密度制约效应对啮齿动物繁殖的影响

啮齿动物种群动态调节是生态学中关键的问题之一,它与制定鼠害防治策略密切相关。目前,国内外学者已在相关领域取得大量的研究成果。整理了密度制约效应对啮齿动物繁殖影响的文献,包括在性器官、性成熟、性周期、繁殖指数、激素和行为的调节作用,同时分析该领域的研究途径及研究前景,旨在为今后的研究提供更多的思路。     

不同干扰下阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物优势种对气候变化的响应

气候变化已对物种分布范围和丰富度产生了极大的影响。荒漠生态系统对气候变化的反应可能更加敏感。作为荒漠生态系统的重要组成者,了解荒漠啮齿动物特别是优势鼠种将对气候变化如何响应,对于荒漠地区生物多样性的维持将具有重要意义。2002—2010年,采用标志重捕法对阿拉善荒漠4种不同生境下啮齿动物优势种群进行了研究,分别利用Spearman相关分析以及典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence analysis,CCA)对啮齿动物优势种群动态与年平均温度和年降水量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,不同啮齿动物优势种对温度和降雨的响应不同,尤其以子午沙鼠表现最为显著。跳鼠对温度的适宜性要高于仓鼠科的子午沙鼠和黑线仓鼠,而仓鼠科啮齿动物对降雨的适宜性高于跳鼠。较小尺度上的人为干扰更可能从改变食性和生境的途径上加剧或缓冲降雨对荒漠啮齿动物优势种的影响,而不是改变温度对啮齿动物的作用。     

植食性啮齿动物食性的显微组织学分析法

目前国内研究植食性啮齿动物食性的方法主要有实验室笼养选食试验、野外直接观察其取食活动(如野外扣笼观察法),和分析洞口食物掉落物等。通过野外观察取食活动或分析洞口食物掉落物,研究啮齿动物的食性受到许多限制,难以准确地确定动物的取食植物种及各种食物的量。笼养选食试验是在各种供选植物具有相同可利用性的情况下进行的。它的结果主要是表明各种植物适口性的高低,而不能客     

有蹄类食性研究方法及研究进展

国内外有蹄类食性的研究方法主要有直接观察法、利用法、胃分析法和粪便显微分析法。近年来 ,粪样 DNA分析技术逐渐运用到对动物食性的判定上 ,其中粪便显微分析法是近 2 0年来国内研究有蹄类食性的最主要方法。对这些方法的优势和局限性进行了评价 ,并简述了国内外有蹄类食性研究进展和发展趋势     

穴居啮齿动物震动信号的意义及研究展望

穴居啮齿动物一般生活在黑暗、复杂的地下洞道环境中。营地下生活的特殊栖息环境使其进化出了与环境相适应的震动通讯,用来实现个体或社群间的信息联系。震动通讯是动物界中一种独特的信息传递方式,穴居啮齿动物的震动通讯已成为行为生态学研究的热点之一。了解震动信号发生和接收的部位、特征及其生物学意义,对于完善和发展穴居啮齿动物基础研究具有重大意义。但是,对于穴居啮齿动物来说,其独特的地下栖息生活方式增加了解读震动信号的难度。这些挑战导致穴居啮齿动物震动通讯方面研究进展缓慢、科研文章较少。本文在查阅国内外穴居啮齿动物震动通讯研究文献的基础上,分别从具有震动通讯特征的穴居啮齿动物种类、分布,震动信号发生和接收部位,震动信号的作用以及研究方法等方面进行了概述,并展望了震动信号在鼠害防控、医疗等领域应用的可能性。本文旨在为今后研究穴居啮齿动物震动通讯提供参考。     

