细胞自噬发生的表观遗传调节

细胞自噬是一种进化上保守的, 通过吞噬降解自身大分子物质或细胞器来维持细胞生存的活动。自噬与多种生命活动息息相关, 其功能的紊乱往往会导致肿瘤发生、神经退行性疾病、微生物感染等疾病。研究表明, 表观遗传修饰可以调控细胞自噬的发生, 并在细胞自噬的生物学功能调节过程中发挥重要作用, 但具体调控机制尚需进一步探究。文章综述了细胞自噬发生过程中存在的表观遗传效应, 包括组蛋白乙酰化对细胞自噬激活或抑制的负反馈调控, 通过DNA甲基化调节自噬相关基因活性来影响细胞自噬的发生, miRNA通过靶向调节自噬相关基因表达来影响组蛋白修饰, 从而调控细胞自噬的发生及作用过程等, 旨在为人们进一步研究细胞自噬发生过程中的表观遗传修饰及其机制提供信息依据。     

自噬与小胶质细胞相关神经炎症

小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中重要的神经免疫细胞,当中枢神经系统受到刺激后,小胶质细胞通过炎症反应来应对这种刺激,这种炎症反应在神经性疾病中具有重要作用。研究发现,小胶质细胞自噬在炎症的发生与发展中也发挥了重要作用,它能直接或间接地影响炎症反应,同时自身也被其他信号调控。自噬过程有利有弊,适当的自噬过程能促进疾病的恢复,自噬紊乱则使病情恶化,所以明确自噬的调控机制对治疗和预防相关疾病具有重要意义。本文综述了近年来自噬在小胶质细胞相关炎症中研究进展,以及其可能的调控机制,以期为相关研究人员提供一定帮助。     

线粒体自噬的分子机制

线粒体自噬指细胞选择性清除受损伤或多余线粒体的一种自噬方式,是线粒体应激反应和线粒体稳态调控的重要部分,对其分子机制以及相应调控机制的研究受到广泛关注.本文总结了近年来关于线粒体自噬的分子机制研究进展,同时分析了相关受体介导线粒体自噬的信号调节机制,以期为将来线粒体自噬研究的发展和完善提供借鉴意义.     

力学刺激诱导细胞自噬的研究进展

自噬是细胞重要的自我保护机制,多种伤害性刺激激活的自噬具有维持细胞稳态和正常功能的作用.此外,自噬还参与调控恶性肿瘤、动脉粥样硬化等多种疾病的发生发展过程.体内细胞处于复杂的力学微环境中,力学刺激参与调控细胞自噬,如压力可诱导心肌细胞的自噬、牵张力调控运动系统多种细胞的自噬、流体剪切力可激活血管内皮细胞和肿瘤细胞的自噬.力学刺激诱导的细胞自噬依赖众多信号通路.细胞骨架作为重要的调节因子,不仅参与细胞力学信号转导,同时可参与调控细胞自噬.因此,细胞骨架与力学刺激诱导的细胞自噬密切相关.本文结合最新的研究成果,综述力学刺激对细胞自噬的影响及其分子机制,以期为研究力学刺激对细胞生物学行为的影响提供新的视角,进而为相关疾病的治疗提供新思路和分子靶点.     

氨基酸缺乏诱导细胞自噬及miRNA调控机制

氨基酸是生物体内不可缺少的营养成分和生命活动最基本的物质之一,并对动物体的新陈代谢起到至关重要的作用。自噬是细胞内通过降解和回收细胞内生物大分子和受损细胞器,以完成本身代谢和某些细胞器更新的过程。研究证实氨基酸缺乏能诱导细胞自噬,而这种反应大部分是依赖于m TORC1信号通路的方式实现的,但总氨基酸或单体氨基酸调节细胞自噬的分子作用机制和自噬水平有很大差别,且相关方面的分子调节机制尚未完全清楚,需要进一步阐明。mi RNA是一类长度为18-24 nt的非编码核苷酸,参与细胞增殖、分化、自噬与凋亡等多种生命活动。研究表明mi RNA在氨基酸缺乏诱导细胞自噬过程中的也发挥重要调控机制。就不同氨基酸缺乏调控自噬相关机制加以综述,并探讨mi RNA在其中起到的关键作用。旨在为治疗自噬相关代谢提供思路。     

