长期定位施肥对石灰性紫色水稻土古菌群落结构的影响

为了认识长期施肥对石灰性紫色水稻土培肥和肥力演化的作用,结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)和限制性酶切片段长度多态性(RFLP)技术,研究了稻麦轮作下农家肥(M)、氮肥+农家肥(NM)、氮磷肥+农家肥(NPM)、氮磷钾肥+农家肥(NPKM)、无肥(CK)、氮肥(N)、氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)等不同施肥制度对石灰性紫色水稻土古菌群落结构的影响.研究结果表明,长期定位施肥明显影响土壤中的古菌组成.在长期施用氮肥+农家肥、氮磷肥和氮磷钾肥+农家肥处理的土壤中,古菌多样性指数低于农家肥、氮磷肥+农家肥、无肥、氮肥和氮磷钾肥处理.在DGGE图谱的基础上,分别选择种植水稻和小麦的氮磷钾肥处理土壤样品,对古菌克隆子的16S rDNA序列进行了系统发育分析,发现水稻七古菌与各种土壤及水体环境的古菌极其相似.对DGGE图谱的聚类分析发现,不管是种植水稻还是小麦,8种施肥处理的古菌都聚在3个群里.种植水稻时,M和NPK处理下的土壤古菌聚成第一个群,NP处理下的聚成第二个群,另外5种施肥处理(NPKM,NM,Ck,N和NPM)聚成第三个群.种植小麦时,NPKM和M处理下的土壤古菌聚成一个群,NP处理下的聚成第二个群,N、NPK、NM、NPM和CK处理下的聚成第三个群.聚类分析结果显示,作物类型会影响土壤古菌群落结构.     

平衡施肥对缺磷红壤性水稻土的生态效应

为了研究平衡施肥对缺磷水稻土的生态效应,对长期缺施磷肥水稻土进行了3.5年平衡施肥试验。试验采取盆栽水稻的方式,在长期缺施磷肥的红壤性水稻土上比较不施磷肥（NK）、平衡施用氮磷钾无机肥（NPK）、无机氮磷钾肥配施硅肥（NPKSi）、无机氮磷钾肥配施有机肥（无机肥占3/5）、NPK基础上增施磷肥（NKhP）、NPKM基础上增施磷肥（NKhPM）处理的土壤肥力、土壤微生物特性、土壤磷的渗漏量以及地上部水稻产量、养分利用率、磷肥利用率的变化。试验表明,平衡施肥处理NPK、NPKSi、NPKM、NKhPM显著提高水稻产量,比不施磷肥（NK）平均增产147%,其中NPKM提高152%;能提高土壤肥力,比不施磷肥土壤有机质含量平均提高18.5%,其中NPKM提高30.1%;显著提高土壤微生物生物量,比不施磷肥土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）平均提高57.2%,其中NPKM提高87.1%;提高氮素、钾素养分利用率,比不施磷肥平均分别提高120.3%、33.6%,其中NPKM分别提高152%、43%。而长期重施无机磷肥处理（NKhP）虽然水稻产量比不施磷肥处理提高125.1%,但因土壤中磷酸根离子含量过高影响土壤微生物正常生长,土壤微生物活度比不施磷处理降低9.4%,土壤微生物量碳（MBC）降低2.4%,稻田土壤微生物生态系统质量劣化。此外,重施磷肥处理（包括NKhP、NKhPM）易导致稻田水体的磷污染。各处理比较,NPKM综合生态效应最佳,以下依次是NKhPM、NPKSi、NPK,NKhP,NKhP对稻田土壤微生物生态系统产生负效应。根据试验结果,平衡施肥是恢复缺磷水稻土的有效措施,其中在平衡施用氮磷钾化肥的基础上增施有机肥或硅肥效果较好。     

