人精子蛋白SP22的cDNA克隆、表达及纯化分析

精子蛋白SP2 2与生殖功能密切相关。睾丸附睾毒物氯醇硝唑作用于大鼠生殖系统时 ,精子表面SP2 2大量脱落至附睾液中 ,导致生育力降低。深入研究发现SP2 2与生育力存在量的关系。从人睾丸组织中提取总RNA ,通过RT-PCR克隆出人睾丸组织中的SP2 2基因 ,连入pGEM Teasyvector进行cDNA克隆测序。再亚克隆到pET-2 8a-c( + )vectors成功构建pET-2 8a-c( + )vectors SP2 2表达载体 ,并转化BL2 1 (DE3) ,以IPTG诱导表达 ,对诱导剂浓度、诱导时间进行优化后以镍离子亲和层析纯化目的蛋白。蛋白表达量占菌体总蛋白 30 %。所得蛋白可推动SP2 2的蛋白结构活性、睾丸组织中的定位分布及在男性不育、癌症等疾病检测中的应用研究。     

男性不育患者精液细菌感染对精液常规指标及动态学参数影响的研究

目的 了解男性不育患者精液细菌感染率及菌群分布、细菌感染对精液常规指标及动态学参数的影响、精液白细胞(WBC)数与细菌感染率的相关性.方法 对405例我院男科门诊就诊的不育患者进行精液细菌培养鉴定,并采用SQIAS-2000精子质量图文分析系统对精液进行常规分析,采用正甲苯胺蓝过氧化物酶法对精液中WBC进行定量分析.结果 男性不育患者精液细菌感染率为43.2％,其中革兰阳性菌占86.3％,以葡萄球菌属细菌为主;细菌感染组与对照组的精液相关参数在精子密度、精子活率、a+b级精子活力、畸形精子率、曲线速度、直线速度、平均路径速度、平均移动角度、直线性、前向性、鞭打频率等方面差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);当精液WBC≥5×106/mL时,细菌感染率为91.3％.结论 男性不育患者精液细菌感染率较高,且细菌感染可引起精子数量减少、运动质量和能力减弱,进一步证实了生殖道细菌感染是男性不育的重要原因.     

无精子症和严重少精子症患者Y染色体微缺失研究

目的：研究Y染色体微缺失与男性不育的关系。方法：采用多重PCR技术,研究正常男性、无精子症和严重少精子症男性不育患者Y染色体无精子因子（AZF）区域3个序列标志位点（STS）的缺失情况。结果：在93例无精子症或严重少精子症患者中,15例有Y染色体微缺失,缺失率为16%。其中,42例无精子症患者中,6例为AZFc区SY255位点缺失,2例为AZFb区SY134位点缺失;51例严重少精子症患者中,7例为AZFc区SY255位点缺失。40例正常男性无Y染色体微缺失。结论：多重PCR技术是简便而有效的对男性不育患者进行Y染色体微缺失筛查的方法;Y染色体微缺失是造成男性不育的一个重要原因,对男性不育患者进行辅助生育技术治疗前应常规进行Y染色体微缺失的检测。     

附睾小体功能蛋白及sRNA研究进展

精液质量是反映男性生殖健康最基本和最重要的指标。哺乳动物的精子需在附睾中经历一系列复杂的结构与功能的变化才能成熟并具有潜在受精能力。精子成熟是由大量转录因子、激素等信号分子协同调控的复杂生理过程。近年来越来越多的证据表明附睾小体(epididymosomes)中的功能蛋白和sRNAs(small RNAs)可参与调节精子成熟及受精等过程。本文主要综述了附睾小体中功能蛋白及两类主要的sRNAs(tRNAs和miRNAs)的生物学作用,以期为男性不育等疾病的治疗提供一定的理论指导和新的治疗思路。     

QF-PCR在染色体异常男性不育症诊断中的应用

为评估定量荧光PCR(QF-PCR)方法在男性不育遗传学诊断中的应用价值,文章对78例非梗阻性男性不育患者,采用精液常规检测精子情况,并检测患者性激素水平;采用QF-PCR方法对患者性染色体多态性STR位点及特异性位点进行检测;采用常规染色体G显带方法进行核型分析;PCR检测AZF微缺失。结果显示78例非梗阻性男性不育患者中发现无精子症患者18例,少精子症患者20例,总检出率为48.72%。采用QF-PCR方法检出3例47,XXY患者,2例46,XX(SRY+)性反转患者,1例AZFc区微缺失患者,与细胞培养染色体分析和AZF微缺失PCR检测结果相符。与传统方法相比,QF-PCR技术能更迅速、直接、可靠地检测到男性不育患者的染色体异常区域,及早发现染色体细微结构异常,有助于染色体异常造成的男性不育症的鉴别诊断。     

