重离子辐射诱导玉米突变体I478的特性研究

通过田间试验,对玉米自交系掖478和经重离子辐射掖478干种子所获得的突变体1478的主要农艺性状和配合力进行了比较分析,结果表明：（1）1478植株形态发生明显改变,主要表现出株高、穗位高显著增加,气生根颜色发生改变;（2）1478的果穗性状总体变好,果穗长度、行粒数、穗粒数、穗粒重等性状极显著优于自交系掖478,但其果穗穗行数显著少于自交系掖478;（3）1478的主要生育时期如抽雄期、开花期、成熟期显著迟于自交系掖478;（4）自交系掖478配制组合的穗行数、穗粗、出籽率的平均值大于突变体1478配制组合的相应性状的平均值,突变体1478配制组合的单穗重、穗长、行粒数、百粒重、秃顶长度大于自交系掖478配制组合的相应性状的平均值。突变体1478一般配合力好,组合1478×N172单穗重量极显著高于临奥1号,单穗重量比临奥1号增加9．6％,可继续对该组合进行鉴定。     

东乡野生稻BILs群体耐低氮性表型性状指标筛选及其综合评价

为了鉴定东乡野生稻及其后代群体的耐低氮性,研究低氮和正常氮2种处理下“协青早B//东乡野生稻/协青早B”BC₁-F₁₂回交重组自交系株高、抽穗期、穗长、有效穗数、穗实粒数、穗总粒数、着粒密度、结实率、千粒重和单株产量等10个表型性状,利用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数对BILs群体的耐低氮性进行综合评价.结果表明： 株系116、143和157的耐低氮性强,可作为东乡野生稻耐低氮性遗传研究和水稻耐低氮性育种的中间材料.采用逐步回归分析法建立了耐低氮性最优回归方程,筛选到株高、穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量等5个性状相对值可作为水稻全生育期耐低氮性的综合评价指标.因此,在水稻耐低氮性遗传改良中,应注重对这5个性状,尤其是穗总粒数和单株产量相对值的选择.
     

水稻轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1表型遗传多样性分析

该研究基于4个陆稻群体及172个水稻品种或杂交组合,构建了水稻多亲本隐性核不育轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1,并经过4次轮回重组,采用16个表型性状对其进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:(1)该群体14个数量性状符合正态分布,各表型均存在极端性状个体。(2)数量性状变异系数范围为0.08～0.41,均值为0.20; Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为0.72～1.92,均值为1.50。(3)群体在株型与产量构成因子性状方面有显著的相关性,对株型的选择可以实现产量性状的改良。(4)剑叶长、每穗粒总数、千粒重、穗长、粒长、一次枝梗数、有效穗数、剑叶宽、二次枝梗数、抽穗期10个性状可作为群体综合评价指标。(5)剑叶长、二次枝梗数、每穗粒总数3个表型性状具有较高的遗传变异、丰富的遗传多样性及与综合得分F值相关系数较高。综合以上结果发现,后期群体进行基因挖掘、品种改良以及优良育种材料的选育可以基于剑叶长、二次枝梗数及每穗粒总数3个表型性状,同时要充分利用群体株型与产量构成因子性状间的显著相关性。此外,该研究群体中极端单性状或综合得分F值较高的个体,可进一步用于品种选育。     

超甜玉米新品种灰色关联综合评估初探

采用灰色关联度分析法对参加广东省1999年秋植超甜玉米（Zea mays var.rugosa)新品种区域试验的8个品种,从优质,高产,早熟,株高和果穗形态特征等共17个性状进行了分析,综合评估结果表明：超甜711综合性状表现最优,与参考品种最为接近,具有鲜穗单产最高,茎秆粗壮,果穗大等特点;穗甜2号表现好,早熟,品质优良,株高和穗位高度适中等特性;粤甜2号综合性状表现最差,其余各参试品种综合性状表现由好至差的排序为金凤3号,金银2号,粤甜3号,超甜28和穗甜1号,此结果还表明,按各品种的灰色关联度大小排序所进行的综合评估结果能充分反映品种的综合性状表现,是符合客观实际的。     

紧凑大穗型玉米品种陕单902群体源库性状与产量形成的研究

通过对紧凑大穗型玉米品种陕单902的研究发现,保证适宜种植密度,增加群体总粒数是陕单902高产的基础;建立合理的群全结构和干物质生产体系,提高吐丝至成熟期的干物质生产能力是陕单902高产的关键;协调群体库源关系,提高成粒率是陕单902高产的根本。采用合理密植（不超过60000株／hm^2),宽窄行和双株栽培,保证足量氮肥和适宜氮,磷,钾配比等主要配套技术可改善大穗型玉米品种陕单902的群体库源性状,提高产量潜和。     

