磷脂酰肌醇 -3 激酶不直接调控PC12 细胞的分泌

磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)是磷脂酰肌醇代谢过程中一种重要的酶,通过其代谢产物参与了对多种细胞生理活动的调节,如囊泡运输、细胞骨架重组、细胞存活、吞噬作用、细胞凋亡等.为研究其对细胞分泌功能的作用,使用磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶家族的特异性抑制剂渥曼青霉素(wortmannin)阻断磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶的活性,以EGFP-2xFYVE融合蛋白与磷脂酰肌醇-3-磷酸(PtdIns-3-P)的结合为指征,使用荧光显微成像技术检测渥曼青霉素对磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶的抑制作用,采用膜片钳膜电容测量方法及光解钙离子释放技术检测渥曼青霉素对PC12细胞分泌功能的影响.实验结果表明,wortmannin阻断了磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶的活性,抑制了磷脂酰肌醇-3-磷酸(PtdIns-3-P)的产生,并使FYVE与PtdIns-3-P解离,但渥曼青霉素处理之前和处理30 min后的PC12细胞分泌反应的幅度、动力学特性和分泌的钙依赖性均无显著差异,表明磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶对PC12细胞的分泌无显著的直接影响.     

兔脑中磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸的分离纯化

多磷酸肌醇磷脂(polyphospholnositides,PPI)包括磷脂酰肌醇-4-磷酸(phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate,PIP)和磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸(phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bis-phosphate,PIP_2)。近年来发现它们在细胞跨膜信号传递中起重要作用。为了深入了解其代谢及生理作用,有必要把它们分离纯化。前人报道过几种纯化方法,但操作复杂。目前国外仅几家公司生产,价格昂贵;国内仍无生产,也未见类似报道。本文主要报告一种分离纯化兔脑中PIP_2的新方法及用硅胶板薄层层析法(TLC)分离鉴定兔脑中PIP和PIP_2。     

创伤后抑制性T细胞对活化T细胞内白介素2及白介素2受体α基因表达的影响

研究了创伤小鼠抑制性T细胞(Ts)对白介素2(IL-2)及IL-2受体(IL-2R)α基因表达的抑制作用。结果表明,创伤后Ts细胞对正常活化T细胞内IL-2 mRNA及IL-2 RαmRNA水平的抑制作用增强,以伤后4天最为明显,伤后10天仍未恢复正常。创伤后Ts细胞还可升高正常活化T细胞内cAMP含量,降低cGMP含量,增加cAMP/cGMP比值。且可降低三磷酸肌醇(IP_3)含量、游离钙(Ca~(2 ))浓度、钙调素(CaM)、钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶(CaM-PK)及蛋白激酶C(PKC)的活性。去除创伤小鼠活化T细胞中的Ts细胞,则可使其IL-2mRNA及IL-2RαmRNA水平明显升高。并可使cAMP、cGMP、IP_3含量、Ca~(2 )浓度、CaM、CaM-PK及PKC活性的变化发生逆转。表明创伤后Ts细胞可通过影响T细胞内环核苷酸含量及磷脂酰肌醇代谢途径,进而抑制IL-2及IL-2 Rα的基因表达。     

SHIP蛋白质的生物学特性及其与白血病的关系

含SH2结构域的肌醇磷酸酶(SHIP)属于5’磷酸酯酶家族成员。SHIP能将磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5-三磷酸(PI-3,4,5-P3,PIP3)水解为磷脂酰肌醇-3,4-二磷酸(PI-3,4-P2),是主要表达于造血细胞的磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)信号抑制分子,通过参与调节PI3K途径而影响细胞增殖、存活及信号转导等诸多细胞活动,与白血病的发生发展密切相关。     

