古尼虫草与亚香棒虫草亲缘关系初探

目的：用分子生物学方法,对古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草进行研究,对其寄主昆虫COI（cytochrome oxidase subunit I,细胞色素氧化酶亚基I）和真菌ITS（Internal Transcribed Sequence,内转录间隔区）区的基因序列进行比较,以确定两者亲缘关系。方法：在古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草性状研究的基础上,对两者来源真菌ITS区和寄主昆虫COI基因进行了PCR扩增和序列测定,对序列进行比对分析,并与GenBank核酸序列数据库中的序列进行BLAST检索比对。结果：发现古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草的来源真菌ITS区和寄主昆虫COI基因序列均有较高相似度。结论：古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草有较近的亲缘关系。     

虫草属分子系统学研究现状

近年来的分子系统学研究结果表明 ,麦角菌目 (Clavicipitales)与肉座菌目 (Hypocreales)以及虫草属[Cordyceps(Fr.)Link]与麦角菌科 (Clavicipitaceae)内的有关种属关系密切 ,但虫草属为一多系群 ,其中只有新虫草亚属的种类形成单系群。虫草属种类的进化与寄主有一定的关系 ,有关研究显示它们在亲缘关系相差很大的寄主之间多次转移。多个独立的ITS序列研究表明 ,阔孢虫草 (CordycepscrassisporaM .Zangetal.)、甘肃虫草(CordycepsgansuensisK .Y .Zhangetal.)、多轴虫草 (CordycepsmultiaxialisM .Zang&Kinjo)、尼泊尔虫草 (CordycepsnepalensisM .Zang&Kinjo)与冬虫夏草 [Cordycepssinensis(Berk.)Sacc.]为同一物种 ;RAPD和ITS序列分析还显示不同地理分布的冬虫夏草存在明显的遗传分化。分子生物学方法在确定有性型与无性型的关系上已经为多种虫草菌提供了有力的证据。本文主要对虫草属分子系统学研究现状进行了综述 ,同时就分子生物学研究中的取样问题、一些分子方法的适用范围以及有性型与无性型的关系等问题进行了讨论。     

泰山虫草子实体形态特征与rDNA变异位点分析

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对采自泰山的虫草子实体可孕部分进行形态观察,结果表明泰山虫草在子实体形态、子囊的排列方式、子囊的包埋方式、子囊壳的形态等与九州虫草完全一致。对虫草核糖体DNA的18S、28S、ITS区克隆测序,并进行序列比对后发现两种虫草的碱基差异较小,其同源性高达99%,符合种内遗传特性。结合形态学和分子生物学两方面的特征,初步推断两者可能都是九州虫草。     

古尼虫草无性型的分子鉴别

采用PCR技术,以rDNA的ITS区为分子指标,对古尼虫草Cordycepsgunnii的有性和无性阶段进行比较分析,从分子水平上证明古尼虫草的无性阶段是古尼拟青霉Paecilomycesgunnii。     

湖南中部山区虫草类型及其虫草菌的生物学特性

据资料统计,虫草属Cordyceps现知的有300余种,我国约有50多个种,多分布于长江以南的亚热带和热带地区.作者曾多次去湖南,安徽虫草产地调查,在湖南中部山地发现除巳报道的亚香棒虫草之外的另一种类型的虫草,与亚香棒虫草形态有明显区别.由于该种类子座头部极少有膨大,未见产生子囊孢子,难以鉴定出种名,现将两种虫草生物学特性作出比较,供鉴别时参考.     

湖南棒蝠蛾成虫形态研究

湖南棒蝠蛾（ＮａｐｉａｌｕｓＨｕｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＣｈｕｅｔＷａｎｇ）是亚香棒虫草的寄主昆虫,亚香棒虫草是冬虫夏草的一种,是一种具有重要开发价值的中药材。为更好地人工栽培亚香棒虫草,我们对湖南棒蝠蛾进行了长期的细致的研究,本文详细地报道了它的成虫形态特征,特别是翅斑的变化。     

陕西省野生拟黑虫草的多基因分子生物学鉴定

虫草是中国重要的生物资源,为明确从陕西省旬邑县石门山林区采集到的1种野生虫草种类及其虫生真菌(虫草菌DY6F)的分类地位,研究在利用PCR技术对该虫草子实体的核糖体内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)、延伸因子1α(elongation factor 1α,EF-1α)和RNA聚合酶Ⅱ大亚基(RNA polymeraseⅡlarge subunit, RPB1)的基因片段进行扩增与测序的基础上,分别基于这3个基因片段构建单基因系统进化树,并基于EF-1α和RPB1 2个基因联合序列构建多基因系统进化树。结果显示,该虫草子实体的这些基因序列与线虫草属拟黑虫草菌(Ophiocordyceps nigrella)的相应基因序列相似度为99%～100%,且在进化树上,二者聚于同一分支,支持率均为100%。因此,虫草菌DY6F被鉴定为拟黑虫草菌,该虫草为拟黑虫草。     

