蟾蜍横纹肌在硫脲作用下兴奋和收缩的分离

蟾蜍缝匠肌在含0.7M 硫脲的任氏溶液中浸泡后,丧失对直接刺激作电反应和机械反应的能力。将肌肉放回正常任氏溶液后,电反应能力能逐渐恢复,而机械反应能力则不能,由此可以得到表现兴奋与收缩分离的肌肉标本。硫脲不仅能使活的肌肉失去收缩能力,还能使经甘油抽提过的肌纤维束不可逆地丧失因三磷酸腺苷作用而缩短的能力。经甘油抽提的肌纤维束因三磷酸腺苷的作用而缩短后,可因再用硫脲溶液处理而伸长。以上这些结果指示硫脲对肌肉收缩能力的影响是对收缩蛋白体系直接作用的结果。肌纤维经硫脲处理后膜电位下降,动作电位振幅减低,时程变慢,膜电阻和膜电容都减小。硫脲对神经肌肉接头传递也能产生可逆的阻滞。     

“冯氏效应”简介

“冯氏效应”(Feng effect)是我国著名生理学家冯德培1932年在英国发现的蛙的肌肉因拉长而使静息代谢明显增加的现象,当时冯德培本人称之为引张反应(Stretch response)以后被波兰的肌肉化学家帕尔纳斯(J.K.Parnas)称为“冯氏效应”。冯德培于1930年夏天到伦敦大学学院生理生化系诺贝尔奖金获得者希尔(A.V.Hill)的实验室做博士研究生,主要研究肌肉和神经的放热问题。由于希尔领导的实验室在二十年代中期即制成由热电堆和灵敏电流计组成的测热仪器,因为在技术上使测量肌肉甚至神经的微量放热有可能得到准确的结果。肌肉的特殊功能是收缩,要了解肌肉在静息时和收缩时的     

川楝素突触前阻遏作用的电生理学分析

利用微电极技术在大鼠膈神经膈肌标本上观察了川楝素对神经肌肉传递的作用,并将所获结果与某些突触前阻遏剂如肉毒和β-银环蛇毒素等的作用进行了比较。(1)在川楝素作用下,间接刺激不能诱起肌肉收缩时,于终板区可记录到终板电位。此时串刺激可诱起一串振幅大小变化无规律的终板电位。(2)川楝素对终板电位和终板电位量子含量的影响是在使之逐渐下降之前有一暂时的升高。(3)小终板电位的发放最终可完全被川楝素所阻断,但在消失前其发放频率长时间维持高于对照,刺激神经使小终板电位发放频率的下降加速。(4)某些神经肌肉传递易化药物如Ca~( )、盐酸胍和4-氨基吡啶也有对抗川楝素的作用,如4-氨基吡啶可明显增大川楝素中毒接头的终板电位的振幅和量子含量,有时甚至恢复肌肉对间接刺激的收缩反应.     

弥猴单侧软腭肌肉对针式电极刺激的反应

目的建立针电极口内刺激猴软腭肌肉诱发腭咽闭合运动的模式,取得软腭肌肉运动的有效刺激数值,为软腭肌肉功能重建奠定基础。方法通过解剖成年猕猴软腭的五组肌肉,确定其体表位置;利用实验动物用腭部肌肉电极定位刺激器及针式电极对软腭肌肉进行有效刺激;结合鼻咽纤维镜、头颅侧位X片及软腭造影技术观察、记录肌肉收缩及腭咽闭合动作。结果在猕猴口内定位目标肌肉进行针电极刺激可诱发肌肉收缩。刺激电压为3 V、刺激频率为20 Hz时均能诱发单侧软腭肌肉的有效收缩;单侧腭帆提肌在刺激电压为5 V、20 Hz时可发生腭咽闭合动作。咽腭肌、舌腭肌在刺激电压5 V、刺激频率100 Hz时发生软腭下降动作。腭帆张肌仅发生收缩,而未发生腭咽闭合。应用鼻咽纤维镜和X线成像技术配合能记录腭咽闭合动作。结论弥猴可作为研究软腭肌肉运动模式的实验动物。应用电极刺激软腭肌肉,可初步建立腭咽闭合的动作模式。     