长期不同施肥对番茄根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

研究长期定位施肥对番茄根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,旨在为番茄根际生态过程中的调控提供科学依据和理论指导。以沈阳农业大学长期定位施肥基地的番茄根际土壤为研究对象,采用Biolog-ECO微平板法,分析了11个处理:N(单施氮肥)、K(单施钾肥)、P(单施磷肥)、NP(氮磷肥配施)、NPK(氮磷钾肥配施)、MN(有机肥配施氮肥)、MK(有机肥配施钾肥)、MP(有机肥配施磷肥)、MNP(有机肥配施氮磷肥)、MNPK(有机肥配施氮磷钾肥)、对照CK(不施肥)的土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明:(1)配施有机肥能够显著提高土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮的含量,氮肥的施入会降低根际土壤的pH,各处理间土壤理化性质的差异显著;(2)配施有机肥可以增强番茄根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,提高微生物群落功能多样性,其中,MNP处理微生物对碳源利用能力最强,微生物活性最高。具体表现为:(1)长期施肥改变了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力。配施有机肥处理的土壤微生物对6类碳源的总利用能力高于单施化肥处理,以MNP优势最明显;(2)在6类碳源中,氨基酸类碳源利用能力最强,酚酸类碳源利用能力最弱;(3)主成分分析表明,31种碳源对PC1贡献较大的有12种,对PC2贡献较大的有8种;(4)施加肥料的处理的Shannon指数、丰富度指数和优势度指数均高于不施肥的处理,但其均匀度下降。有机肥配施氮磷肥处理的Shannon指数、丰富度指数均显著高于其他处理。综合所有结果,以MNP的施肥较果最佳,能够呈现较高的根际土壤微生物功能多样性。     

长期施肥对黑土大豆根瘤菌群体结构和多样性的影响

为揭示长期施肥对黑土大豆根瘤菌群体结构和多样性的影响,采用BOX-PCR、IGS-PCR-RFLP和16S r DNA基因序列分析法,对分离自黑龙江省7种长期不同施肥处理的254株大豆根瘤菌进行了遗传多样性和系统发育分析,结合土壤理化性质分析了大豆根瘤菌群体结构和多样性与土壤因子间的关系。7种处理分别为不施肥(CK)、有机肥(OM)、单施氮肥(N1)、单施2倍氮肥(N2)、氮肥+有机肥(N1+OM)、氮肥磷肥混施(N1P1)和2倍氮肥磷肥混施(N2P2)。系统发育分析结果表明,所有供试菌株均为慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium),其中大部分菌株与日本慢生大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)相似性最高,少部分菌株与辽宁慢生大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium liaoningense)相似性最高。BOX-PCR聚类分析结果表明,供试菌株在70%相似性水平上分为15个群,在与施肥处理相关性分析中分为3个群体,分别对应于不施化肥处理(CK和OM)、化学氮肥处理(N1、N2、N1+OM)、氮肥磷肥处理(N1P1和N2P2)。典范对应分析结果表明,土壤p H、速效氮和速效磷与根瘤菌群体结构相关性极显著(P=0.002,0.004,0.002)。不同施肥措施下大豆根瘤菌的多样性有明显差异:N2P2处理的丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他处理;OM处理的Simpson指数最高;N1和N2处理的3种多样性指数都显著低于其他处理。通径分析结果表明,p H、速效磷对多样性指数有较高的直接正效应;速效氮通过p H的间接负效应影响多样性指数。本研究表明,长期施用化肥改变了根瘤菌群体结构,单施氮肥减少大豆根瘤菌多样性,而氮肥磷肥混施则有助于提高大豆根瘤菌多样性。     

西双版纳热带次生林中的丛枝菌根调查

对西双版纳热带次生林中13个科的26种植物根系的丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fongii,AMF）侵染情况进行了研究,并从这些植物的根围土壤中分离鉴定了隶属于球囊霉属（Clomus）、巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）、盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）和无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）的11种丛枝菌根真菌。该地次生林中AMF的孢子密度为13—29个／100g土壤,平均为19个;种的丰富度在4．9之间（平均为6）;平均频度为53．8％;相对多度为3．2％-26．5％;物种多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为0．94和0．93。丛枝菌根的侵染率达到44．8％．57．2％（平均为50．9％）;球囊霉属（Glomus）和无梗囊霉属（Acattlospora）是热带次生林根围土壤中菌根真菌的优势类群。     