三个玉米合成群体选系的配合力及杂种优势分析

采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,通过在黑龙江省哈尔滨和泰来的两点试验,以玉米自交系Mo17、B73、444和丹340为测验种,对从群体品综1号、中综3号和陕综5号选育的18份自交系进行配合力及杂种优势分析,以探讨群体选系在我国东北早熟玉米区的利用途径。结果表明,供试自交系间一般配合力存在较大差异;陕综5号群体选系HR14、HR17和HR15、中综3号选系HR9和HR8、品综1号选系HR4的一般配合力较高。在供试的72个组合中HR15×丹340、HR17×丹340、HR9×Mo17、HR14×丹340、HR7×B73、HR8×B73、HR6×444、HR5×丹340产量的特殊配合力及对照优势较高,表现出较高的利用潜力。依据特殊配合力及对照优势分析,中综3号选系与旅大红骨群、陕综5号选系与兰卡斯特群、品综1号选系与瑞德群遗传关系较近。结合育种实践,在我国北方早熟春玉米区陕综5号×旅大红骨、中综3号×瑞德或兰卡斯特、品综1号×旅大红骨或唐四平头可能组成较大利用潜力的杂种优势模式。     

60Co-γ射线诱变连麦2号M3代主要农艺性状的变异及多元分析

用60Co-γ射线诱变小麦连麦2号,对M3代292个穗行进行了主要农艺性状的变异及多元分析.结果表明:各性状的变异幅度是不同的,变异系数从大到小依次为:穗数＞千粒重＞穗长＞小穗数＞株高＞行粒重＞退化小穗数＞穗粒数＞穗粒重;变异率从大到小依次为:穗数＞千粒重＞株高=行粒重＞穗粒数＞穗长＞穗粒重＞小穗数＞退化小穗数.穗数、...     

普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）DNA导入栽培稻后代主要性状的遗传变异

通过花粉管通道法将普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)DNA导入宁夏水稻品种宁粳16号和宁粳23号中,获得外源DNA导入系(以D表示),选择的导入系经4次连续自交获得D4代材料.选择其中36个株系在北京种植,进行农艺性状调查和变异类型分析.结果表明,这些导入系分别在株型、生育期、分蘖力、株高、每穗粒数、每穗粒重、穗长、千粒重等性状上发生变异;一些导入系的每穗实粒数、每穗粒重、穗长、千粒重和分蘖数等明显高于受体,表现出高产潜力.本文着重阐述导入系的每穗实粒数、千粒重、分蘖数等与产量相关性状的遗传变异.     

中国骨干玉米自交系抗旱性分析与评价

在新疆典型干旱、半干旱地区,通过玉米自交系的14个主要产量性状对干旱胁迫的响应特征进行分析,用主成分分析法筛选其抗旱性的主要鉴定指标,并采用抗旱系数和抗旱指数对自交系的抗旱性进行聚类分析,综合评价47份自交系的抗旱性。结果显示:(1)干旱导致玉米自交系株高、穗位高、叶绿素含量降低,果穗短小,秃尖增大,穗行数和行粒数减小,千粒重和穗粒重降低,最终造成产量下降。(2)各自交系抗旱性强弱与干旱条件下的穗粒重、穗粗、行粒数、千粒重、株高、穗位高、穗长、秃尖长、穗行数、叶绿素含量等性状具有较密切的关系,其中抗旱性表现较好的自交系是掖52106、英64、478等,其次是Mo17Ht、Mo17、丹340、郑58、X178、C103等。研究表明,在育种实践中,田间自交系抗旱性筛选应以穗粒重、穗粗、行粒数、千粒重、株高、穗位高、穗长、秃尖长、穗行数、叶绿素含量等为主要指标,并结合产量抗旱系数、抗旱指数对自交系抗旱性进行综合评价。     

高静水压诱导水稻变异的初步研究

以高静水压处理水稻粤香占、粤丰占、998、999和毕粳38种子后的当代群体(M1),以及从中筛选到的突变株粤变长、巨无霸、粤丰压变1号-5号、毕籼为材料,研究了静水高压对水稻生长发育及其农艺性状的影响,结果发现：(1)与对照相比,粤香占和998处理当代群体的株高和有效穗数明显增加,但株叶形态没有明显变化;粤丰占、999和毕粳38的处理群体没有明显变化;(2)粤变长和巨无霸从第二代(M2)到第四代(M4)性状稳定,未发现明显分离,但在株高、有效穗数、穗粒数、粒长和千粒重等方面,与对照相比明显不同;(3)在M,代,粤丰压变1号一5号中除粤丰压变2号外的株高都发生了分离,而且粤丰压变4号分离出了大粒型和长芒型的植株;(4)毕籼从Mz代到lVt,代,性状稳定,但其株高、穗长、粒长和穗粒数均比对照显著增加,结实率和千粒重则明显降低;(5)经静水高压处理后的粤丰占种子发芽试验中,出现了双苗和3苗现象。这些结果表明静水高压能够影响水稻的生长发育,并能诱导水稻产生变异。     