刺激频率、温度、钙离子对川楝素阻遏接头传递作用的影响

利用大白鼠离体膈神经膈肌标本,以肌肉对间接刺激的收缩反应为指标,观察了不同浓度川楝素、不同刺激频率、温度以及溶液中钙离子浓度等对川楝素阻遏作用的影响,主要结果如下: 1.川楝素的神经肌肉阻遏作用同温度和浓度有关。温度系数(Q_(10))(?)3.5,麻痹时间(?)K/(川楝素浓度)~(1/4)。 2.增加间接刺激频率,提高溶液中的钙离子浓度使肌肉麻痹加速;缺Ca~(++)或不施予刺激麻痹延缓,但不能阻止麻痹的最终发生。 3.川楝素引起的神经肌肉阻遏不能用冲洗解除,加药5分钟后便洗去川楝素,300分钟后仍出现神经肌肉传递阻遏。 4.在川楝素作用下肌肉逐渐不能对间接强直刺激维持强直收缩,并由强直后容易化转化为强直后抑制。     

基于光学相干检测的非接触式光声多普勒流速仪

在临床应用中,许多患处血液流速的测量都需要在无菌操作下进行。而传统的基于超声换能器实现的光声流速测量方式都需要在检测区域与探头之间填充超声耦合介质,从而无法实现无菌操作,限制了这种检测方式在临床上的应用。本文报道了一种非接触式光声多普勒流速仪,利用低相干的麦克尔逊干涉仪探测光声信号实现了流速测量。与超声探头为探测装置的光声多普勒血流仪相比,该方法可以实现非接触式的光声流速测量。在模拟血液样品实验中,定量的测量了横向流速,其速度范围在0. 2-3 mm/s,同时获得了截面流速图像。另外,活体小鼠耳部流速图像证明了该方法可以非接触、定量的测量血流信息。     

滑行学说解释肌肉收缩机制一疑

阐述了滑行学说解释肌肉收缩过程的基本要点,并就一块肌肉中许多肌小节如何实现同时收缩的问题,进行了初步探讨。     

鱼类肌肉组织发生和分化相关基因的研究进展

鱼类骨骼肌由两种分布位置不同的肌纤维组成,一种是位于皮下浅层的慢收缩红肌纤维,另一种是构成躯体绝大部分的快收缩白肌纤维.肌肉组织中含有多种不同类型的蛋白质如具有收缩功能的结构蛋白,可溶性的肌肉蛋白及肌肉特异性的转录因子等,这些所有的肌源蛋白的产生都经过了复杂的肌肉发生与分化过程.基于相关研究近况,分析了多种转录因子的正、负向调控对肌肉分化发育的影响,同时讨论了研究此调控过程的理论价值及未来应用意义.     

横纹肌肌丝的分子装配和肌丝滑动的机制

心肌的周期性收缩驱动血液循环,骨骼肌的收缩引起各种躯体运动。肌肉收缩是动物生命活动的前提,是动物与植物区别的重要标志,也是人类认识和改造世界的条件。肌肉收缩的机制始终是医学生理学关注的课题,是分子生物学的研究对象,搞清肌肉收缩的机制,将为有效地诊断治疗心肌和骨骼肌的疾病奠定可靠的基础,并为人工心脏和人工肌肉的制造提供线索。     

内质网应激在骨骼肌生理及病理中的功能研究进展

骨骼肌拥有高度发达的内质网,又被称为肌浆网,不仅可以作为钙泵完成肌肉的兴奋收缩偶联反应,还可对各种生理或病理性刺激迅速做出反应,通过内质网应激反应,激活下游信号通路,赋予骨骼肌应对外界或内在刺激的能力。因此,骨骼肌内丰富的内质网是骨骼肌具有高度可塑性的细胞学基础。大量研究表明,内质网应激广泛参与了骨骼肌的生理和病理进程,本文就内质网应激在骨骼肌成肌分化、萎缩和运动的作用进行了综述。     