紫色土坡耕地C、P与微生物生物量C、P对不同施肥的响应

分析了长期不同施肥处理下紫色土坡耕地土壤碳(C)、磷(P)与微生物生物量C(MBC)、P(MBP)的变化及其耦合特征.结果表明:农家肥或秸秆配施无机肥(包括N、NP和NPK)处理下紫色土坡耕地土壤总有机碳(TOC)变化范围为90.8~100.8 g·kg-1,高于单施氮肥处理的62.2 g·kg-1;农家肥与无机肥配施处理下土壤总磷(TP)变化范围为0.65~0.84g·kg-1,而秸秆与无机肥配施处理下土壤TP仅为农家肥与无机肥配施的23%~38%;单施氮肥处理下MBP显著小于农家肥和秸秆与无机肥配施处理;农家肥和秸秆配施无机肥处理下MBC/MBP在5~26,TOC/TP分别在92~137和296~653,而单一氮肥处理下MBC/MBP和TOC/TP分别高达59和2000.表明农家肥和无机肥配施更有利于增加土壤P的有效性,提高土壤供P潜力.     

翻压山黧豆绿肥与氮肥减施对水稻生长及其养分吸收与产量的影响

为探明种植翻压山黧豆绿肥与减施氮肥下的水稻生产潜力,通过3年田间定位试验,设置冬闲+不施肥(NF)、山黧豆绿肥(GM)、冬闲+常规氮肥(100%N,CK)、山黧豆绿肥+80%常规氮肥(GM+80%N)、山黧豆绿肥+70%常规氮肥(GM+70%N)、山黧豆绿肥+60%常规氮肥(GM+60%N)6个处理,研究不同处理对水稻生长、养分吸收及产量的影响。结果表明：(1)与CK相比,翻压山黧豆绿肥并减施氮肥处理均能够显著提升水稻株高、增加水稻分蘖数、提高水稻干物质积累量,其中以GM+70%N施肥处理提升效果最为明显。(2)GM+70%N施肥处理下,不同生育时期水稻株高、有效分蘖数分别较对照常规施肥(100%N)提升了13.32%~ 15.73%和33.98%~59.47%,水稻干物质积累量提高了23.19%~144.18%,且随着生育时期的推进增加速率依次降低。(3)种植翻压山黧豆绿肥并减施氮肥处理下水稻产量均有所提高,其中GM+70%N和GM+80%N处理显著提高,增产分别达13.84%,7.25%,且GM+70%N处理下水稻植株和籽粒养分吸收更为全面。研究发现,种植翻压山黧豆并适量减施氮肥能有效促进水稻生长和养分的吸收积累,显著提高水稻产量,说明翻压山黧豆绿肥可替代稻田30%~40%的氮肥施入量,并可在避免水稻旺长的同时实现水稻高产,是四川水稻种植较好的耕作措施。     

安徽茶区茶树丛枝菌根真菌多样性

调查了安徽茶区茶树丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)资源分布情况,为菌根生物技术在茶产业中的应用提供了具有应用价值的菌种资源.采用醋酸-墨水染色法观察茶树丛枝菌根(AM)的侵染率、侵染级数、侵染强度和菌根类型;采用湿筛法获得AMF孢子,进行形态学鉴定.结果表明: 在安徽茶区,AMF能够侵入茶树根系形成典型的共生体,侵染率在36%～95%,侵染级数均在3级以上,侵染强度大;从安徽茶树根际土中共鉴定出8属36种AMF,其中缩管柄囊霉是优势种,网状球囊霉、刺无梗囊霉、孔窝无梗囊霉、詹氏无梗囊霉、双网无梗囊霉和凹坑无梗囊霉是常见种,褐色管柄囊霉、疣突管柄囊霉、毛氏无梗囊霉、近明管柄囊霉、瑞氏无梗囊霉、空洞无梗囊霉、晕环球囊霉、细齿无梗囊霉、地管柄囊霉、幼套球囊霉、蜜色无梗囊霉、稀有内养囊霉是稀有种,其余17种为少见种;不同采样地茶树根际AMF群落相似性系数(0.14～0.55)较低,多属于低和中等水平;相关性分析表明,孢子密度与侵染率呈显著正相关,种的丰度与侵染率和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白呈显著正相关.安徽茶区茶树根系存在典型的AM结构,其根际AMF多样性丰富,为开发茶树专用AMF肥料提供了丰富的菌种资源.     