特发性少精子症和无精子症与Pygo2基因蛋白编码区SNPs的相关性

男性不育常伴随精子数量减少。Pygo2基因在染色质重塑的伸长精细胞中表达, 其功能受损会导致精子形成阻滞和精子生成减少而引发不育。文章旨在检测引起人特发性少精子症和无精子症的Pygo2基因突变。从77例正常生育力男性和195例特发性少精子症和无精子症患者静脉血提取DNA, 采用聚合酶链式反应-测序方法对Pygo2基因3个蛋白质编码区进行测序对比, 非同义单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs)位点分别用SIFT、Polyphen-2和 Mutation Taster软件进行诱发蛋白质结构和表型改变的检测和分析。结果表明, 195例患者中, 178例(30例轻度或中度少精子症, 57例重度少精子症和91例无精子症)基因序列分析报告完好, 无精子症中3例患者分别在2个位点(rs61758740, rs141722381)发生了非同义突变SNPs, 重度少精子症中1例患者在位点rs61758741发生了非同义突变, 3个突变位点在SNPs基因数据库都已有报道, 轻度或中度少精子症患者以及正常生育力男性中不存在SNPs。rs61758740可使PYGO2蛋白第141位蛋氨酸(M)变为异亮氨酸(I), rs61758741使PYGO2蛋白第261位碱性赖氨酸(K)变为酸性谷氨酸(E), rs141722381使PYGO2蛋白第240位亲水侧链天冬酰胺(N)变为疏水侧链异亮氨酸(I)。软件分析表明, 在所发现的3个SNP非同义突变位点中, rs141722381引起的单个氨基酸改变会导致PYGO2蛋白空间结构破坏和诱发相关疾病。因此, Pygo2基因蛋白质编码序列区SNPs可能是特发性少精子症和无精子症的诱发因素之一, 导致男性不育。     

男性不育与染色体畸变

男性不育症愈来愈引起社会和医学生物界的关注。据统计,因各种各样原因引起男性不育的患者约占育龄夫妇的5—8％,也就是说,全国每年如有100万对育龄夫妇的话,就有5至8万对夫妇因男性不育而陷入痛苦与焦虑之中。男性不育的病因很多,本文重点谈谈男性不育的细胞遗传学有关问题,即男性不育与染色体畸变的关系。 (一)男性不育的细胞遗传学基础男性的精子都是单倍性。由于男性的性染色体是XY,故有X精子和Y精子两种,它们与卵子结合的机会都是随机的。精子的发生是由一个精原细胞经过减数分裂后形成四个精子,它的发生是每时每刻在进行     

精子端粒长度与特发性男性不育相关

端粒是真核生物染色体末端的多功能特异性DNA-蛋白结构,覆盖在染色体末端,保护基因组的稳定性。端粒在减数分裂过程中起到了十分重要的作用,协助染色体配对、联会、同源重组和分离。精子中的端粒可能在精子的受精能力和胚胎发育中起到重要作用。近年来,端粒与生殖的相关性研究成为一个新的热点,但精子端粒与男性不育间的相关性并不明确。本文采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测中国特发性男性不育人群(126例)和正常可育男性人群(138例)的精子相对端粒长度,结果发现,特发性男性不育病例的精子平均相对端粒长度(2.894±0.115)低于正常对照组(4.016±0.603),差异具有统计学意义(P=5.097×10^-5);并且精子相对端粒长度与精子密度、精子总数和精子活力都有显著的相关性：精子数量较多和/或精子活力较高,精子相对端粒长度较长。研究结果提示,在中国人群中,精子端粒长度与特发性男性不育具有相关性,精子的端粒长度可能影响精子发生和精子的功能,精子端粒的缩短导致精子数目及活力的降低从而导致男性不育。     