High frequency vibration conditioning stimulation centrally reduces myoelectrical manifestation of fatigue in healthy subjects

ObjectiveVibration conditioning has been adopted as a tool to improve muscle force and reduce fatigue onset in various rehabilitation settings. This study was designed to asses if high frequency vibration can induce some conditioning effects detectable in surface EMG (sEMG) signal; and whether these effects are central or peripheral in origin.Design300 Hz vibration was applied for 30 min during 5 consecutive days, to the right biceps brachii muscle of 10 healthy males aged from 25 to 50 years. sEMG was recorded with a 16 electrode linear array placed on the skin overlying the vibrated muscle. The test protocol consisted of 30% and 60% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) as well as involuntary (electrically elicited) contractions before and after treatment.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between PRE and POST vibration conditioning when involuntary stimulus-evoked contraction and 30% MVC were used. Significant differences in the initial values and rates of change of muscle fibre conduction velocity were found only at 60% MVC.Conclusions300 Hz vibration did not induce any peripheral changes as demonstrated by the lack of differences when fatigue was electrically induced. Differences were found only when the muscle was voluntarily fatigued at 60% MVC suggesting a modification in the centrally driven motor unit recruitment order, and interpreted as an adaptive response to the reiteration of the vibratory conditioning.     

Difference in aftereffects following prolonged Achilles tendon vibration on muscle activity during maximal voluntary contraction among plantar flexor synergists.

It has been suggested that a suppression of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) induced by prolonged vibration is due to an attenuation of Ia afferent activity. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that aftereffects following prolonged vibration on muscle activity during MVC differ among plantar flexor synergists owing to a supposed difference in muscle fiber composition. The plantar flexion MVC torque and surface electromyogram (EMG) of the medial head of gastrocnemius (MG), the lateral head of gastrocnemius (LG), and the soleus (Sol) were recorded in 13 subjects before and after prolonged vibration applied to the Achilles tendon at 100 Hz for 30 min. The maximal H reflexes and M waves were also determined from the three muscles, and the ratio between H reflexes and M waves (H/Mmax) was calculated before and after the vibration. The MVC torque was decreased by 16.6 +/- 3.7% after the vibration (P < 0.05; ANOVA). The H/Mmax also decreased for all three muscles, indicating that Ia afferent activity was successfully attenuated by the vibration in all plantar flexors. However, a reduction of EMG during MVC was observed only in MG (12.7 +/- 4.0%) and LG (11.4 +/- 3.9%) (P < 0.05; ANOVA), not in Sol (3.4 +/- 3.0%). These results demonstrated that prolonged vibration-induced MVC suppression was attributable mainly to the reduction of muscle activity in MG and LG, both of which have a larger proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers than Sol. This finding suggests that Ia-afferent activity that reinforces the recruitment of high-threshold motor units is necessary to enhance force exertion during MVC.     

Paraspinal muscle vibration alters dynamic motion of the trunk

Loss in dynamic stability of the low back has been identified as a potential factor in the etiology of low back injuries. A number of factors are important in the ability of a person to maintain an upright trunk posture including the preparatory stiffness of the trunk and the magnitude and timing of the neuromotor response. A neuromotor response requires appropriate sensing of joint motion. In this research, the role of this sensory ability in dynamic performance of the trunk was examined using a simple pendulum model of the trunk with neuromotor feedback. An increased sensory threshold was found to lead to increased torso flexion and increased delay in neuromotor response. This was confirmed experimentally using paraspinal muscle vibration which is known to alter proprioception of the muscle spindle organs. Before, during and after exposure to bilateral, paraspinal muscle vibration for 20 minutes, the dynamic response of subjects to an unexpected torso flexion load was examined. Subjects were found to have a 19.5% slower time to peak muscle activity and a 16.1% greater torso flexion during exposure to paraspinal muscle vibration. Torso flexion remained significantly increased after vibration exposure relative to before exposure. These results suggest that the neuromotor response plays an important role in trunk dynamics. Loss in sensitivity of the sensory system can have a detrimental effect on trunk dynamics, increasing delays in neuromotor response and increasing the motion of the trunk in response to an unexpected load.     