玉米雌穗性状遗传分析与形成机制*

雌穗是玉米重要的生殖器官,雌穗发育决定成熟果穗大小及单穗粒重,进而直接影响玉米产量。雌穗性状主要包括穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗重、单穗粒重等,均为多基因控制的数量遗传性状,且其遗传结构各不相同。解析雌穗性状的遗传基础,优化雌穗结构,是玉米增产的重要途径。前人通过数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus mapping,QTL)定位和全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study, GWAS)等方法,已经鉴定出较多雌穗性状相关的遗传位点,但是目前已鉴定功能的基因较少,所建立的遗传位点一致性图谱并不完整,因此难以全面揭示雌穗性状遗传结构。通过综合前人雌穗性状遗传定位进展,现将已鉴定QTL位点和显著关联SNP整合至玉米B73参考基因组V4版本,并鉴定出雌穗性状定位热点区间,对深入解析雌穗性状遗传结构、指导雌穗性状基因克隆和理解雌穗发育分子机制均具有重要意义。     

Effect of plant population on ear differentiation and growth in maize

Maize was grown at 2.47, 3.70 and 4.94 plants m^-2. Ears were apparently initiated about 2 days later in the densest than in the least dense population, but rate of formation and final number of female floret primordia per row of the ear were similar in the two populations. In the densest population fewer primordia produced fully developed florets than in the least dense population and of those that were produced fewer extruded silks before pollen shedding ceased. Relative growth rates of dry mass and of length of the ear before flowering were unaffected by density, but with the apparent later start of ear growth in the densest population ears were lighter and shorter than in the least dense population. Number of florets per row of the ear at the time of flowering decreased slightly with increase in population. Number of kernels per row decreased with time after flowering, especially in the densest population. At final harvest size and mass per kernel, number of kernels per ear, length and circumference of the rachis, and space per kernel on the rachis all decreased with increase in population. Thinning the intermediate population at various times from shortly before flowering until near final harvest increased mass of grain and shoot, and number of kernels of the remaining plants at final harvest. The extent of the increases decreased progressively the later the thinning. Mass and volume per kernel were increased by thinnings done up to the time of flowering, but were unaffected by thinning from c. 16 days after flowering.     

The Genetic Basis of Natural Variation in Kernel Size and Related Traits Using a Four-Way Cross Population in Maize

Kernel size is an important component of grain yield in maize breeding programs. To extend the understanding on the genetic basis of kernel size traits (i.e., kernel length, kernel width and kernel thickness), we developed a set of four-way cross mapping population derived from four maize inbred lines with varied kernel sizes. In the present study, we investigated the genetic basis of natural variation in seed size and other components of maize yield (e.g., hundred kernel weight, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row). In total, ten QTL affecting kernel size were identified, three of which (two for kernel length and one for kernel width) had stable expression in other components of maize yield. The possible genetic mechanism behind the trade-off of kernel size and yield components was discussed.     

General combining ability of most yield-related traits had a genetic basis different from their corresponding traits per se in a set of maize introgression lines

Evaluation of combining ability is a crucial process in hybrid breeding, and dissection of the genetic basis of combining ability will facilitate hybrid breeding. In this study, molecular markers significantly associated with general combining ability (GCA) of seven yield-related traits and the traits per se were detected in a set of maize introgression lines (ILs) under three environments. Totally 25 and 31 significant loci for GCA and the traits per se were commonly detected under multiple environments, respectively. Correlation analysis and comparison among these significant loci revealed that the genetic basis of GCA of these yield-related traits was generally different from that of the traits per se except for the trait of ear row number. In addition, GCA of the ILs was positively and significantly correlated to the total relative effects of significant GCA loci in the ILs in general, implying that the GCA loci identified in this study would be useful in molecular breeding. Correlation analysis also showed that the GCA of yield per plant was strongly correlated to the GCA of kernel number per row, ear length and 100-kernel-weight, thus these traits were more important in genetic improvement for GCA. Results in this study would provide useful information for hybrid breeding in maize.     