男性不育患者解脲支原体感染状况及其对精液参数的影响

目的:观察男性不育患者解脲支原体UU感染状况及其对精液参数的影响,分析治疗前后精液参数的变化.方法:用培养法检测4300例男性不育患者精液UU感染情况并行精液常规检测,与正常对照组进行比较.对UU感染患者根据药敏结果进行治疗,并观察治疗前后精液参数的变化.结果:男性不育患者UU的感染率为39.3％,对照组为12.8％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).男性不育UU阳性患者精子浓度、前向运动PR、正常形态率与同组阴性者比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),与对照组阴性者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),与对照组阳性者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经治疗后患者精子浓度、前向运动、正常形态率有明显改善.结论:解脲支原体感染是引起男性不育的主要原因,对精子浓度、前向运动、正常形态率有一定的影响,经过合理治疗后精液质量可以改善.     

VEGF和Flt-1在精索静脉曲张大鼠附睾中的表达变化

目的研究血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体Flt-1在实验性左侧精索静脉曲张(ELV)大鼠附睾组织中的表达变化,探讨它们与精索静脉曲张(VC)的关系及致男性不育的病理生理学机制。方法建立青春期雄性SD大鼠ELV模型,采用免疫组化SP法检测ELV及对照组附睾中VEGF和Flt-1的表达。结果 VEGF和Flt-1蛋白在大鼠附睾中均有表达,并具有细胞和区域特异性。ELV4周时双侧附睾中VEGF蛋白的表达明显上调(P<0.01),8周时则显著下降(P<0.01);而Flt-1蛋白在ELV4周左侧显著下降(P<0.01),右侧未见明显差异(P>0.05),8周组均显著下降(P<0.01)。结论 ELV引起大鼠附睾中VEGF和Flt-1表达量发生变化,可能影响精子的成熟,是VC引起男性生育力下降甚至不育的原因之一。     

Evolutionary diversification of SPANX-N sperm protein gene structure and expression

The sperm protein associated with nucleus in the X chromosome (SPANX) genes cluster at Xq27 in two subfamilies, SPANX-A/D and SPANX-N. SPANX-A/D is specific for hominoids and is fairly well characterized. The SPANX-N gave rise to SPANX-A/D in the hominoid lineage approximately 7 MYA. Given the proposed role of SPANX genes in spermatogenesis, we have extended studies to SPANX-N gene evolution, variation, regulation of expression, and intra-sperm localization. By immunofluorescence analysis, SPANX-N proteins are localized in post-meiotic spermatids exclusively, like SPANX-A/D. But in contrast to SPANX-A/D, SPANX-N are found in all ejaculated spermatozoa rather than only in a subpopulation, are localized in the acrosome rather than in the nuclear envelope, and are expressed at a low level in several nongametogenic adult tissues as well as many cancers. Presence of a binding site for CTCF and its testis-specific paralogue BORIS in the SPANX promoters suggests, by analogy to MAGE-A1 and NY-ESO-1, that their activation in spermatogenesis is mediated by the programmed replacement of CTCF by BORIS. Based on the relative density of CpG, the more extended expression of SPANX-N compared to SPANX-A/D in nongametogenic tissues is likely attributed to differences in promoter methylation. Our findings suggest that the recent duplication of SPANX genes in hominoids was accompanied by different localization of SPANX-N proteins in post-meiotic sperm and additional expression in several nongonadal tissues. This suggests a corresponding functional diversification of SPANX gene families in hominoids. SPANX proteins thus provide unique targets to investigate their roles in the function of spermatozoa, selected malignancies, and for SPANX-N, in other tissues as well.     

Expression of SPANX proteins in normal prostatic tissue and in prostate cancer

The sperm protein associated with the nucleus in the X chromosome (SPANX) gene family encodes for proteins that are not only expressed in germ cells, but also in a number of tumors. In addition, SPANX genes map in an interval of the X chromosome (namely, Xq27), which has been found to be associated with familial prostate cancer by linkage analysis. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate SPANX protein expression in normal prostate tissues and in prostate carcinoma. For this purpose, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections obtained from 15 normal (at autopsy) donors and 12 men with prostate cancer were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. About 40% of both normal and tumor prostate samples resulted SPANX positive. Signals were exclusively within the nucleus in normal prostate cells, whereas both nuclear and cytoplasmic positivity was observed in tumor cells. In conclusion, these findings showed that SPANX genes are expressed in both normal and tumor prostate gland, but the latter showed a peculiar cytoplasmic staining positivity. This suggests a possible association between SPANX over expression and prostate cancer development. Additional studies are needed to corroborate this hypothesis.Key words: cancer, prostate, immunohistochemistry, SPANX gene     

High Resolution X Chromosome-Specific Array-CGH Detects New CNVs in Infertile Males

Context

The role of CNVs in male infertility is poorly defined, and only those linked to the Y chromosome have been the object of extensive research. Although it has been predicted that the X chromosome is also enriched in spermatogenesis genes, no clinically relevant gene mutations have been identified so far.