转录因子在白念珠菌自噬过程中的调控机制CSCD

自噬是细胞内主要的降解途径之一,是一个高度保守的动态过程,对于真核细胞的适应、分化和发育具有重要作用,自噬在白念珠菌中影响着菌株的代谢和毒力,可增强菌体的存活能力。自噬调节失衡与多种疾病相关,需在多个水平受到精确调控,以维持细胞内稳态平衡。白念珠菌的毒力致病与自噬过程中关键转录因子的异常表达调控密切相关。该文主要概括了自噬的主要阶段及相关机制,并说明自噬过程中主要转录因子可能的作用机制,以了解白念珠菌自噬中的转录调控机制,为白念珠菌未来的治疗提供新的方向。     

运动：一种双向调控疾病中自噬异常的手段

自噬(autophagy)是一种进化上高度保守的细胞降解过程,它可以完成细胞成分的基本周转,并提供能量和大分子前体以维持生物体的代谢与平衡。近年研究发现,细胞自噬水平的失调与多种疾病的发生和发展密切相关,这一点已在多种疾病动物模型中得到验证。过高或不足的自噬水平都可能导致疾病。运动作为一种与能量代谢及细胞内环境变化密切相关的活动,与细胞自噬过程之间有密切关联。而运动对自噬的调节是一个双向的过程。对于自噬不足或过度引起的疾病,运动可以恢复其正常的自噬功能,并起到改善、延缓疾病进展的作用。当前,对于运动调控疾病背景下异常的自噬水平的理论及机制尚缺乏充分的阐述。深入探索和讨论运动对疾病中异常自噬水平的调节,将有助于我们拓展视野,为更全面地理解运动在预防和改善各种与自噬相关的疾病过程中的潜在机制和作用。因此,本综述分析概括总结了运动改善疾病中过高或不足的自噬水平及运动对疾病的缓解效果,梳理了运动与自噬的双向调控关系,并进一步提炼归纳了运动调控异常自噬水平所涉及的相关信号通路。这为探究运动促进健康的机制及理清运动调控自噬之间的关系提供理论依据与参考。     

线粒体自噬在肿瘤发生发展中的双重作用

线粒体自噬(mitophagy)是一种选择性的宏观自噬形式,线粒体被自噬溶酶体选择性地靶向降解。线粒体自噬用于去除功能失调的线粒体以减轻氧化应激和预防癌的发生,然而,线粒体自噬不仅仅局限于功能失调的线粒体的更新,而且在一些不利条件下(营养供应不足和缺氧)可促进肿瘤细胞的存活,保护细胞免于凋亡或坏死。因此,线粒体自噬是控制癌细胞质量的关键因素。鉴于线粒体自噬的重要作用,越来越多的研究关注线粒体自噬的调控机制,其调控机制主要是相关通路蛋白,同样,药物也能调控线粒体自噬。本文将会从线粒体自噬在肿瘤发生中的双重作用及其调控机制这三方面进行综述,旨在为肿瘤治疗提供新的方向。     

受体相互作用蛋白3（RIP3）调控细胞自噬的研究进展

受体相互作用蛋白3(receptor-interacting protein 3,RIP3)是一种丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶，因其参与细胞自噬的调控而受到广泛关注。本文就RIP3在细胞自噬的发展和调控机制中的作用进行了总结。RIP3可参与mTOR信号通路的调节，同时与多种自噬所必须的蛋白发生相互作用，包括GNAI3/RGSI9、P62和TFEB等，从而其在自噬启动、自噬体形成和自噬溶酶体成熟等多个阶段发挥正向或负向调控作用，为进一步探究RIP3对细胞程序性死亡的调控机制及相关疾病治疗的潜在分子靶标筛选提供参考。     

