紫云英翻压量与不同施氮量对水稻生长和氮素吸收利用的影响

为了筛选出紫云英翻压量和氮肥的最佳配施比例,从而为实际生产提供理论依据,本试验采用裂区设计,以空闲、不施氮为对照处理CK1,以空闲、常规施氮为对照处理CK2,紫云英翻压量设翻压27000、45000 kg·hm-2两个水平,施氮量设不施氮、施氮量60、120和180 kg·hm-2四个水平,研究紫云英翻压量与不同施氮量对水稻产量、干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:紫云英27000 kg·hm-2+N≥120 kg·hm-2和紫云英45000 kg·hm-2+N≥60 kg·hm-2即可保证水稻产量和生长,其中处理M1N2的产量最高,较常规施氮处理CK2高出11.56%;成熟期处理M2N1的干物质积累量最大,比CK2高21.41%;处理M2N3的氮素吸收量最大,比CK2高5.32%;而氮肥表观利用率和氮肥真实利用率均随着氮肥施用量的增加而减小;所以紫云英27000 kg·hm-2+N120 kg·hm-2和紫云英45000 kg·hm-2+N 60 kg·hm-2两种施肥方式能够在保证水稻产量的同时,有效提高氮肥利用率,有利于资源的高效利用。     

两种绿肥腐解及其碳氮养分释放动态特征

为探究长武怀豆和黑麦草两种绿肥在黄土旱塬区农田土壤中的腐解状况, 应用尼龙网袋法研究了在不同氮肥条件下两种绿肥翻埋后的腐解规律碳、氮养分释放特征及其对土壤耕层有机碳、全氮影响。试验设计施氮区长武怀豆(N1B)、施氮区黑麦草(N1R)、施氮区裸地(N1CK)、不施氮区长武怀豆(N0B)、不施氮区黑麦草(N0R)、不施氮区裸地(N0CK)共6个处理。结果表明: 0-105天是长武怀豆、黑麦草腐解的快速上升时期, 105-238天进入缓慢腐解阶段, 238-281天为中低速增长时期, 试验结束时(281天)N1B、N0B、N1R、N0R的累积腐解率分别达到83.84%、82.64%、81.91%和81.04%。绿肥碳、氮均在翻埋后快速释放, 其中碳在33天累积释放率达70.04 %-74.13%, 而氮在前15天释放较快, 累积释放率为49.50%-60.04%。在0-20 cm土层各处理间土壤有机碳含量无显著差异, 但翻埋绿肥显著提高了土壤全氮含量: 与裸地对照相比, 翻压长武怀豆能使土壤0-20 cm土层氮含量提高40.57%-41.51%; 而翻压黑麦草可提高18.87%-19.81%。农田施肥管理能在腐解前期加快绿肥腐解及氮释放速率, 却不影响土壤氮累积。长武怀豆更适合作为该地区土壤培肥夏闲绿肥的选择。     

施氮和冬种绿肥对土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

为探讨冬季绿肥改良土壤的生态效应及确定合适比例的氮肥与绿肥翻压量,在“冬季绿肥 双季稻”复种型农作制度基础上,设置4×4双因素试验,研究不同紫云英翻压量和施氮水平对土壤活性有机碳库各组分及碳库管理指数的影响.结果表明： 单施绿肥能够显著促进土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳的累积.与对照相比,单施绿肥处理土壤总有机碳含量和活性有机碳含量分别平均增加22.2%、26.7%,但单施氮肥处理的土壤有机碳含量下降了0.6%～3.4%.与不施肥相比,单施绿肥和绿肥氮肥配施处理的土壤碳库管理指数分别平均增加了24.55和15.17,而单施氮肥处理减少了2.59.单施绿肥、绿肥氮肥配施和单施氮肥处理的土壤平均微生物生物量碳分别比对照高54.0%、95.2%和14.3%.活性有机碳含量与碳库管理指数存在极显著（P＜0.01）的相关性,与可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳也存在显著的相关性（P＜0.05）.水稻产量与活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数均存在极显著的相关性,且相关系数明显大于总有机碳.可见在当地土壤肥力条件下,施有机肥或有机无机肥适当配施能提高土壤有机碳含量和土壤碳库管理指数,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力.     

