and 5 produced by Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium purpurogenum have a strong preference for deacetylation of position 2 in xylopyranosides. The acetylxylan esterases exhibit only weak activity on acetylated arabinofuranosides, with 2-acetate as the best substrate. Acetyl esterases of family 16 produced by the same two fungi deacetylate in xylopyranosides preferentially positions 3 and 4. Their specific activity on arabinofuranosides is also much lower than on xylopyranosides, however, substantially greater than that in the case of typical acetylxylan esterases.     

An enzyme from Auricularia auricula-judae combining both benzoyl and cinnamoyl esterase activity

Benzoic acid esterases and ferulic acid esterases (FAE) are enzymes with different profiles of substrate specificity. An extracellular esterase (EstBC) from culture supernatants of the edible basidiomycete fungus Auricularia auricula-judae was purified by anion exchange chromatography, followed by preparative isoelectric focusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. EstBC showed a molecular mass of 36 kDa and an isoelectric point of 3.2 along with broad pH and temperature windows similar to fungal FAEs. However, EstBC exhibited also characteristics of a benzoic acid esterase acting on both benzoates and cinnamates, and most efficiently on methyl and ethyl benzoate, methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate and methyl salicylate. Feruloyl saccharides as well as lipase substrates, such as long chain fatty acids esterified with glycerol, polyethoxylated sorbitan and p-nitrophenol were not hydrolyzed. Protein database analyses with tryptic peptides of EstBC solely yielded hits regarding hypothetical proteins belonging to the alpha/beta hydrolase family. The uncommon substrate specificity of EstBC concomitant with a lack of sequence homology to known enzymes suggests a new type of enzyme.     

Chromatographic Discrimination of Soluble Neuropathy Target Esterase Isoenzymes and Related Phenyl Valerate Esterases from Chicken Brain, Spinal Cord, and Sciatic Nerve

Abstract: Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) activity is operatively defined in this work as the phenyl valerate esterase (PVase) activity resistant to 40 µ M paraoxon but sensitive to 250 µ M mipafox. Gel filtration chromatography with Sephacryl S-300 of the soluble fraction from spinal cord showed two PVase peaks containing NTE activity (S-NTE1 and S-NTE2). The titration curve corresponding to inhibition by mipafox was studied over the 1–250 µ M range, in the presence of 40 µ M paraoxon. The data revealed that S-NTE1 and S-NTE2 have different sensitivities to mipafox with I₅₀ (30 min) values of 1.7 and 19 µ M , respectively. This was similar to the pattern observed in the soluble fraction from sciatic nerve with two components ( V _o peak, or S-NTE1; and 100-K peak, or S-NTE2) with different sensitivity to mipafox. However, in the brain soluble fraction, only the high-molecular-mass (>700-kDa) peak or S-NTE1 was obtained. It showed an I₅₀ of 5.2 µ M in the mipafox inhibition curve. The chromatographic profile was different on changing the pH in the subcellular fractionation. When the homogenized tissue was centrifuged at pH 6.8, the V _o peak activity decreased in the soluble fraction from these nerve tissues. This suggests that the V _o peak could be related to materials partly solubilized from membranes at higher pH. The chromatographic pattern and mipafox sensitivity suggest that the different tissues have a different NTE isoform composition. S-NTE2 should be a different entity than S-NTE1 and particulate NTE. The potential role of soluble forms in the mechanism of initiation or promotion of neuropathy due to organophosphorus remain unknown.     

Purification and Characterization of Naturally Soluble Neuropathy Target Esterase from Chicken Sciatic Nerve by HPLC and Western Blot

Abstract: Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) activity is defined operatively as the paraoxon-resistant mipafox-sensitive phenyl valerate esterase activity. A preparation containing a soluble isoform (S-NTE2) has been obtained from sciatic nerve. It was inhibited by the biotinylated organophosphorous ester S9B [1-(saligenin cyclic phospho)-9-biotinyldiaminononane] in a progressive manner showing a second-order rate constant of (3.50 ± 0.26) × 10⁶ M ⁻¹· min⁻¹ with an I₅₀ for 30 min of 6.6 ± 0.4 n M . S-NTE2 was enriched 218-fold by gel filtration followed by strong and weak anion-exchange chromatographies in HPLC. In western blots, this enriched sample showed two bands of endogenous biotinylated polypeptides after treating the blots with streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase complex. When the sample was treated with S9B, another biotinylated band was observed with a molecular mass of ∼56 kDa, which was not seen when the sample had been pretreated with mipafox before the S9B labeling. It was deduced that this band represents a polypeptide (identified as the S-NTE2 protein) that is bound by both mipafox and S9B and that should be responsible for the progressive S9B inhibition. It is possible that S-NTE2 is the target for attack by compounds that promote delayed neuropathy.     