亚香棒虫草菌丝体金属硫蛋白的提纯及性质

【目的】探讨锌离子诱导亚香棒虫草(Cordyceps hawkesii)菌丝体金属硫蛋白的产生及性质。【方法】亚香棒虫草菌丝体以18 g/L Zn2+在10 L发酵罐中诱导培养64 h后收集菌丝体,产率为每升发酵液收集12.2 g菌丝体(干重),细胞破碎取上清液通过2次凝胶柱层析,冷冻干燥得到亚香棒虫草菌丝体金属硫蛋白纯品。利用考马斯亮蓝法(Bradford法)进行含量测定,用银饱和分析法结合原子吸收光谱(AAS)测定MT含量,用Ellman’s方法和火焰原子吸收法分别测得巯基含量和结合锌原子数,用电喷雾质谱仪测得分子量,全自动氨基酸分析仪测氨基酸组成。通过对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除率试验探讨亚香棒虫草金属硫蛋白的抗氧化活性。【结果】发酵终点金属硫蛋白产量为15.3 mg/g菌丝体湿重。金属硫蛋白的分子量为7 680 Da,每分子蛋白质含有18个巯基、结合4个Zn原子。氨基酸组成分析结果显示,每分子蛋白质共含60个氨基酸,其中含有15个半胱氨酸,且含有组氨酸和芳香族氨基酸。亚香棒虫草金属硫蛋白的抗氧化活性稍强于谷胱甘肽,弱于动物金属硫蛋白。【结论】亚香棒虫草在Zn2+胁迫下能够大量合成金属硫蛋白,且其金属硫蛋白的性质与哺乳动物金属硫蛋白有相似性。     

我国虫草产业发展现状、问题及展望——虫草产业发展金湖宣言

虫草是寄生于昆虫、少数真菌和植物体上的一类真菌,是广义虫草属Cordyceps s.l.真菌的总称,是具有营养、保健和医疗功效的宝贵生物资源。目前我国的虫草产业涉及了冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis、蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris、蝉花Isaria cicadae及其相关真菌,已经形成了一个巨大的产业,实现了较高的经济价值和社会效益。本文从产业发展历史、产品研发、功效及市场等方面对我国虫草产业发展现状进行了总结,结合最新科学研究进展,分析了虫草产业中存在的一些问题,提出了促进产业健康发展的建议,并对产业前景进行了展望。     

冬虫夏草的本草考证

对古代文献记载的"冬虫夏草"进行本草考证,正本溯源,古为今用,为冬虫夏草未来的研究和产业发展提供支撑。根据历代文献中记载"冬虫夏草"的特点,对冬虫夏草的名称来源、形态分布及功效等进行考证,对比冬虫夏草及其易混淆品亚香棒虫草Cordyceps hawkesii、凉山虫草Cordyceps liangshanensis、戴氏虫草Cordyceps taii,认为古代部分文献存在将混淆品记载为冬虫夏草的现象。冬虫夏草为冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis寄生在蝙蝠蛾科昆虫幼虫上所形成的药材,药用历史悠久,是其他混淆品不可替代的药用品种。     

Hyperparasitism by Mesochorus spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Peristenus sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and development of PCR primers for hyperparasitoid detection

Peristenus sp. pupae collected from Lygus spp. nymphs in 2001 and 2002 were over-wintered in the laboratory. In both years, more than 30% of adults emerging from over-wintering pupae were identified as ichneumonid hyperparasitoids, Mesochorus curvulus Thomson and Meschorus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). At the end of the over-wintering period, Peristenus sp. males emerged first followed by Peristenus sp. females and finally Mesochorus spp. The male:female ratio in emerging Peristenus sp. adults was skewed towards males. The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region and the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene from Mesochorus spp. were sequenced. ITS sequences were used to develop PCR primers to detect Mesochorus spp. hyperparasitism in the primary host, Lygus spp. PCR analysis of field-collected Lygus spp. nymphs gave similar estimates of Mesochorus spp. hyperparasitism to the rearing protocols (25–28%). Sequence analysis of COI and ITS regions and subsequent restriction endonuclease analysis of ITS PCR products from Mesochorus spp. indicate the presence of two genotypes in the population. The possibility that these two genotypes represent separate or cyrptic species is discussed.     

古尼虫草组织学研究

用光学显微镜,扫描电子显微镜对不同成熟度的古尼虫草进行了组织学观察,结果表明,古尼虫草子囊顶部有增厚的幅状结构,包囊子囊壳的菌丝致密而纤细,子座菌髓管状菌丝粗壮而疏松,形成很多的中空结构,古尼拟青霉分生孢子梗顶端膨大,形成分生孢子,分生孢子属外生芽殖型。     

Genetic variation of Cordyceps sinensis, a fruit-body-producing entomopathogenic species from different geographical regions in China