地下啮齿动物栖息环境及其生存策略研究

地下啮齿动物一般生活在黑暗、低氧、高二氧化碳、高湿的环境中,这种独特的栖息环境以及地下啮齿动物与之相适应的形态、行为等特征已成为生态学研究的热点之一。由于地下啮齿动物长期营地下生活,增加了对其栖息环境和生存策略的研究难度,相关的文献报道较少。为全面了解当前地下啮齿动物栖息环境方面的研究进展,本文综述了国内外有关地下啮齿动物的生存环境和生存策略方面的研究,旨在为今后探索地下啮齿动物生存环境及其对环境的适应能力、控制地下啮齿动物危害及保护草地生物多样性提供参考依据。     

达乌尔鼠兔的贮草选择与其栖息地植物群落的关系

啮齿动物是草原生态系统中一类重要的消费者,其食物选择以及食物资源的种间分配格局均与系统中物质,能量的流通有密切关系。因此,有关啮齿动物的食性及其适应问题,在生态系统的功能研究中亦受到广泛重视。     

地下啮齿动物扩散研究的现状、挑战及展望

地下啮齿动物由于其独特的栖息环境,在农田、森林和草原生态系统中占有重要的位置。地下啮齿动物繁殖、选择栖息地以及危害环境与其扩散密切相关。扩散是动物扩大分布区域,进行基因交流和促进生物进化的重要机制。研究地下啮齿动物扩散对控制危害和保护生物多样性有着重要意义。但是,地下啮齿动物栖息于地下,对研究扩散增加了难度。本文根据目前国内外已有的部分地下啮齿动物扩散研究,评述了发生扩散的原因,扩散的群体,扩散的时间以及扩散的方式等内容,并展望了新技术和新方法对研究地下啮齿动物扩散的可能性,以期为研究高原鼢鼠扩散提供理论参考和技术借鉴。     

药（毒）物对尸食性蝇类生长发育影响的研究进展

药（毒）物对尸食性蝇类生长发育影响是法医昆虫毒理学领域里一个十分重要的研究方向,其研究结果可对与药（毒）物相关死亡案件的死亡时间作出修正。随着近年来全球毒品及药物滥用情况的日趋严重,其所导致的死亡案件也越来越多。这类案件常常需要应用尸食性蝇类生长发育历期来推算死后经历时间（postmortem interval, PMI）。为了阐明该领域的研究进展以及未来研究的焦点和难点,本文在阐述法医昆虫毒理学概念和特点的基础上,按照不同的药（毒）物分类,对近年来药（毒）物对尸食性蝇类生长发育影响在国内外的研究进展进行了综述。研究表明,某些药（毒）物对尸食性蝇类生长发育具有一定的影响,且这种影响存在种属差异。目前,该领域的研究尚限于宏观现象观察阶段,其研究范围在不断拓宽,既有的研究也在进一步深化,但还有许多问题有待进一步探讨。     

DNA宏条形码技术在食草动物食性研究中的应用

随着测序技术的快速发展,整合DNA条形码和高通量测序的DNA宏条形码技术已经成为当前研究热点之一,在食草动物的食性鉴定中有很大潜力。放牧动物食性研究是动物营养学和草地生态学领域的重要研究内容。而与传统食性研究方法相比,宏条形码技术可通过对植物DNA条形码的高通量测序,获得样本中的物种组成进而分析动物食性。介绍了传统食性分析手段的局限,重点综述了DNA宏条形码技术的产生、操作原理以及在食草类动物食性鉴定领域中的应用,同时还简述了可能存在的挑战,并对该技术今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

Approaches to trophic analysis of paleocommunities

Trophic analysis of communities consists of three methods: (1) measuring energy flow, (2) reconstructing food chains. and (3) describing feeding habit - substrate niche patterns. The latter two methods are useful in interpreting evolutionary patterns and depositional environments of paleocommunities. Because the preserved trophic structure may differ significantly from the actual structure. each study must test the hypothesis that preserved trophic structure is related to the environment. Analysis of several modem marine communities shows that their 'preserved' structure would not differ greatly from the actual structure. A comparison of some Holocene communities with Tertiary and Cretaceous communities shows that some communities from comparable environments have distinct feeding habit-substrate niche patterns. Differences can be explained by the evolutionary stage of the biosphere. Trophic structure seems to be partly related to over-all environmental stability, to food resources, and to substrate type.     