施肥对柚木幼林生长及林下植被的影响

为探究施肥对柚木（Tectona grandis L. f.）幼林生长及林下植被多样性的影响,以广西4年生的柚木人工林为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,开展不同肥种配比组合试验（F1,0.5 kg氮磷钾复合肥+1.0 kg钙肥+1.0 kg硫酸镁肥;F2,1.0 kg氮磷钾复合肥+0.5 kg钙肥+0.5 kg硫酸镁肥;F3,1.0 kg氮磷钾复合肥+0.5 kg硫酸镁肥;F4,1.0 kg氮磷钾复合肥+0.5 kg钙镁磷肥;CK,不施肥）。结果表明：施肥显著加快了柚木树高、胸径和单株材积的生长,各指标年均增量分别比不施肥（CK）提高了0.13~0.32 m、0.17~0.26 cm和4.35~9.63 dm³,其中F3配比组合处理生长增量最大,且胸径和材积生长率比CK显著增加了10.35%、10.55%。幼林林下植物相对丰富,植被种类涉及25科39属42种,其中菊科（Compositae）与禾本科（Gramineae）植物为主要优势种。不同处理间林下植被物种Shannon-Wiener指数（H′）、Simpson指数（D）和Pielou均匀度指数（J_sw）差异显著（P<0.05）,F1、F3处理的3个物种指数显著高于CK,而各处理Gleason物种丰富度指数（D_g）差异不明显,不同处理间生长及林下植被多样性等12个指标综合评价得分由高到低依次为F3、F1、F4、F2、CK。4年生柚木幼林合理施肥,可以促进林木生长,还可提高林下物种丰富度和多样性;1.0 kg氮磷钾复合肥和0.5 kg硫酸镁肥的低投入配方施肥,更有利于促进柚木人工林生长和群落的稳定。     

长期氮磷钾肥配施对贵州黄壤玉米产量和土壤养分可持续性的影响

为明确长期氮磷钾肥配施下贵州典型黄壤玉米产量、氮磷钾肥增产效应及土壤养分的演变特征,利用国家贵阳黄壤肥力与肥效长期定位试验,研究氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)与缺素施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)对玉米相对产量、氮磷钾肥增产贡献率及土壤氮磷钾素养分可持续性指数等的影响.结果表明: 氮磷钾平衡施肥有显著增产效果,玉米相对产量均值为:NPK>NP>NK>PK>CK;氮、磷、钾肥增产贡献率和农学利用率均为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,施肥依存度为氮、磷、钾肥配施>氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,但缺磷处理(NK)玉米相对产量以每年1.4%的速度极显著下降,磷肥贡献率和依存度则以每年2.3%和1.4%的速度极显著上升,最终磷肥对玉米生产的影响逐渐与氮肥持平;缺磷处理土壤pH值和有机质含量均最低,而缺氮处理则较高;施用化学磷肥可提高黄壤磷素可持续性指数,但氮肥和钾肥对黄壤氮素和钾素可持续性指数无显著影响.综上,平衡施肥是贵州典型黄壤地区玉米高产的重要保障,其中磷肥与氮肥同等重要,但长期单施化肥尤其是缺磷处理不利于黄壤养分的可持续利用.     

减磷配施有机肥对丛枝菌根真菌群落的复杂度和稳定性的短期效应

【目的】探究减磷配施有机肥条件下土壤中丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza，AM）真菌群落特性、网络复杂性及群落的稳定性之间的关系，揭示有机肥替代背景下，土壤理化性质与AM真菌的群落结构对网络特征和群落稳定性的短期效应。【方法】在2012年开始的无机磷肥长期定位试验的基础上，于2018年实施减磷配施有机肥裂区试验，共设6个处理：施无机磷0、75、150 kg/hm²；无机磷肥施用量减少30%，即0、52.5、105 kg/hm²，并配施有机肥（猪粪）3 187 kg/hm²，每个处理重复3次。通过高通量测序和生物信息学分析，探究减磷配施有机肥对土壤中AM真菌群落的网络特征及稳定性的短期效应。【结果】相比于无机磷施用，减磷配施有机肥整体上降低了AM真菌群落的α多样性，各处理中的AM真菌优势类群均为球囊霉属（Glomus）和类球囊霉属（Paraglomus）。网络的平均度、平均加权度在无机磷肥及减磷配施有机肥处理中均在适量施磷下达到最大值，且无机磷肥处理大于减磷配施有机肥处理；网络负相关连接线数在无机磷肥处理中随施磷量增加而增加，而在减磷配施有机肥处理中随施磷量增加而减少。减磷配施有机肥通过抑制AM真菌群落间正相互作用来提高负正凝聚力比值，从而促进群落稳定性。相比于AM真菌的指示物种（indicator species）和关键类群（keystone taxa），优势类群（dominant taxa）与AM真菌群落的稳定性密切相关。【结论】在酸性紫色土中，短期减磷配施有机肥通过改变土壤pH、速效磷和有机质，调控AM真菌群落的α多样性和优势类群，进而影响AM真菌群落的网络复杂度和群落稳定性。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity in response to long-term fertilization: a field case from China