Decrease in maximal voluntary contraction by tonic vibration applied to a single synergist muscle in humans.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of prolonged tonic vibration applied to a single synergist muscle on maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and maximal rate of force development (dF/dt(max)). The knee extension MVC force and surface electromyogram (EMG) from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) during MVC were recorded before and after vibration of RF muscle at 30 Hz for 30 min. MVC, dF/dt(max), and the integrated EMG (iEMG) of RF decreased significantly after prolonged tonic vibration in spite of no changes in iEMG of VL and VM. The present results indicate that MVC and dF/dt(max) may be influenced by the attenuated Ia afferent functions of a single synergist muscle.     

Daily muscle vibration amelioration of neural impairments of the soleus muscle during 2 weeks of immobilization

V-wave, F wave and H-reflex responses of soleus were used to determine neural adaptations to 2-week immobilization and whether muscle vibration intervention during immobilization would attenuate the negative adaptations induced by immobilization. Thirty subjects were divided into the ankle immobilization group and the immobilization with muscle vibration group. Mechanical vibrations with constant low amplitude (0.3 mm) were applied (12 × 4 min daily) with a constant frequency of 100 Hz on the soleus muscle of the subjects in vibration group during the ankle immobilization period. Soleus maximal M-wave (Mmax) and H-reflex (Hmax) were evoked at rest. F-wave was recorded by supramaximal stimulation delivered at rest and V-wave during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). The EMG during MVC was represented by its root-mean-square (RMS) value. Each subject was examined before and after 2 weeks of immobilization. Results showed that following 2 weeks of immobilization, Mmax, Hmax and F wave all did not change with immobilization in either group (P > 0.05). After 2 weeks of immobilization, significant reductions in V/Mmax (of 30.78%) (P < 0.01) and EMG RMS (24.82%) (P < 0.001) were found in the immobilization group. However, no significant changes occurred in the immobilization with muscle vibration group. Such findings suggested that 2 weeks of immobilization resulted in neural impairments as evidenced by the reduction in EMG and V wave, and that such decrease was prevented by the intervention of muscle vibration during the immobilization period.     

Impact of the EMG normalization method on muscle activation and the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index during active elbow extension: Practical implications for post-stroke subjects

Electromyographic (EMG) raw signals are sensitive to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Consequently, EMG normalization is required to draw proper interpretations of standardized data. Specific recommendations are needed regarding a relevant EMG normalization method for participants who show atypical EMG patterns, such as post-stroke subjects. This study compared three EMG normalization methods (“isometric MVC”, “isokinetic MVC”, “isokinetic MVC kinematic-related”) on muscle activations and the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index. Fifteen post-stroke subjects and fifteen healthy controls performed active elbow extensions, followed by isometric and isokinetic maximum voluntary contractions (MVC). Muscle activations were obtained by normalizing EMG envelopes during active movement using a reference value determined for each EMG normalization method. The results showed no significant difference between the three EMG normalization methods in post-stroke subjects on muscle activation and the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index. We highlighted that the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index could underestimate the antagonist co-contraction in the presence of atypical EMG patterns. Based on its practicality and feasibility, we recommend the use of isometric MVC as a relevant procedure for EMG normalization in post-stroke subjects. We suggest combined analysis of the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index and agonist and antagonist activations to properly investigate antagonist co-contraction in the presence of atypical EMG patterns during movement.     

The muscle sound properties of different muscle fiber types during voluntary and electrically induced contractions.

Soundmyogram (SMG) and electromyogram signals were recorded simultaneously from the relatively fast medial gastrocnemius (MG) and slow soleus (SOL) during voluntary and electrically induced contractions. Using a spike-triggered averaging technique, the averaged elementary sound and corresponding MU spikes were also obtained from about 35 different MUs identified. The rms-SMG of MG increased as a function of force (P < 0.01). On the contrary, these values for SOL increased up to 60% MVC (P < 0.01), but decreased at 80% MVC. The relationship between the peak to peak amplitude of SMG and MU spike indicated significant positive correlations (r = 0.631 to approximately 0.657, P < 0.01). During electrical stimulation at 5 Hz, the SMG power spectral peak frequency (PF) was matched with stimulation frequency in both muscles. At higher stimulation frequencies, e.g., > 15 Hz, only in the MG was SMG-PF synchronized with stimulation frequency; the slow SOL did not show such synchronization. Our data suggest that the SMG frequency components might reflect active motor unit firing rates, and that the SMG amplitude depends upon mechanical properties of contraction, muscle fiber composition, and firing rate during voluntary and electrically induced contractions.     