Evolutionary relationships among food habit, loss of flight, and reproductive traits: life-history evolution in the Silphinae (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Flightlessness in insects is generally thought to have evolved due to changes in habitat environment or habitat isolation. Loss of flight may have changed reproductive traits in insects, but very few attempts have been made to assess evolutionary relationships between flight and reproductive traits in a group of related species. We elucidated the evolutionary history of flight loss and its relationship to evolution in food habit, relative reproductive investment, and egg size in the Silphinae (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Most flight-capable species in this group feed primarily on vertebrate carcasses, whereas flightless or flight-dimorphic species feed primarily on soil invertebrates. Ancestral state reconstruction based on our newly constructed molecular phylogenetic tree implied that flight muscle degeneration occurred twice in association with food habit changes from necrophagy to predatory, suggesting that flight loss could evolve independently from changes in the environmental circumstances per se. We found that total egg production increased with flight loss. We also found that egg size increased with decreased egg number following food habit changes in the lineage leading to predaceous species, suggesting that selection for larger larvae intensified with the food habit change. This correlated evolution has shaped diverse life-history patterns among extant species of Silphinae.     

An epidemiological study on relationship between the hours of sleep and life style factors in Japanese factory workers

To prevent "life style-related diseases", it is necessary to evaluate not only the factors directly related to sleep but also the relationship between sleep and other life style-related factors (such as smoking, alcohol drinking, food habits, and exercise routines). There have been no extensive studies conducted on these relationships. A survey was conducted on 2,000 employees of a large plant over a 6-year period to provide data that would allow one to analyze correlation between hours of sleep and other life style factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary habit, and exercise. It focused on a serial evaluation, with special reference to the correlation between sleep and smoking and drinking habits, exercise, and food habits. In relation to smoking or an alcohol drinking habit, no significant correlation was found between those who did not get enough sleep and those who got adequate sleep. For the dietary habits, the group with insufficient hours of sleep was related to a less than satisfactory frequency of meal taking, irregularity of eating, snacking habits, excessive seasoning of food, and consumption of insufficient quantities of vegetables. Conversely, it was recognized that those who have satisfactory food habits are more likely to enjoy an appropriate amount of sleep. Those who fail to get sufficient sleep engage in food habits that are more likely to cause life style-related diseases.     

内蒙古库布齐沙地黑线仓鼠食物构成的季节变化

黑线仓鼠 (Ｃｒｉｃｅｔｕｌｕｓｂａｒａｂｅｎｓｉｓ)是广泛分布于我国华北和中原地区草原、农田的一种农牧业害鼠[8] ,在这些生境中 ,其食物以各种农作物和牧草种子为主 ,并取食大量昆虫[1,3 ,5,6 ] 。在鄂尔多斯高原库布齐沙地环境中 ,由于该种耐受高温环境的能力相对较低 ,仅分布在郁蔽程度较高的固定沙地和农田。研究表明 ,本地区该种的数量近年呈上升趋势[2 ] 。结合研究其数量变动规律 ,我们于 1996年 4～ 10月对其食物构成的季节变化进行了研究 ,以分析其生态适应对策。1　研究方法研究点设在库布齐沙地东段的中国农业科学院草原研…     