气相色谱法检测大鼠脑及颌下腺磷脂酰肌醇代谢环路中肌醇的含量

磷脂酰肌醇(PI)约占细胞总磷脂的5～10％,其代谢十分活跃。近几年来,人们发现PI代谢是许多膜受体信号跨膜转导的重要途径。乙酰胆碱等多种神经递质激动其受体后,经三磷酸鸟苷结合蛋白转导激活细胞膜磷脂酶C,催化PI水解生成两种信使物质:1,4,5一三磷酸肌醇(IP_3)及二酰基甘油,其中IP_3经特异性     

PIP5KIC在自噬体形成过程中的重要作用

自噬（autophagy）是一种在真核生物中十分保守的溶酶体依赖性降解途径,它通过形成双层膜结构包裹胞内堆积的蛋白质和受损细胞器并将其运送到溶酶体中进行降解。在实验中发现,一型磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸5-激酶C亚型（type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase isoform C,PIP5KIC）会参与到自噬过程中。在哺乳动物细胞中,敲低一型磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸5-激酶C亚型会造成欧米茄体（omegasome）的形状异常,进而造成自噬水平的降低。同样,在酵母中敲掉其同源物磷脂酰肌醇5-激酶Mss4后也会导致类似的现象。因此,推测一型磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸5-激酶C亚型在自噬体的生成中起着很重要的作用。     

PI3K/AKT通路在动物葡萄糖代谢中的研究进展

葡萄糖代谢稳态对维持动物健康水平至关重要。磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)是受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK)和G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR)共同调控的下游效应因子。它能够磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol, PI)上肌醇环的D3羟基,生成第二信使磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5-三磷酸(PI-3,4,5-P3, PIP3)。PIP3的生成可以促使蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT/PKB)在细胞膜处募集并诱导其变构激活,活化的AKT可以通过调节下游靶标的活性来调控机体的葡萄糖代谢过程和其他生物学功能。鉴于PI3K/AKT信号通路在动物机体葡萄糖代谢以及人类2型糖尿病(type2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)等疾病中的重要调控作用,该文就PI3K/AKT信号通路及相关重要调控因子的生物学功能与分子机制进行综述。     

异搏定对小鼠肝癌腹水瘤细胞系PI-PLC活性的影响

本文采用615近交系小鼠肝癌腹水瘤H_(ca)-F_(25)/CL-A_2细胞,测定钙拮抗剂异搏定作用前后磷脂酰肌醇特异的磷脂酶C(PI-PLC)活性的变化,并与同样处理的瘤株内钙恒稳的有关指标相比较。结果表明经异搏定处理后的A_2细胞PI-PLC活性显著降低,并与钙恒稳的指标基本呈现相应的平行变化趋势。提示PI-PLC可能参与肿瘤细胞内钙恒稳的变化过程,异搏定的作用可能与磷脂酰肌醇信号传导系统相关。     

植物PLC-DGK/PA途径介导的渗透胁迫应答反应

肌醇磷脂依赖的磷脂酶C(PLC)是经典肌醇磷脂信号系统的重要组分,它分解二磷酸磷脂酰肌醇分子(PIP2)产生双信使IP3和DAG分子。动物细胞中DAG激活蛋白激酶C(PKC)参与调节多种细胞功能。植物基因组中缺乏PKC的同源序列,DAG被二酰甘油激酶(DGK)进一步磷酸化形成磷脂酸(PA),形成新的植物特有的第二信使分子。酶蛋白PLC和DGK及其作用的底物和产物形成植物特色的信号途径,该信号途径在植物对非生物和生物胁迫的反应中发挥重要作用。该文从蛋白信号分子的表达特征和脂质信号分子的含量变化等两个方面综述了植物特色的肌醇信号途径PLC-DGK/PA在应答渗透胁迫反应中的作用。除了PLC-DG活性外,PA也可由磷脂酶D(PLD)产生。该文还对两种途径产生的PA进行了讨论。     