The influences of different fertilizer treatments on spore community structure and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) were investigated in a long-term fertilization experiment with seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half organic manure N plus half fertilizer N (1/2 OMN), fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and the control (without fertilization). Fertilization generally increased the nutrient contained in the fertilizer and treatments with NPK and 1/2 OMN produced the highest crop yields. Thirty-five species of AMF within 6 genera, including 8 previously undescribed species, were recovered. Similarly in all seven treatments, the most abundant genus was Glomus, and followed by Acaulospora. All the fertilization treatments changed AM species composition, and NK treatment had the slightest influence. Fertilization with fertilizers NP, PK and NPK markedly increased AM fungal spore density, while 1/2 OMN, OM and NK treatments showed no significant influences. All the fertilizer treatments, especially OM, significantly decreased species richness and species diversity (Shannon-Weiner index). There were no significant correlations between AM fungal parameters (spore density, species richness and species diversity) and soil properties. The findings indicate that long-term fertilization all can change AM fungal community structure and decrease species diversity, while balanced fertilization with NPK or 1/2 OMN is the most suitable fertilization regime if taking both crop yields and AM species diversity into account.     

不同施肥模式对雷竹林土壤真菌群落特征的影响

为探明施肥处理对雷竹林土壤真菌群落特征的影响,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR技术,分析有机肥(M)、化肥(CF)、化肥配施有机肥(CFM)、化肥配施有机肥加覆盖(CFMM)及不施肥(CK)处理土壤真菌群落结构和数量特征.结果表明:施肥显著影响真菌群落结构与多样性,表层(0～20 cm)土壤中M、CFMM处理与CK,亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤中CF、CFMM处理与CK之间真菌群落结构均存在明显差异;且表层土壤中CF、CFMM处理真菌Shannon指数和均匀度指数显著低于CK.M、CFM处理表层土壤真菌数量显著高于CK.土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮和速效钾含量显著影响了真菌群落结构的变异;全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量与真菌数量均呈显著正相关.表明雷竹林表层和亚表层土壤中真菌群落对施肥处理的响应存在明显差异,表层土壤真菌群落明显受有机质添加的影响,而亚表层则对化肥投入较为敏感;施肥对真菌群落多样性的影响主要集中在表层土壤.     

长期施肥对土壤氨氧化微生物的影响

长期施肥可改变土壤碳氮等养分供应,进而影响微生物数量与群落组成。本研究基于棕壤长期定位实验站,分析不同施肥方式下(不施肥,CK;低量无机氮肥,N₂;高量无机氮肥,N₄;有机无机氮肥配施,M₂N₂)土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)和细菌(AOB)的变化,为土壤氮素转化的微生物学机制和培肥土壤提供依据。结果表明:不同施肥方式下,土壤AOA与AOB的数量比值为2.28～61.95。与CK相比,施肥后土壤AOA数量降低了1.6%～13.6%。N₄处理AOB数量随土壤深度增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,其他处理则相反。土壤AOB群落Shannon多样性指数、均匀度指数和Simpson指数均高于AOA。M₂N₂处理0～20 cm土层土壤AOB多样性增加,但AOA多样性降低。土壤AOB主要因土壤深度发生聚类,AOB和AOA均未因施肥方式发生聚类。综上,长期施肥改变了土壤AOA和AOB的构成状况,AOA对环境变化较为敏感,AOB较为丰富和稳定。     

Long-Term Effect of Manure and Fertilizer on Soil Organic Carbon Pools in Dryland Farming in Northwest China