Food habit of the juvenile of the Japanese newt Cynops pyrrhogaster

The previous study showed that the red coloration of the ventral skin of the Japanese newt Cynops pyrrhogaster was associated with the number of carotenoid vesicles and the content of carotenoid in the pigment cell of the skin. To elucidate the mechanism for the red coloration of the skin of the newt, we studied the food habit of the juvenile from the Japanese newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. Sixty-two juveniles were collected in Fukue Island in Nagasaki Prefecture from November 2000 to May 2002 and divided into 2 groups according to the snout-vent length (SVL). Over 400 prey animals were obtained from the juveniles by stomach flushing. In the larger group (SVL>30.0mm), Collembola (45.4%) and Acari (12.6%), which are very common species of soil animals, were the prey animals dominant in number. In the group with the smaller SVL (<29.9mm), Collembola (30.4%) and Acari (25.4%) were in number as well. We also studied the food habit of the Japanese clouded salamander, Hynobius nebulosus. In the salamander, Doratodesmidae (56.5%) and Amphipoda (13%) were the prey animals dominant in number. Our results, taken together, suggest that the Japanese juvenile C. pyrrhogaster does not change its food habit as it grows, and that it eats soil animals common in its habitat. Moreover, the food habit of juvenile C. pyrrhogaster differs from that of H. nebulosus, although the juveniles of both species live in the same area.     

Functional morphology of the cranio‐mandibular complex of the Guira cuckoo (Aves)

The cranio‐mandibular complex is an important structure involved in food capture and processing. Its morphology is related to the nature of the food item. Jaw muscles enable the motion of this complex and their study is essential for functional and evolutionary analysis. The present study compares available behavioral and dietary data obtained from the literature with novel results from functional morphological analyses of the cranio‐mandibular complex of the Guira cuckoo (Guira guira) to understand its relationship with the zoophagous trophic habit of this species. The bite force was estimated based on muscle dissections, measurements of the physiological cross‐sectional area, and biomechanical modeling of the skull. The results were compared with the available functional morphological data for other birds. The standardized bite force of G. guira is higher than predicted for exclusively zoophagous birds, but lower than for granivorous and/or omnivorous birds. Guira guira possesses the generalized jaw muscular system of neognathous birds, but some features can be related to its trophic habit. The external adductor muscles act mainly during food item processing and multiple aspects of this muscle group are interpreted to increase bite force, that is, their high values of muscle mass, their mechanical advantage (MA), and their perpendicular orientation when the beak is closed. The m. depressor mandibulae and the m. pterygoideus dorsalis et ventralis are interpreted to prioritize speed of action (low MA values), being most important during prey capture. The supposed ecological significance of these traits is the potential to widen the range of prey size that can be processed and the possibility of rapidly capturing agile prey through changes in the leverage of the muscles involved in opening and closing of the bill. This contributes to the trophic versatility of the species and its ability to thrive in different habitats, including urban areas.     

基于稳定同位素技术的保安湖食物网结构特征研究

文章利用碳、氮稳定同位素技术对江湖阻隔典型湖泊-保安湖的食物网结构进行了研究。结果表明保安湖中鱼类消费者的主要营养级范围为2.1—3.3, 在调查到的16种鱼类中, 顶级肉食性鱼类种类很少, 杂食性鱼类的种类最多。保安湖食物网主要由两条营养传递途径构成, 即由POM、浮游植物为主要食物源的浮游牧食链与沉积物为主要食物源的底栖食物链。POM、浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物是保安湖水域食物网中鱼类的主要食物来源, 其次是沉积物中的碎屑和水生植物等。此外, 从基于理论食性数据的食物网与BIMM模型预测的食物网结构可以看出, 从POM、浮游植物、浮游动物到杂食性鱼类的浮游牧食链在整个食物网中具有主导性, 而从水生植物、沉积物和底栖动物到杂食性鱼类的底栖食物链相对重要性较低。     

苏州地区金线蛙食性的初步研究

金线蛙各月份的食性分析表明,成蛙以捕食昆虫为主,首食种类是水生动物中的负子昃、螺、虾等,摄食种类变化主要与生境及生长发育相关。     

新疆干旱环境中褐家鼠消化道长度和重量的季节变化及其适应意义

动物消化道的形态与食性、食物质量以及动物对能量的需求密切关系。本文对新疆干旱环境中生存的褐家鼠在自然环境中消化道长度及重量进行了测定,结果表明,家栖的褐家鼠只有总消化道、小肠和大肠的长度有季节差异,冬、春季高于夏、秋季。同时发现捕自阿拉山口的褐家鼠胃长度和干重有季节差异。