鱼类细胞自噬研究进展

自噬是广泛存在于真核生物中的生命现象,对于细胞的生长、分化、发育和维持细胞内环境稳态等方面具有重要意义。尽管对于作为低等脊椎动物的鱼类细胞自噬研究起步较晚,但近几年围绕其自噬的诱导、自噬相关基因表达及调控、鱼类病原诱导的自噬,特别是以斑马鱼为试验模型开展的自噬与发育调控关系等研究都取得了一些进展,就此进行综述。     

Decreased activity of osteocyte autophagy with aging may contribute to the bone loss in senile population

Age-related bone loss is a major cause of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of age-related bone loss is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to clarify whether autophagy in osteocytes was involved in age-related bone loss. Male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats in 3, 9, and 24 month old were used to mimic the age-related bone loss in men. Micro-CT evaluation, histomorphometric analysis, and measurement of bone turnover rate verified age-related bone loss in the male SD rats. Immunofluorescent histochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western blot assessment demonstrated that the expression of LC3-II, LC3-II/I, Beclin-1, and Ulk-1 in the osteocytes decreased with age, while SQSTM1/p62 and apoptosis in the osteocytes increased. A significant correlation between the markers of osteocyte autophagy and bone mineral density in the proximal tibia was revealed. However, osteocyte autophagy was not correlated with osteocyte apoptosis in the process of aging. These results suggested that osteocyte autophagy was possibly involved in the age-related bone loss. Decreased activity of osteocyte autophagy independent of apoptosis might contribute to the age-related bone loss in senile osteoporosis.     

Arbutin ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis through activating autophagy in osteoblasts

Chronic long-term glucocorticoid use causes osteoporosis partly by interrupting osteoblast homeostasis and exacerbating bone loss. Arbutin, a natural hydroquinone glycoside, has been reported to have biological activities related to the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, the role and underlying mechanism of arbutin in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis are elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that arbutin administration ameliorated osteoporotic disorders in glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex)-induced mouse model, including attenuating the loss of bone mass and trabecular microstructure, promoting bone formation, suppressing bone resorption, and activating autophagy in bone tissues. Furthermore, Dex-stimulated mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with arbutin. Arbutin treatment rescued Dex-induced repression of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, the downregulation of osteogenic gene expression, reduced autophagic marker expression, and decreased autophagic puncta formation. The application of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA decreased autophagy, differentiation, and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells triggered by arbutin. Taken together, our findings suggest that arbutin treatment fends off glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, partly through promoting differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts by autophagy activation.     

Osteoblast autophagy in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

Administration of glucocorticoids is an effective strategy for treating many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, glucocorticoid treatment can have adverse effects on bone, leading to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO), the most common form of secondary osteoporosis. Although the pathogenesis of GIO has been studied for decades, over the past ten years the autophagy machinery has been implicated as a novel mechanism. Autophagy in osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts plays a critical role in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Herein, we specifically discuss how osteoblast autophagy responds to glucocorticoids and its role in the development of GIO.     

The miRNA-15b/USP7/KDM6B axis engages in the initiation of osteoporosis by modulating osteoblast differentiation and autophagy

Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease that results from oxidative stress or inflammation in renal disorders. microRNAs (miRNAs) are recently implicated to participate in osteoporosis, but the mechanism remains largely unexplored. Herein, we aimed to explore the potential role of miR-15b in osteoblast differentiation and autophagy in osteoporosis. We established osteoporosis models through ovariectomy and determined that miR-15b was highly expressed whereas USP7 and KDM6B were poorly expressed in tissue of osteoporosis mice. Treatment of silenced miR-15b resulted in the elevation of decreased bone mineral density (BMD), the maximum elastic stress and the maximum load of osteoporosis mice. In osteoblasts, miR-15 overexpression decreased proliferation but suppressed the cell differentiation and autophagy, accompanied with decreased expression of USP7. Mechanistically, miR-15 bound and inhibited USP7 expression, while overexpression of USP7 promoted autophagy of osteoblasts. USP7, importantly, strengthened the stability of KDM6B and promoted KDM6B expression. MG132 protease inhibitor increased KDM6B and USP7 expression in osteoblasts. Silencing of KDM6B reversed the promoting effect on autophagy and proliferation induced by overexpression of USP7. Taken altogether, miR-15b inhibits osteoblast differentiation and autophagy to aggravate osteoporosis by targeting USP7 to regulate KDM6B expression.     