施氮和冬种绿肥对稻田土壤重金属含量、微生物数量及酶活性的影响

为了探讨施氮和冬种绿肥下稻田重金属含量的响应机制, 通过设计紫云英翻压量和施氮量 4×4 双因素试验,研究施氮和冬种绿肥对稻田土壤重金属含量的影响, 探讨土壤重金属含量与土壤养分、土壤生物学性状之间的相关性,对稻田环境质量状况进行综合评价研究。结果表明: (1)对照处理、单施氮肥区组、处理 M₃N₃(紫云英翻压 100%+施氮100%)和 M₁N₀(紫云英翻压 30%+不施氮)的土壤 Cd 含量高于国家土壤环境质量标准(0.25 mg·kg^-1), 其中处理 M₀N₂(紫云英不翻压+施氮 60%)达到最大值, 是背景值的 2.53 倍, 处理 M₁N₃(紫云英翻压 30%+施氮 100%)含量最低。 各处理的土壤 Hg 含量均高于国家土壤环境质量标准(0.20 mg·kg^-1), 处理 M₀N₁(紫云英不翻压+施氮 30%)达到最大, 是背景值的6.49 倍, 处理 M₂N₃(紫云英翻压 60%+施氮 100%)最低。 (2)通过分析土壤养分、微生物数量、酶活性与重金属含量的相关性, 表明土壤 Pb 与过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶均呈正相关, 且与脲酶呈极显著相关。 Cr 与过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶之间的相关性也呈正相关, 但相关性不显著。但 Cd、 As、 Hg 与过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶呈负相关, 相关性表现不显著。因此, 施氮和冬种绿肥有利于缓解土壤重金属污染, 但要注意选择绿肥翻压量和施氮量, 其中紫云英翻压 30%+施氮 100%和紫云英翻压 60%+施氮 100%表现较好。     

豆科绿肥及施氮量对旱地麦田土壤主要肥力性状的影响

通过2a田间定位试验,研究渭北旱塬地区夏闲期插播并翻压不同豆科绿肥(长武怀豆、大豆和绿豆)以及小麦生长季不同施氮量(0,108,135,162 kg/hm2)对麦田土壤肥力性状的影响,以期为提高旱地土壤质量提供理论依据.试验结果表明:(1)种植豆科绿肥能显著提高土壤有机质、活性有机质和全氮含量,增加土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI),对土壤速效钾含量没有显著影响;(2)绿豆还田量高于长武怀豆和大豆,然而土壤培肥效果逊于长武怀豆和大豆;(3)夏闲期种植绿肥明显消耗了土壤水分,导致绿肥翻压前、小麦播前直至收获后,0-200 cm土壤贮水量显著低于休闲处理,但耗水量与休闲没有明显差异,由于小麦产量显著增加,因此豆科绿肥显著提高了水分生产效率;(4)与不施氮相比,小麦生长季施用氮肥能显著增加土壤水分生产效率,却对土壤各肥力性状的影响均不显著.夏闲期种植并翻压豆科绿肥是旱地培肥土壤、提高水分生产效率的有效途径.     

有机肥和氮肥周年组合对麦豆轮作中复播大豆生长及产量的影响

为探明周年不同施肥组合对麦后复播大豆生长特性及产量的影响,筛选出小麦复播大豆高产的周年施肥组合,本试验采用裂区试验设计,主区为小麦季施肥,设置4个处理,分别为CK(无肥)、A(氮肥)、B(有机肥)、C(有机肥+氮肥),副区为大豆季施肥,在主区A、B、C三个处理的基础上设置不追施氮肥和追施氮肥150 kg·hm-2两个施氮水平。结果表明:周年不同施肥组合下复播大豆的SAPD值、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(Gs)、净光合速率(Pn)均为麦季混施有机肥和氮肥、豆季不施氮肥的C1处理表现最佳,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci) C1处理浓度最低,该处理的LAI在苗后40～60 d与其他处理存在显著差异,其各项光合指标在花期和荚期也与其他处理存在显著差异(P0.05); C1处理表现出干物质积累总持续时间最短,但最大生长速率出现的时间较早,增大干物质积累的平均速率最大,干物质快速积累生长特征值最高,最终C1处理分别比仅麦季单施氮肥和单施有机肥处理产量高18.71%和11.25%。本试验麦豆两熟农田应采用麦季混施有机肥22500kg·hm-2和氮肥375 kg·hm-2、豆季不施氮肥的周年施肥组合有利于大豆增产和氮肥减量。     