An understanding of the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) as affected by farming practices is imperative for maintaining soil productivity and mitigating global warming. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization on SOC and SOC fractions for the whole soil profile (0–100 cm) in northwest China. The study was initiated in 1979 in Gansu, China and included six treatments: unfertilized control (CK), nitrogen fertilizer (N), nitrogen and phosphorus (P) fertilizers (NP), straw plus N and P fertilizers (NP+S), farmyard manure (FYM), and farmyard manure plus N and P fertilizers (NP+FYM). Results showed that SOC concentration in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased with time except in the CK and N treatments. Long-term fertilization significantly influenced SOC concentrations and storage to 60 cm depth. Below 60 cm, SOC concentrations and storages were statistically not significant between all treatments. The concentration of SOC at different depths in 0–60 cm soil profile was higher under NP+FYM follow by under NP+S, compared to under CK. The SOC storage in 0–60 cm in NP+FYM, NP+S, FYM and NP treatments were increased by 41.3%, 32.9%, 28.1% and 17.9%, respectively, as compared to the CK treatment. Organic manure plus inorganic fertilizer application also increased labile soil organic carbon pools in 0–60 cm depth. The average concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in organic manure plus inorganic fertilizer treatments (NP+S and NP+FYM) in 0–60 cm depth were increased by 64.9–91.9%, 42.5–56.9%, and 74.7–99.4%, respectively, over the CK treatment. The POC, MBC and DOC concentrations increased linearly with increasing SOC content. These results indicate that long-term additions of organic manure have the most beneficial effects in building carbon pools among the investigated types of fertilization.     

Effects of long-term fertilization on AM fungal community structure and Glomalin-related soil protein in the Loess Plateau of China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are crucial for ecosystem functioning, and thus have potential use for sustainable agriculture. In this study, we investigated the impact of organic and mineral fertilizers on the AMF community composition and content of Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in a field experimental station which was established in 1979, in the Loess Plateau of China. Roots and soils were sampled three times during the growing period of winter wheat in 2008. The treatments including: N (inorganic N), NP (inorganic N and P), SNP (straw, inorganic N and P), M (farmyard manure), MNP (farmyard manure, inorganic N and P), and CK (no fertilization). AMF communities of root and soil samples were analyzed using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing techniques; and GRSP content was determined by Bradford assay. Our results indicated that spore density, GRSP, and AMF community varied significantly in soils of long-term fertilization plots at three different wheat growing stages. The effects of wheat growing period on AMF community in roots were much more evident than fertilization regimes. However, the diversity of AMF was low in our study field. Up to five AMF phylotypes appeared in each sample, with the overwhelming dominance of a Glomus-like phylotype affiliated to G. mosseae. GRSP content was correlated positively with organic carbon, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, soil pH, and spore densities, but correlated negatively with soil C/N (P?<?0.05). The results of our study highlight that the richness of AMF in Loess Plateau agricultural region is low, and long-term fertilization, especially amendments with manure and straw, has beneficial effects on accumulation of soil organic carbon, spore density, GRSP content, and AMF diversity. Host phenology, edaphic factors (influenced by long-term fertilization), and habitats interacted to affect the AMF community and agoecosystem functioning. Additionally, soil moisture and pH make a greater contribution than other determined soil parameters to the AMF community dynamics in such a special semi-arid agroecosystem where crops rely greatly on rainfall.     

长期不同施肥方式对麦田杂草群落的影响

以太湖地区农业科学研究所31a的长期肥料定位试验田为材料,分别于2011—2012年小麦苗期、拔节期和收获期进行了杂草群落调查,研究杂草类型与密度的分布、杂草多样性指数的变化,并对杂草种群分布与土壤养分因子进行冗余分析。结果表明:小飞蓬、看麦娘、大巢菜、稻槎菜、通泉草是本地区小麦生长期的主要杂草类型;随着小麦的生长以及氮肥、有机肥的施入,杂草密度呈下降趋势;施入有机肥降低了麦季杂草的群落多样性指数,在小麦生长的不同时期均衡施肥的CNPK处理以及不施肥的C0处理的群落各项多样性指数能维持在一个较高的水平。RDA分析显示土壤氮含量以及有机质含量与第一排序轴相关性大,是对杂草分布影响最大的两个土壤养分因子。太湖地区稻麦两熟制条件下,长期有机无机肥料单一或配合投入可显著影响麦田杂草的群落组成,其中氮肥和有机肥的施入能显著降低杂草密度;土壤养分的差异影响田面杂草密度和优势种群,均衡施肥能降低优势杂草种群的优势地位,抑制其发生危害程度,提高农田生态系统的生产力及稳定性。     