Objectives

In order to advance our understanding of the role of X-linked genetic factors in male infertility, we applied high resolution X chromosome specific array-CGH in 199 men with different sperm count followed by the analysis of selected, patient-specific deletions in large groups of cases and normozoospermic controls.

Results

We identified 73 CNVs, among which 55 are novel, providing the largest collection of X-linked CNVs in relation to spermatogenesis. We found 12 patient-specific deletions with potential clinical implication. Cancer Testis Antigen gene family members were the most frequently affected genes, and represent new genetic targets in relationship with altered spermatogenesis. One of the most relevant findings of our study is the significantly higher global burden of deletions in patients compared to controls due to an excessive rate of deletions/person (0.57 versus 0.21, respectively; p = 8.785×10⁻⁶) and to a higher mean sequence loss/person (11.79 Kb and 8.13 Kb, respectively; p = 3.435×10⁻⁴).

Conclusions

By the analysis of the X chromosome at the highest resolution available to date, in a large group of subjects with known sperm count we observed a deletion burden in relation to spermatogenic impairment and the lack of highly recurrent deletions on the X chromosome. We identified a number of potentially important patient-specific CNVs and candidate spermatogenesis genes, which represent novel targets for future investigations.     

复方玄驹胶囊联合枸橼酸氯米芬和维生素E治疗男性肾阳虚型不育症的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨复方玄驹胶囊联合枸橼酸氯米芬和维生素E对男性肾阳虚型不育症的治疗效果。方法：选择2017年1月-2019年12月于我院就诊并辨证为肾阳虚型男性不育症患者120例,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组。对照组58例患者给予枸椽酸氯米芬和维生素E治疗,研究组62例患者在此基础上加用复方玄驹胶囊,比较两组临床疗效、治疗前后精子形态正常率、精液量、精子密度、前向运动率、精子液化时间、睾酮(testosterone,T)、黄体生成激素(luteotropic hormone,LH)、卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulatin hormone,FSH)及雌二醇(17β-estrodiol,E2)水平的变化。结果：治疗后,研究组患者的总有效率为85.48 %,显著高于对照组(72.41 %,P＜0.05)。与治疗前相比,两组患者精子形态正常率、精液量、精子密度和前向运动率均显著升高,而精子液化时间明显缩短(P＜0.05),研究组患者精子形态正常率、精液量、精子密度和前向运动率均显著高于对照组,而精子液化时间较对照组显著缩短(P＜0.05)。与治疗前相比,两组患者血清T、LH、FSH水平显著增加,E2水平无明显变化;与对照组相比,研究组血清LH水平显著增加(P＜0.05),T和FSH水平无显著差异。结论：复方玄驹胶囊联合枸橼酸氯米芬和维生素E对男性肾阳虚型不育症患者有较好的疗效,可显著提高精子质量,改善患者生殖激素水平。     

男性精浆中IL-6 和sICAM-1 与免疫性不育的关系研究

目的:探究男性精浆中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和可溶性细胞黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)与免疫性不育的关系。方法:选择2014年6月至2015年12月我院收治不育症患者189例及100例健康体检者为研究对象,根据患者精子混合抗球蛋白反应实验(MAR)结果将不育症患者分为免疫性不育组(88例)和非免疫性不育组(101例);免疫不育组患者按照精液白细胞过氧化物酶染色情况分为免疫性阳性白细胞组(WBC≥1×10~6/mL)36例和免疫性阴性白细胞阴性组(1×10~6/m L)52例,分析并比较各组间精子质量、IL-6和sICAM-1水平。结果:免疫性不育组与非免疫性不育组患者精液精子向前运动比率、存活率均低于对照组(P0.05);免疫性不育组与非免疫性不育组精液各项参数均不存在差异(P0.05);免疫性不育组患者IL-6、sICAM-1水平均高于非免疫性不育组及对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);非免疫性不育组IL-6、sICAM-1水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。相关性分析显示,精子被Ig G黏附数比例与研究对象精液IL-6、sICAM-1水平呈正相关关系(r=0.438,0.561;P0.05);免疫性阳性白细胞组患者精液IL-6与sICAM-1水平均高于免疫性阴性白细胞组(P0.05)。结论:免疫性不育症患者精子质量下降,男性精液中IL-6和sICAM-1水平表达越高,MAR阳性率越高,男性免疫性不育发生的可能性越大。     