长期定位施肥对石灰性紫色水稻土AMF多样性的影响

为了解长期定位施肥对石灰性紫色水稻土丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）物种多样性的影响,从稻麦轮作下连续26年定位施农家肥（M）、氮肥+农家肥（NM）、氮磷肥+农家肥（NPM）、氮磷钾肥+农家肥（NPKM）、不施肥（CK）、氮肥（N）、氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）等不同施肥处理小区采集根区土样,分离鉴定AMF、测定多样性特征。共鉴定出17种AMF,其中球囊霉属Glomus 12种,占已分离总数的70.5%,为优势属;无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 3种,占17.6%;原囊霉属Archaeospora和内养囊霉属Entrophospora各1种,各占5.9%。无论是石灰性紫色土种植水稻还是小麦,AMF侵染率最高的施肥处理均为无肥处理（CK）,施肥特别是磷肥,降低AMF侵染率、孢子密度、相对多度和种丰度。变性梯度凝胶电泳（denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE）分析结果表明,不施肥对照（CK）的AMF多样性最丰富,多样性指数最高,水稻和小麦种植下的多样性指数分别为2.68和3.02;与无机肥处理相比,农家肥配施无机肥提高了AMF多样性指数。农家肥配施无机肥更有利于AMF发育。     

施用控释氮肥对稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响

借助农业部望城红壤水稻土生态环境野外观测试验站的控释氮肥试验,研究了施用控释氮肥对水稻不同生育期间稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮动态变化的影响。试验共设5个处理:①CK,(不施氮肥);②Urea(施用尿素);③CRNF(施用与处理②等氮量的控释氮肥);④70%CRNF(施用控释氮肥,用氮量为处理②的70%);⑤50%CRNF+M(施用控释氮肥和猪粪,总氮量为处理②的70%,其中控释氮肥用量为处理②的50%,猪粪含氮量为处理②的20%)。结果表明,施肥后10 d,施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳和氮均达最高,随生育进程推进逐渐下降,成熟期有一定的回升;施肥初期,施用等氮量的控释氮肥处理(CRNF)土壤微生物量碳、氮含量较尿素处理(Urea)分别增加5.4%和22.5%,而水稻生育中后期,控释氮肥处理(CRNF)土壤微生物量碳、氮含量较尿素处理(Urea)下降幅度大,该处理向地上部提供氮素营养较尿素处理高;施氮量较高的CRNF处理,土壤微生物生物量碳低于控释氮肥节氮处理(70%CRNF),但在大多数取样时期,土壤微生物量氮高于控释氮肥节氮处理(70%CRNF);控释氮肥配施有机肥的节氮处理较其他单施化肥处理显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量。控释氮肥与有机肥配施,不仅能节约氮肥用量,而且能明显地提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的含量。     