Control of juvenile hormone esterase activity in Galleria mellonella larvae

The juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) activity in Galleria mellonella larvae was measured after exposure to different experimental conditions that affect larval-pupal transformation. The data show that stimulation of production of JHE is closely coupled with the developmental signals that intiate larval-pupal metamorphosis. Injury, which delays pupation, delays the appearance of JHE activity if the larvae are injured within 48 hr after the last larval moult. Chilling of day-0 larvae induces a supernumerary larval moult and inhibits the appearance of JHE. However, JHE activity increases in chilled larvae when their commitment for an extra larval moult is reversed by starvation. Starvation is effective in reversing the commitment for an extra larval moult if commenced within 48 hr after chilling, thereby suggesting a critical period for that commitment. These data suggest that the stimulus for JHE synthesis and/or release occurs approximately within 48 hr after the last larval ecdysis. A series of studies involving implantation of brain, suboesophageal ganglion and fat body into chilled, as well as chilled and ligated larvae suggest that a factor from the brain is involved in stimulation or production of JHE in Galleria larvae.JH, which suppresses JHE activity in day-3, -5 and early day-6 Galleria larvae, stimulates the production of JHE in late day-6 larvae, suggesting that reprogramming in larval fat body may occur on day 6 of the last larval stadium.     

Administration of Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 increases intestinal feruloyl esterase activity in mice

Aims: To evaluate the effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 on the intestinal feruloyl esterase (FE) activity and oxidative status of mice. Methods and Results: Adult Swiss albino mice received Lact. fermentum CRL1446 at the doses 10⁷ and 10⁹ cells per day per mouse for 2, 5, 7 and 10 days. Intestinal FE activity, intestinal microbiota counts, plasmatic thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) percentage and glutathione reductase (GR) activity were determined. Mice that received Lact. fermentum CRL1446 at the dose 10⁷ cells per day for 7 days showed a twofold increase in total intestinal FE activity, compared to the nontreated group. In large intestine content, FE activity increased up to 6·4 times. No major quantitative changes in colonic microbiota were observed in treated animals. Administration of this strain produced an approx. 30–40% decrease in the basal levels of plasmatic TBARS and an approx. twofold increase in GR activity from day 5 of feeding with both doses. Conclusions: Oral administration of Lact. fermentum CRL1446 to mice increases total intestinal FE activity, decreases the basal percentage of plasmatic lipoperoxides and increases GR activity. Significance and Impact of the Study: Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 could be orally administered as a dietary supplement or functional food for increasing the intestinal FE activity to enhance the bioavailability of ferulic acid, thus improving oxidative status.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic–fluorimetric assay of chymotrypsin-like esterase activity

A sensitive and reproducible assay for the determination of chymotrypsin-like esterase activity is reported. This method is based on fluorimetric detection of a dansylated amino acid, 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl- -phenylalanine, enzymatically formed from the substrate 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl- -phenylalanine ethyl ester, after separation by high-performance liquid chromatography using a C₁₈ reversed-phase column and isocratic elution. This method is sensitive enough to measure 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl- -phenylalanine at concentrations as low as 40 pmol/ml, yields highly reproducible results and requires less than 9.5 min per sample for quantitation. The optimum pH for chymotrypsin-like esterase activity was 7.7–8.3. The K_m and V_max values were, respectively 25 μM and 0.241 pmol/μg protein/h with the use of enzyme extract obtained from mouse kidney. The approximate molecular mass of this enzyme was estimated to be 67 000 by gel filtration. Chymotrypsin-like esterase activity was strongly inhibited by N-tosyl- -phenylalaline chloromethyl ketone. Among the mouse organs examined, the highest specific activity of the enzyme was found in lung. This new method would be useful for clarification of the physiological role of this enzyme.     

芽孢杆菌胞内酯酶的电泳分析

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对13株Bacillus的胞内酯酶进行了分析。结果证明,不同种的Bacillus具有自己特定的酯酶区带;同一个种而血清型不同Bacillus的变种,也具有自己特定的酯酶区带。在分类鉴定上,应用这一技术可为快速、准确地鉴定Bacillus不同种和变种,提供依据。     

东亚飞蝗山西两地理种群酯酶特性的比较研究

对东亚飞蝗山西临猗和永济2个地理种群的酯酶特性进行了比较研究。非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电 泳图谱显示：以α-乙酸萘酯为底物染色,2个东亚飞蝗种群谱带差别不明显。但是,酯酶动力 学研究结果表明：以α-乙酸萘酯和α-丁酸萘酯为底物时,永济种群的酯酶活性分别是临猗 种群的1.81倍和1.20倍。永济种群酯酶活性的增高可能与非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显 示出较临猗种群多出的酶带有关。体外酯酶抑制动力学研究表明：永济和临猗2种群所含酯酶大 都为B型酯酶,其含量分别为84.94%和91.47%。永济种群对对氧磷的耐受性要高于临猗种群 ,我们推测可能与2种群马拉硫磷使用背景不同有关。