氧化损伤和微重力致骨质疏松症的研究进展

伴随着人口老龄化日益严重,骨质疏松症作为"悄无声息的流行病"逐渐引起人们的注意。氧化损伤和力学刺激是造成骨质疏松的两个主要原因。一方面氧化损伤可通过刺激FoxOs信号通路抑制成骨细胞分化,造成骨质疏松,另一方面机体在长期缺乏负荷力刺激时也会发生废用性骨丢失,二者之间存在着紧密的联系。Nrf2作为细胞应对氧化损伤的主要防御机制,可调控多种抗氧化蛋白酶转录,在氧化损伤所造成的骨质疏松中扮演着重要角色。本文综述了氧化损伤和微重力造成骨质疏松的机制以及Nrf2对抗氧化损伤的调节和对修复骨质发育的影响。     

Autophagy controls mesenchymal stem cell properties and senescence during bone aging

Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) exhibit degenerative changes, including imbalanced differentiation and reduced proliferation during aging, that contribute to age‐related bone loss. We demonstrate here that autophagy is significantly reduced in aged BMMSCs compared with young BMMSCs. The autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) could turn young BMMSCs into a relatively aged state by reducing their osteogenic differentiation and proliferation capacity and enhancing their adipogenic differentiation capacity. Accordingly, the autophagy activator rapamycin could restore the biological properties of aged BMMSCs by increasing osteogenic differentiation and proliferation capacity and decreasing adipogenic differentiation capacity. Possible underlying mechanisms were explored, and the analysis revealed that autophagy could affect reactive oxygen species and p53 levels, thus regulating biological properties of BMMSCs. In an in vivo study, we found that activation of autophagy restored bone loss in aged mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that autophagy plays a pivotal role in the aging of BMMSCs, and activation of autophagy could partially reverse this aging and may represent a potential therapeutic avenue to clinically treat age‐related bone loss.     

Autophagy in fate determination of mesenchymal stem cells and bone remodeling

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely exploited as promising candidates in clinical settings for bone repair and regeneration in view of their self-renewal capacity and multipotentiality. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying their fate determination, which would illustrate their effectiveness in regenerative medicine. Recent evidence has shed light on a fundamental biological role of autophagy in the maintenance of the regenerative capability of MSCs and bone homeostasis. Autophagy has been implicated in provoking an immediately available cytoprotective mechanism in MSCs against stress, while dysfunction of autophagy impairs the function of MSCs, leading to imbalances of bone remodeling and a wide range of aging and degenerative bone diseases. This review aims to summarize the up-to-date knowledge about the effects of autophagy on MSC fate determination and its role as a stress adaptation response. Meanwhile, we highlight autophagy as a dynamic process and a double-edged sword to account for some discrepancies in the current research. We also discuss the contribution of autophagy to the regulation of bone cells and bone remodeling and emphasize its potential involvement in bone disease.     

Autophagy links lipid metabolism to longevity in C. elegans

The cellular recycling process of autophagy is emerging as a central player in many of the conserved longevity pathways in C. elegans, but the underlying mechanisms that link autophagy and life span remain unclear. In a recent study, we provided evidence to suggest that autophagy modulates aging through an effect on lipid homeostasis. Specifically, we identified a role for autophagy in a longevity model in which germline removal in C. elegans extends life span. Life-span extension in these animals is achieved, at least in part, through increased expression of the lipase LIPL-4. We found that autophagy and LIPL-4-dependent lipolysis are both upregulated in germline-less animals and work interdependently to prolong life span. While these genetic results lend further support to a growing link between autophagy and lipid metabolism, our findings are the first to suggest a possible molecular mechanism by which autophagy modulates organismal aging.