长期不同施肥措施下岩溶水稻土可培养细菌群落变化及其主要影响因素

【背景】施肥是目前提高作物产量的较优策略,不同的施肥措施在不同程度上影响土壤肥力和微生物群落结构。【目的】探究岩溶水稻土理化性质变化与细菌群落变化的对应关系,进而反映不同施肥措施对土壤可培养细菌群落的影响。最后选出最优施肥方案,为后续的合理施肥工作提供依据。【方法】对岩溶水稻土进行不施肥、常规施肥、常规施肥加绿肥3种施肥处理,通过对土壤理化性质、可培养细菌群落丰度及多样性变化的研究,探究在不同施肥措施下对岩溶水稻土壤细菌群落的影响。【结果】对比不施肥处理,常规施肥处理下土壤pH值和有机碳含量下降,结合大量研究结果证明,无机肥或氮肥的长期过量施加使土壤pH值下降,常规施肥加绿肥有利于有机碳的积累。分离纯化共得到164株菌,分别来自Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Proteobacteria。属水平上常规施肥配施绿肥较常规施肥组优势菌属Sphingomonas、Lysobacter的相对丰度增加。细菌群落多样性增加,出现Paenibacillus、Streptomyces和Pseudomonas等特有功能菌属。优势菌属Sphingopyxis、Lysobacter、Paenibacillus、Bosea、Streptomyces、Pseudomonas和Bacillus与TN存在显著正相关,在常规施肥加绿肥处理土壤中增加。【结论】常规施肥加绿肥处理下,固氮、溶磷等功能菌丰度增加,增加土壤肥力,保持土壤养分的可利用性,对作物的增产起重要作用。岩溶水稻土常规施肥配施绿肥处理的效果优于不施肥和常规施肥处理。     

江汉平原不同氮肥运筹模式下豆麦和稻/麦轮作系统小麦产量和经济效益差异

研究江汉平原豆麦(大豆/小麦)和稻麦(水稻/小麦)轮作系统中冬小麦生长规律对氮肥运筹模式的响应,可为缩小两种轮作模式下的小麦产量差异提供理论依据。试验设置传统施肥(70%底肥,30%越冬期追肥)和优化施肥(1/3底肥,1/3越冬期追肥,1/3拔节期追肥)2个处理,并以不施氮处理为对照,分析了豆麦和稻麦轮作系统中冬小麦的生长规律、产量及产量构成因素、肥料利用率和施肥效益等。结果表明: 施氮和轮作模式均对小麦产量有显著影响,优化施肥产量显著高于传统施肥,两者产量差异在豆麦轮作系统下为920 kg·hm^-2,在稻麦轮作系统下为2195 kg·hm^-2。相同轮作模式下,传统施肥冬季、春季群体茎蘖数高于优化施肥,而优化施肥在整个生育期干物质总积累量较传统施肥高5%~31%(豆麦)和14%~28%(稻麦)。传统施肥下豆茬小麦产量较高的原因是穗数、成穗率、群体干物质积累量等均高于稻茬小麦;优化施肥下稻茬小麦产量较豆茬小麦增加幅度更大,表明优化氮肥模式可缩小豆麦与稻麦轮作中小麦的产量差异。两种轮作模式中小麦花后粒重分别呈现“慢-快-中”(豆麦)和“中-快-慢”(稻麦)的增加趋势;氮肥农学效率、小麦季纯收益等指标均以稻麦轮作优化施肥处理最高。综上,在江汉平原地区,稻麦轮作优化施肥处理下小麦群体结构合理,干物质积累量较高,产量和施肥效益增加显著,是江汉平原地区兼顾产量与施肥效益的最佳模式。     

绿肥配施氮肥对岩溶区稻田土壤微生物群落的影响

绿肥参与耕作改制是土壤培肥及作物增产的有效措施,对土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响至关重要。【目的】研究绿肥配施氮肥对岩溶区稻田土壤微生物群落结构的影响,阐明微生物、土壤生态环境因子及作物产量的相互关系,为岩溶稻区绿肥替代氮肥提供理论依据和数据支撑。【方法】以典型岩溶稻田土壤为研究对象,设置冬闲+不施氮肥(CK)、冬闲+氮肥(N)、绿肥+不施氮肥(M)、绿肥+氮肥(MN) 4个处理,通过3年田间定位试验,对土壤微生物进行高通量测序,解析不同施肥处理对细菌和真菌群落的影响。【结果】与CK相比,MN处理显著提高了早稻产量,提升了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,降低了速效磷含量。MN处理显著提高细菌群落丰富度及多样性,而真菌群落丰富度和多样性在MN处理有降低趋势。岩溶稻田土壤优势细菌类群主要为Chloroflexi、Proteobacteria和Acidobacteria等,优势真菌类群主要为Ascomycota、Basidiomycota和Zygomycota等。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,土壤速效钾是影响土壤细菌群落组成的关键环境因子。共现网络分析结果表明,细菌-真菌群落交互关系主...     