Detection of Y chromosome microdeletions and mitochondrial DNA mutations in male infertility patients

Infertility affects about 10-15% of all couples attempting pregnancy with infertility attributed to the male partner in approximately half of the cases. Proposed causes of male infertility include sperm motility disturbances, Y chromosome microdeletions, chromosomal abnormalities, single gene mutations, and sperm mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rearrangements. To investigate the etiology of decreased sperm fertility and motility of sperm and to develop an appropriate therapeutic strategy, the molecular basis of these defects must be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to reveal the relationships between the genetic factors including sperm mtDNA mutations, Y chromosome microdeletions, and sperm parameters that can be regarded as candidate factors for male infertility. Thirty men with a history of infertility and 30 fertile men were recruited to the study. Y chromosome microdeletions were analyzed by multiplex PCR. Mitochondrial genes ATPase6, Cytb, and ND1, were amplified by PCR and then analyzed by direct sequencing. No Y chromosome microdeletions were detected in either group. However, a total of 38 different nucleotide substitutions were identified in the examined mitochondrial genes in both groups, all of which are statistically non-significant. Fifteen substitutions caused an amino acid change and 12 were considered novel mutations. As a conclusion, mtDNA mutations and Y chromosome microdeletions in male infertility should be examined in larger numbers in order to clarify the effect of genetic factors.     

A Highlights from MBoC Selection: Deficiency in the Multicopy Sycp3-Like X-Linked Genes Slx and Slxl1 Causes Major Defects in Spermatid Differentiation

The human and mouse sex chromosomes are enriched in multicopy genes required for postmeiotic differentiation of round spermatids into sperm. The gene Sly is present in multiple copies on the mouse Y chromosome and encodes a protein that is required for the epigenetic regulation of postmeiotic sex chromosome expression. The X chromosome carries two multicopy genes related to Sly: Slx and Slxl1. Here we investigate the role of Slx/Slxl1 using transgenically-delivered small interfering RNAs to disrupt their function. We show that Slx and Slxl1 are important for normal sperm differentiation and male fertility. Slx/Slxl1 deficiency leads to delay in spermatid elongation and sperm release. A high proportion of delayed spermatids are eliminated via apoptosis, with a consequent reduced sperm count. The remaining spermatozoa are abnormal with impaired motility and fertilizing abilities. Microarray analyses reveal that Slx/Slxl1 deficiency affects the metabolic processes occurring in the spermatid cytoplasm but does not lead to a global perturbation of sex chromosome expression; this is in contrast with the effect of Sly deficiency which leads to an up-regulation of X and Y chromosome genes. This difference may be due to the fact that SLX/SLXL1 are cytoplasmic while SLY is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of spermatids.     

Sequence,expression, and chromosomal assignment of a human sperm outer dense fiber gene

Outer dense fibers (ODFs) are located on the outside of the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail and may help to maintain the passive elastic structures and elastic recoil of the sperm tail. We have identified and describe here a human gene that is homologous to the Mst(3)CGP gene family of Drosophila melanogaster and encodes an ODF protein of 241 amino acids. The transcribed region has a size of ?lkb and contains two exons of 416 bp and 406 bp, respectively, not including the 3′ untranslated region. The gene is expressed in testis but not in human spleen, kidney, or brain and resembles in this respect the expression of the Drosophila Mst(3)CGP gene family in the male germline. An antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the encoded sequence identified a protein of ? 32 kDa in an extract of human sperm flagella. By Southern-blot analyses and in situ hybridization, the ODF gene was localized to band q22 of chromosome 8. The isolation of a human gene encoding a sperm tail protein may provide the ability to identify and investigate, on the molecular level, possible reasons for human male infertility that are dependent on flagellar disturbances. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.