玉米空间诱变后代SP4选系配合力效应分析

利用返回式卫星“实践八号”搭载3份玉米自交系08-641、RP125和18-599, 从SP4代中选出多个诱变系按不完全双列杂交设计配制杂交组合, 在四川和云南两个环境条件下进行种植鉴定。配合力分析结果表明, 3份玉米自交系经空间诱变后各性状的配合力发生不同程度的变化, 同组诱变系材料在四川和云南两种环境条件下的配合力表现存在较大差异, 且表现配合力差异的性状不同。诱变系C03的穗长、穗行数、行粒数和单株产量4个性状一般配合力(General combining ability, GCA)在该组试验中的正向效应值均表现为最大, 且显著高于基础材料08-641, 可能具有较大育种潜势; 诱变系C01和C04部分产量构成性状的GCA显著高于对照, 但单株产量GCA表现不明显, 需在育种中加以改良利用; 诱变系C06、R18和S22所配杂交组合在产量及产量构成性状上的特殊配合力(Specific combining ability, SCA)表现较优, 这些结果为玉米杂交种的选育提供了重要参考。     

Genetic Architecture of Ear Fasciation in Maize (Zea mays) under QTL Scrutiny

Maize ear fasciation

Knowledge of the genes affecting maize ear inflorescence may lead to better grain yield modeling. Maize ear fasciation, defined as abnormal flattened ears with high kernel row number, is a quantitative trait widely present in Portuguese maize landraces.

Material and Methods

Using a segregating population derived from an ear fasciation contrasting cross (consisting of 149 F_2:3 families) we established a two location field trial using a complete randomized block design. Correlations and heritabilities for several ear fasciation-related traits and yield were determined. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) involved in the inheritance of those traits were identified and candidate genes for these QTL proposed.

Results and Discussion

Ear fasciation broad-sense heritability was 0.73. Highly significant correlations were found between ear fasciation and some ear and cob diameters and row number traits. For the 23 yield and ear fasciation-related traits, 65 QTL were identified, out of which 11 were detected in both environments, while for the three principal components, five to six QTL were detected per environment. Detected QTL were distributed across 17 genomic regions and explained individually, 8.7% to 22.4% of the individual traits or principal components phenotypic variance. Several candidate genes for these QTL regions were proposed, such as bearded-ear1, branched silkless1, compact plant1, ramosa2, ramosa3, tasselseed4 and terminal ear1. However, many QTL mapped to regions without known candidate genes, indicating potential chromosomal regions not yet targeted for maize ear traits selection.

Conclusions

Portuguese maize germplasm represents a valuable source of genes or allelic variants for yield improvement and elucidation of the genetic basis of ear fasciation traits. Future studies should focus on fine mapping of the identified genomic regions with the aim of map-based cloning.     

玉米自交系间杂交种F1农艺性状的主成分分析

用Hótlling倡导的主成分分析法,(Principal comporient analysis),分析了玉米32个自交系间80个杂交组合的F_1世代.分析性状有株高、穗位高、雄穗分枝数、单株有效穗数、穗长、秃尖长、穗行数、行粒数、穗重、百粒重和单株产量.结果表明,前4个主成分贡献率占了总变异的大部分,因此就前4个主成分得分值对80个杂交组合进行了选择,为玉米组合的选择提供了直接依据.     

Quantitative trait locus analysis of drought tolerance and yield in Maize in China

Drought accounts for significant yield losses in crops. Maize (Zea mays L.) is particularly sensitive to water stress at reproductive stages, and breeding to improve drought tolerance has been a challenge. By use of a linkage map with 121 single sequence repeat (SSR) markers, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for grain yield and yield components were characterized in the population of the cross X178×B73 under water-stressed and well-watered conditions. Under the well-watered regime, 2, 4, 4, 1, 2, 2, and 3 QTLs were identified for grain yield, 100-kernel weight, kernel number per ear, cob weight per ear, kernel weight per ear, ear weight, and ear number per plant, respectively, whereas under the water-stressed conditions, 1, 5, 2, 6, 1, 3, and 2 QTLs, respectively, were found. The significant phenotypic correlations among yield and yield components to some extent were observed under both water conditions, and some overlaps between the corresponding QTLs were also found. QTLs for grain yield and kernel weight per ear under well-watered conditions and ear weight under both well-watered and water-stressed conditions over-lapped, and all were located on chromosome 1.03 near marker bnlg176. Two other noticeable QTL regions were on chromosome 9.05 and 9.07 near markers umc1657 and bnlg1525; the first corresponded to grain yield, kernel weight per ear, and ear weight under well-watered conditions and kernel number per ear under both water conditions, and the second to grain yield and cob weight per ear under water-stressed conditions and ear number per plant under both water conditions. A comparative analysis of the QTLs herein identified with those described in previous studies for yield and yield components in different maize populations revealed a number of QTLs in common. These QTLs have potential use in molecular marker-assisted selection.     

358个欧洲小麦品种的农艺性状鉴定与评价

本文研究了欧洲18个国家20世纪育成的代表性品种358个,简述了各国品种的特点,全部品种的生育期、株高、主穗粒数和千粒重等性状变异丰富。总体上,株高随育成年限逐年代降低的趋势明显;主穗粒数有随育成年代逐渐增加的趋势;生育期和千粒重与品种育成时间之间无明显相关。分析了株高和抽穗期对穗粒数和千粒重的影响,向育种家推荐了一批优良种质,并提供了部分品种的系谱。