Nitrogen contribution of cowpea green manure and residue to upland rice

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., is well adapted to acid upland soil and can be grown for seed, green manure, and fodder production. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted on an Aeric Tropaqualf in the Philippines to determine the effect of cowpea management practice on the response of a subsequent upland rice crop to applied urea. Cowpea was grown to flowering and incorporated as a green manure or grown to maturity with either grain and pods removed or all aboveground vegetation removed before sowing rice. Cowpea green manure accumulated on average 68 kg N ha⁻¹, and aboveground residue after harvest of dry pods contained on average 46 kg N ha⁻¹. Compared with a pre-rice fallow, cowpea green manure and residue increased grain yield of upland rice by 0.7 Mg ha⁻¹ when no urea was applied to rice. Green manure and residue substituted for 66 and 70 kg urea-N ha⁻¹ on upland rice, respectively. In the absence of urea, green manure and residue increased total aboveground N in mature rice by 12 and 14 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively. These increases corresponded to plant recoveries of 13% for applied green manure N and 24% for applied residue N. At 15 d after sowing rice (DAS), 33% of the added green manure N and 16% of the added residue N was recovered as soil (nitrate + ammonium)-N. At 30 DAS, the corresponding recoveries were 20 and 37% for green manure N and residue N, respectively. Cowpea cropping with removal of all aboveground cowpea vegetation slightly increased (p<0.05) soil (nitrate + ammonium)-N at 15 DAS as compared with the pre-rice fallow, but it did not increase rice yield. Cowpea residue remaining after harvest of dry pods can be an effective N source for a subsequent upland rice crop.     

Nitrogen uptake and recovery from urea and green manure in lowland rice measured by15N and non-isotope techniques

In the recent past considerable attention is paid to minimize dependence on purchased inputs such as inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Green manure in the form of flood-tolerant, stem-nodulatingSesbania rostrata andAeschynomene afraspera is an alternative N source for rice, which may also increase N use efficiency. Therefore research was conducted to determine the fate of N applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the form ofSesbania rostrata andAeschynomene afraspera green manure and urea in two field experiments using¹⁵N labeled materials.¹⁵N in the soil and rice plant was determined, and¹⁵N balances established. Apparent N recoveries were determined by non-tracer method. ¹⁵N recoveries averaged 90 and 65% of N applied for green manure and urea treatments, respectively. High partial pressures of NH₃ in the floodwater, and high pH probably resulted from urea application and favoured losses of N from the urea treatment. Results show that green manure N can supply a substantial proportion of the N requirements of lowland rice. Nitrogen released fromSesbania rostrata andAeschynomene afraspera green manure was in synchrony with the demand of the rice plant. The effect of combined application of green manure and urea on N losses from urea fertilizer were also investigated. Green manure reduced the N losses from¹⁵N labeled urea possibly due to a reduction in pH of the floodwater. Positive added N interactions (ANIs) were observed. At harvest, an average of 45 and 25% of N applied remained in the soil for green manure and urea, respectively.Contribution from IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines and Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, GermanyContribution from IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines and Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany     

Total nitrogen uptake by maize with Azotobacter inoculation

Summary The economic feasibility of using cultures of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in programmes to increase crop production, as a selfgenerating source of nitrogen, has been proved beyond doubtviz. Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and blue green algal ‘fertilizer’ for rice. The extent to which the free living, N-fixing, aerobic, heterotropicAzotobacter chroococcum could replace the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to maize was investigatedin vivo. Total nitrogen uptake (kg ha⁻¹) by maize after inoculation with Azotobacter combined with moderate applications of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure was influenced significantly and resulted in a higher nitrogen concentration in grain and stover along with a higher yield. Part of Ph.D. Thesis     