长期施肥对稻田土壤有机氮、微生物生物量及功能多样性的影响

以位于湖南省新化和宁乡县两个稻田肥力长期定位试验点的土样为材料,研究了不同施肥处理对稻田土壤有机氮组分、微生物生物量及功能多样性的影响.结果表明：与不施肥处理（CK）相比,化肥配施有机肥处理提高了稻田土壤酸解总氮（TAHN）及其组分中氨基糖氮（ASN）、氨基酸氮（AAN）和酸解氨态氮（AN）的含量,不同施肥处理对组分中酸解未知氮（HUN）的影响不尽相同.与CK相比,单施化肥处理对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮（MBC、MBN）含量的影响较小,化肥配施有机肥处理则显著提高了土壤MBC和MBN的含量.采用BIOLOG法对土壤微生物群落功能多样性进行测定,结果表明：中、高量有机肥处理提高了稻田土壤微生物的碳源利用率和微生物群落功能多样性;土壤微生物碳源利用的类型因长期不同施肥处理而产生差异.     

长期施肥对潮棕壤有机氮组分的影响

依托长期定位试验(从1990年开始)的4个施肥处理(CK,不施肥;M,循环猪圈肥;NPK,单施化肥;NPK+M,化肥配施循环猪圈肥),探讨了长期施肥对潮棕壤有机氮各组分的影响并揭示了其年际变化特征.结果表明: 从试验开始至2015年,不同施肥模式下各有机氮组分呈现不同的变化趋势,其中酸解有机氮基本上表现为逐年增加的趋势;M和NPK+M处理氨基酸态氮也逐年上升,而CK和NPK处理氨基酸态氮持续下降,这可能与微生物对土壤中氨基酸的利用有关.在整个试验过程中(1990—2015年的平均值),NPK处理酸解铵态氮大幅度增加,比CK增加31.1%;在施加有机肥的2个处理中(M和NPK+M)有机氮各组分均有所提高.与M相比,NPK+M处理各有机氮组分增加的幅度更加明显,这表明有机无机肥配施能有效增加土壤有机氮,进而增强土壤供氮能力,提高土壤肥力水平.     

The effects of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil microbial community and diversity

The effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on phospholipid fatty acid profiles and microbial functional diversity were investigated in a long-term (21-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included nine treatments: organic manure (OM), organic manure plus fertilizer NPK (OM + NPK), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer N (N), fertilizer P (P), fertilizer K (K), and the control (CK, without fertilization). The original soil was extremely eroded, characterized by low pH and deficiencies of nutrients, particularly N and P. The application of OM and OM + NPK greatly increased crop yields, soil pH, organic C, total N, P and K, available N, P and K content. Crop yields, soil pH, organic C, total N and available N were also clearly increased by the application of mineral NPK fertilizer. The amounts of total PLFAs, bacterial, Gram-negative and actinobacterial PLFAs were highest in the OM + NPK treatment, followed by the OM treatment, whilst least in the N treatment. The amounts of Gram-positive and anaerobic PLFAs were highest in the OM treatment whilst least in the P treatment and the control, respectively. The amounts of aerobic and fungal PLFAs were highest in the NPK treatment whilst least in the N and P treatment, respectively. The average well color development (AWCD) was significantly increased by the application of OM and OM + NPK, and the functional diversity indices including Shannon index (H ^′ ), Simpson index (D) and McIntosh index (U) were also significantly increased by the application of OM and OM + NPK. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PLFA profiles and C source utilization patterns were used to describe changes in microbial biomass and metabolic fingerprints from nine fertilizer treatments. The PLFA profiles from OM, OM + NPK, NP and NPK were significantly different from that of CK, N, P, K and NK, and C source utilization patterns from OM and OM + NPK were clearly different from organic manure deficient treatments (CK, N, P, K, NP, NK 6 and NPK). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that total N, available P and soil pH significantly affected PLFA profiles and microbial functional diversity. Our results could provide a better understanding of the importance of organic manure plus balanced fertilization with N, P and K in promoting the soil microbial biomass, activity and diversity and thus enhancing crop growth and production.