Effects of isokinetic training of the knee extensors on isometric strength and peak power output during cycling

Isokinetic training of right and left quadriceps femoris was undertaken three times per week for 16 weeks. One group of subjects (n = 13) trained at an angular velocity of 4.19 rad.s-1 and a second group (n = 10) at 1.05 rad.s-1. A control group (n = 10) performed no training. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the quadriceps, and peak pedal velocity nu p,peak) and peak power output (Wpeak) during all-out cycling (against loads equivalent to 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14% MVC) were assessed before and after training. The two training groups did not differ significantly from each other in their training response to any of the performance variables (P > 0.05). No significant difference in MVC was observed for any group after the 16-week period (P = 0.167). The post-training increases in average Wpeak (7%) and nu p,peak (6%) during the cycle tests were each significantly different from the control group response (P = 0.018 and P = 0.008, respectively). It is concluded that 16 weeks of isokinetic strength training of the knee extensors is able to significantly improve nu p, peak and Wpeak during spring cycling, an activity which demands considerable involvement of the trained muscle group but with its own distinct pattern of coordination.     

Mechanomyographic amplitude and mean power frequency versus torque relationships during isokinetic and isometric muscle actions of the biceps brachii.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) versus torque (or force) relationships during isokinetic and isometric muscle actions of the biceps brachii. Ten adults (mean +/- SD age = 21.6 +/- 1.7 years) performed submaximal to maximal isokinetic and isometric muscle actions of the dominant forearm flexors. Following determination of isokinetic peak torque (PT) and the isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), the subjects randomly performed submaximal step muscle actions in 10% increments from 10% to 90% PT and MVC. Polynomial regression analyses indicated that MMG amplitude increased linearly with torque during both the isokinetic (r2 = 0.982) and isometric (r2 = 0.956) muscle actions. From 80% to 100% of isometric MVC, however, MMG amplitude appeared to plateau. Cubic models provided the best fit for the MMG MPF versus isokinetic (R2 = 0.786) and isometric (R2 = 0.940) torque relationships, although no significant increase in MMG MPF was found from 10% to 100% of isokinetic PT. For the isometric muscle actions, however, MMG MPF remained relatively stable from 10% to 50% MVC, increased from 50% to 80% MVC, and decreased from 80% to 100% MVC. The results demonstrated differences in the MMG amplitude and MPF versus torque relationships between the isokinetic and isometric muscle actions. These findings suggested that the time and frequency domains of the MMG signal may be useful for describing the unique motor control strategies that modulate dynamic versus isometric torque production.     

Muscle tension increases impact force but decreases energy absorption and pain during visco-elastic impacts to human thighs

Despite uncertainty of its exact role, muscle tension has shown an ability to alter human biomechanical response and may have the ability to reduce impact injury severity. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of muscle tension on human impact response in terms of force and energy absorbed and the subjects’ perceptions of pain. Seven male martial artists had a 3.9 kg medicine ball dropped vertically from seven different heights, 1.0–1.6 m in equal increments, onto their right thigh. Subjects were instructed to either relax or tense the quadriceps via knee extension (≥60% MVC) prior to each impact. F-scan pressure insoles sampling at 500 Hz recorded impact force and video was recorded at 1000 Hz to determine energy loss from the medicine ball during impact. Across all impacts force was 11% higher, energy absorption was 15% lower and time to peak force was 11% lower whilst perceived impact intensity was significantly lower when tensed. Whether muscle is tensed or not had a significant and meaningful effect on perceived discomfort. However, it did not relate to impact force between conditions and so tensing may alter localised injury risk during human on human type impacts.