Evaluation of Sesbania speciosa as a green manure for lowland rice in the dry zone,Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan rice farmers rarely practise green manuring and they depend mostly on chemical fertilizers for the nutrient requirement of their crops. With the removal of government subsidy on fertilizers since 1990, they are now faced with the dilemma of meeting the cost of production to sustain previous yield targets. Therefore the present study devotes to evaluate alternative cheaper nutrient sources like green manures for rice. Results of recent work in Sri Lanka have shown that Sesbania speciosa Taub. ex Engl. is a promising green manure for lowland rice in the dry zone. It was evaluated to adopt a suitable green manuring system for rice. Its year-round biomass production, nutrient accumulation during the vegetative growth and nitrogen fixation were monitored. Field trials were conducted to investigate its ability to suppress weed growth when grown during fallow periods and its contribution to soil fertility and effect on rice yield. Highest biomass of around 100 g dry matter per plant, was achieved when S. speciosa was seeded in August and harvested at flowering in November. When this was planted during a fallow period at a spacing of 0.25×0.25 m (16 plants m^-2), percentage weed reduction was as much as 40%. Its N₂ fixation activity was similar to that of S. sesban (L.) Merr., Nitrogen concentration in S. speciosa increased until 70 days after establishment and then decreased towards flowering. Phosphorus and K accumulation was also effective during this period. Therefore suitable time for soil-incorporation of S. speciosa is around 70 days after establishment. S. speciosa-manured and chemically fertilized rice crops were comparable in terms of grain yield, indicating the effective nutrient supplying potential of this green manure. Straw biomass was significantly high under S. speciosa, because of the high N-allocation to vegetative growth of rice under this. This evaluation shows that S. speciosa not only supplies N, but is also an effective and complete supplier of other nutrients for rice. A scheme to introduce this into rice production system is proposed, where S. speciosa is seeded/broadcast two weeks before crop harvest (around January) in Maha (major) season as well as Yala (minor) season (around June) so that its biomass can be incorporated into soil during land preparation of subsequent seasons.     

紫云英配施化肥对水稻氮素吸收利用和紫云英氮在水稻-土壤体系分配、残留的影响

明确紫云英配施化肥条件下水稻对氮素吸收利用和紫云英氮在水稻-土壤体系的吸收利用、分配及残留规律,能够为豫南稻区合理施肥提供依据。本研究利用原状土柱模拟和¹⁵N示踪技术,研究等氮条件下不施肥(CK)、化肥+22500 kg·hm^-2紫云英(FM1)、化肥+30000 kg·hm^-2紫云英(FM2)、化肥+37500 kg·hm^-2紫云英(FM3)、化肥+22500 kg·hm^-2紫云英+石灰(FM1+CaO)、化肥+30000 kg·hm^-2紫云英+石灰(FM2+CaO)、化肥+37500 kg·hm^-2紫云英+石灰(FM3+CaO)对水稻氮素吸收利用、水稻-土壤体系氮素养分平衡和紫云英矿化分解的氮在水稻各部位吸收利用、分配及残留的影响。结果表明: 与CK相比,施肥显著提高了稻谷氮吸收量、稻秆氮吸收量和氮素表观损失量、氮素盈余量。稻谷氮吸收量、稻秆氮吸收量和水稻氮利用率随紫云英翻压量增加呈先升高后降低趋势,氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量随紫云英翻压量增加呈先降低后上升趋势,均以翻压30000 kg·hm^-2紫云英配施化肥处理效果较好。增施石灰可提高水稻稻谷氮吸收量、稻秆氮吸收量和水稻氮利用率,降低氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量,以FM2+CaO处理效果最好。各施肥处理水稻吸收的氮来源于紫云英的比例为6.3%～13.2%,来源于土壤和肥料的比例为86.8%～93.7%;水稻对紫云英氮的当季利用率为23.8%～33.6%,水稻各部位对紫云英氮的利用率表现为籽粒>茎叶>根;紫云英氮在土壤中的残留率为37.6%～62.4%,损失率为7.8%～38.6%。综合考虑水稻氮素吸收利用、水稻-土壤体系氮素养分平衡和紫云英氮在水稻中的分配状况,该研究区以FM2+CaO处理为最优。     