Cordyceps sinensis is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi in the Orient. It is naturally distributed in the eastern extension area of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, at an altitude over 4000 m high. In order to investigate genetic variation and evolutionary relationships of C. sinensis from different geographical regions, 17 isolates of C. sinensis were collected from different provinces and the complete sequences of rDNA ITS were determined. On the basis of 5.8S rDNA and ITS region analysis, it was clearly shown that the ITS sequences within C. sinensis are highly homologous regardless of geographical origin. The distance values between the sequences in this study were lower than 0.03. This implied that C. sinensis from different geographic regions are the same species; they are not different species or a species complex. The results also showed that distance values between C. sinensis and Hirsutella sinensis are of the same order as those within C. sinensis from different geographic regions. This confirmed our previous results that C. sinensis should only have H. sinensis as its asexual stage whatever the geographic region from which the samples were collected. An rDNA ITS clone library was established to obtain further evidence for the interpretation of the fungal community structure from C. sinensis and to confirm the accuracy of the taxonomic identities produced by directly sequencing the rDNA ITS region. The discrimination between intraspecies of C. sinensis might provide additional data for the authentication of medicinal material at the species or intraspecies level.     

人工发酵古尼虫草中甘露醇的测定

利用比色法简便、准确和快速地测定发酵生产的古尼虫草菌丝中甘露醇含量。结果表明 ,甘露醇的最大特征吸收峰在 41 2nm处 ,质量浓度在 1 0～ 5 0mg/L范围内线性较好 ,其回归方程 ρ=-0 842 +97 3 2 9A,r=0 9992 ;平均回收率 1 0 0 2 4% ,RSD =0 5 4% (n=5 )。样品中甘露醇采用水提取法 ,提取时间 2h。甘露醇显色后 2 0min内测定对结果影响不大 ,在测定时要注意排除果糖对测定结果的影响。用此法测得发酵古尼虫草菌丝体中甘露醇的含量为 7.4% ,RSD =0 .2 4% (n =6)。     

Late Pleistocene environmental changes lead to unstable demography and population divergence of Anopheles albimanus in the northern Neotropics

We investigated the historical demography of Anopheles albimanus using mosquitoes from five countries and three different DNA regions, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI), the single copy nuclear white gene and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer two (ITS2). All the molecular markers supported the taxonomic status of a single species of An. albimanus. Furthermore, agreement between the COI and the white genes suggested a scenario of Pleistocene geographic fragmentation (i.e., population contraction) and subsequent range expansion across southern Central America.     

Comparing COI and ITS as DNA barcode markers for mushrooms and allies (Agaricomycotina)

DNA barcoding is an approach to rapidly identify species using short, standard genetic markers. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) has been proposed as the universal barcode locus, but its utility for barcoding in mushrooms (ca. 20,000 species) has not been established. We succeeded in generating 167 partial COI sequences (~450 bp) representing ~100 morphospecies from ~650 collections of Agaricomycotina using several sets of new primers. Large introns (~1500 bp) at variable locations were detected in ~5% of the sequences we obtained. We suspect that widespread presence of large introns is responsible for our low PCR success (~30%) with this locus. We also sequenced the nuclear internal transcribed spacer rDNA regions (ITS) to compare with COI. Among the small proportion of taxa for which COI could be sequenced, COI and ITS perform similarly as a barcode. However, in a densely sampled set of closely related taxa, COI was less divergent than ITS and failed to distinguish all terminal clades. Given our results and the wealth of ITS data already available in public databases, we recommend that COI be abandoned in favor of ITS as the primary DNA barcode locus in mushrooms.     

Evolutionary dynamics of multiple group I introns in nuclear ribosomal RNA genes of endoparasitic fungi of the genus Cordyceps

A large number of group I introns were discovered in coding regions of small and large subunits of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA) in ascomycetous fungi of the genus CORDYCEPS: From 28 representatives of the genus, we identified in total 69 group I introns which were inserted at any of four specific sites in SSU rDNA and four specific sites in LSU rDNA. These group I introns reached sizes of up to 510 bp, occurred in up to eight sites in the same organism, and belonged to either subgroup IB3 or subgroup IC1 based on their sequence and structure. Introns inserted at the same site were closely related to each other among Cordyceps fungi, whereas introns inserted at different sites were phylogenetically distinct even in the same species. Mapped on the host phylogeny, the group I introns were generally not restricted to a particular lineage, but, rather, widely and sporadically distributed among distinct lineages. When the phylogenetic relationships of introns inserted at the same site were compared with the phylogeny of their hosts, the topologies were generally significantly congruent to each other. From these results, the evolutionary dynamics of multiple group I introns in Cordyceps fungi was inferred as follows: (1) most of the group I introns were already present at the eight sites in SSU and LSU rDNAs of the ancestor of the genus Cordyceps; (2) the introns have principally been immobile and vertically transmitted throughout speciation and diversification of Cordyceps fungi, which resulted in the phylogenetic congruence between the introns at the same site and their hosts; (3) in the course of vertical transmission, the introns have repeatedly been lost in a number of lineages independently, which has led to the present sporadic phylogenetic distribution of the introns; and (4) a few acquisitions of new introns, presumably through horizontal transmission, were identified in the evolutionary history of the genus Cordyceps, while no transpositions were detected. Losses of group I introns in SSU rDNA have occurred at least 27 times in the evolutionary course of the 28 Cordyceps members.