湿垃圾来源的蚯蚓粪肥对连作障碍土壤质量和黄瓜产量的影响

随着城市化的发展,湿垃圾产量与日俱增,湿垃圾资源化利用迫在眉睫。利用蚯蚓处理湿垃圾制作蚯蚓粪肥用于农田土壤改良,是一项有效的湿垃圾资源化利用途径以及有利于缓解蔬菜连作障碍方面问题。该文以常规有机肥为参照,选取以湿垃圾及其厌氧沼渣为原料制作的蚯蚓粪肥为研究对象,研究连续3年施加蚯蚓粪肥对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)土壤综合质量和作物产量的影响。结果表明,经过3年的改良后,施加60.0 t/hm²蚯蚓粪肥的黄瓜产量提高了5.60%,土壤有机质含量提高了50.0%,且蚯蚓粪肥的效果要高于常规有机肥;土壤全氮含量达到最高,高于背景值33.0%;土壤的养分含量(硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾)也得到了提高,其中速效钾含量升高了94.0%。经过3年的改良,土壤中的细菌数量在施加了有机肥后明显增加,其中以添加30.0t/hm²蚯蚓粪肥的细菌数量最多;土壤细菌/真菌的比值有所提高,土壤生物性状得到改善。土壤的呼吸强度随着有机肥的施入而升高,以施加60.0t/hm²蚯蚓粪肥的最大;土壤pH略有降低,盐度无明显变化。因此,湿垃圾来源的蚯蚓...     

宁夏引黄灌区猪粪还田对稻作土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区稻田为例,探索猪粪还田条件下稻田土壤硝态氮淋失规律。试验设置3个处理:常规施肥300 kg纯N kg/hm2(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm2(T1)和9000 kg/hm2(T2)猪粪。利用树脂芯法吸附稻田30cm、60cm和90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。结果表明:在常规施肥的基础上增施猪粪,可以减少稻田生育期内60cm与90cm处土壤硝态氮淋失量,与CK相比,T1、T2在两个土层处淋失量的减少比例分别为4.93%、13.92%与7.48%、13.77%。同一土层不同处理之间差异显著性比较看(P0.05),30cm处T1、T2与CK相比没有达到显著性差异;60cm处,T1与CK未达到显著差异,T2与CK达到显著差异;90cm处,T1、T2与CK相比达到显著差异;60cm和90cm土层处的T2与T1之间均达到显著差异。T1和T2在30cm处的淋失量高于CK,但增加不明显,处理之间以及处理与对照相比差异不显著。稻田生育期内不同土层硝态氮淋失量在13.61—17.77 kg/hm2(纯N)。硝态氮淋失集中在插秧至分蘖期(5月中旬—6月下旬),该阶段的硝态氮淋失量占生育期内总淋失量的61.62%—72.84%;后期淋失量明显减少。处理T1、T2的水稻产量增产率分别为15.86%与12.85%。由此可见,在引黄灌区稻田,一定数量的猪粪还田,不仅能够减少土壤硝态氮向深层淋失,防控地下水污染,还有利于水稻增产。     

硅肥对水稻-田面水-土壤氮磷含量的影响

研究硅肥对双季稻产量及土壤氮磷流失的影响,旨在为典型双季稻区施肥结构优化以及农田面源污染综合防控技术提供技术支撑.采用田间试验研究在相同氮磷肥基础上施0、750、1500、2250和3000 kg·hm^-2 (T₀、T₁、T₂、T₃、T₄)硅肥对双季稻产量和氮磷吸收、田面水氮磷含量及土壤有效硅、有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量的影响.结果表明:与不施硅肥处理(T₀)比较,早、晚稻季水稻稻谷分别增产2.2%～30.4%和3.9%～9.2%;早、晚稻籽粒氮素积累量增加2.4%～47.3%、磷素积累量增加2.2%～41.3%,秸秆氮素积累量增加0.4%～28.3%、磷素积累量增加5.1%～31.0%;施硅肥后第1天,施硅处理田面水总氮(TN)浓度较不施硅肥处理平均降低3.4%～28.8%、铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)降低10.4%～25.6%、总磷(TP)降低25.5%～29.2%、可溶性总磷(TDP)降低30.8%～38.0%;第45天后施硅各处理田面水总磷和可溶性总磷含量呈现上升趋势,并显著高于T₀处理.施硅肥有利于提高土壤有效硅水平以及有机质和碱解氮含量,以T₁处理效果最好,土壤速效磷含量随硅肥用量增加呈降低趋势.