PIP_2信号与PIP_2的再合成

磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸(phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate,PIP2)是一种分布在细胞膜内侧面的微量磷脂。虽然含量很低,但PIP2在细胞信号转导以及膜蛋白功能调节等方面却起着十分重要的作用。细胞膜中PIP2的含量水平呈动态平衡,在其代谢调节改变时,PIP2局部浓度的变化可影响特定蛋白的功能。该文就近二十年来针对PIP2信号和PIP2代谢调节相关的研究作一综述。     

高糖膳食对大鼠载脂蛋白AⅠ、CⅡ和CⅢ基因表达的影响

 我们以Sprague-Dawley大鼠为实验对象,研究高糖膳食对大鼠肝脏及小肠载脂蛋白(apo)AⅠ、CⅡ和CⅢmRNA相对含量的影响。摄取高糖膳食6天后,大鼠空腹血清TG含量和胰岛素水平均显著升高,cAMP含量则显著下降。同时,用RNA斑点杂交技术分析表明,摄取高糖膳食6天后,肝脏apoAⅠCⅡ和CⅢmRNA相对含量均显著下降(P<0.01,P<0.05);小肠apoAⅠ和CⅡmRNA相对含量也显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),但小肠apoCⅢmRNA相对含量无改变。     

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate may antecede diacylglycerol as activator of protein kinase C

Phosphatidylserine/calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) from rat brain is activated fifty times more efficiently by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) (Kapp = 0.04 mole% in Triton-lipid micelles) than by diacylglycerol (DG) (Kapp = 2 mole%). Both effector lipids appear to bind to the same site but PIP2 may confer a narrower substrate specificity on the kinase. DG, which together with inositol trisphosphate (IP3) is generated by hydrolysis from PIP2 after cell stimulation, has been considered the natural activator of the kinase but it is likely to be anteceded in this function by PIP2; DG may perhaps retain the function of a back-up activator. The lack of PKC-activation by phosphatidylinositol (PI) or phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) opens the possibility that the Inositide Shuttle, PI reversible PIP reversible PIP2, has a role in controlling the activity of the kinase.     

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate competitively inhibits phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C

Calcium phospholipid dependent protein kinase C (PKC) is activated by diacylglycerol (DG) and by phorbol esters and is recognized to be the phorbol ester receptor of cells; DG displaces phorbol ester competitively from PKC. A phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), can also activate PKC in the presence of phosphatidylserine (PS) and Ca2+ with a KPIP2 of 0.04 mol %. Preliminary experiments have suggested a common binding site for PIP2 and DG on PKC. Here, we investigate the effect of PIP2 on phorbol ester binding to PKC in a mixed micellar assay. In the presence of 20 mol % PS, PIP2 inhibited specific binding of [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) in a dose-dependent fashion up to 85% at 1 mol %. Inhibition of binding was more pronounced with PIP2 than with DG. Scatchard analysis indicated that the decrease in binding of PDBu in the presence of PIP2 is the result of an altered affinity for the phorbol ester rather than of a change in maximal binding. The plot of apparent dissociation constants (Kd') against PIP2 concentration was linear over a range of 0.01-1 mol % with a Ki of 0.043 mol % and confirmed the competitive nature of inhibition between PDBu and PIP2. Competition between PIP2 and phorbol ester could be demonstrated in a liposomal assay system also. These results indicate that PIP2, DG, and phorbol ester all compete for the same activator-receiving region on the regulatory moiety of protein kinase C, and they lend support to the suggestion that PIP2 is a primary activator of the enzyme.     

Effect of staurosporine on fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated human neutrophils: dissociated release of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, diacylglycerol and intracellular calcium.

Staurosporine, a microbial alkaloid, enhances inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) production rapidly and dose-dependently in fMet-Leu-Phe (FMLP)-stimulated human neutrophils showing maximal effects at 1 microM concentration. The IP3 increase was specific for staurosporine as three other putative protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, H7, sphingosine and palmitoylcarnitine were unable to enhance the IP3 generation in FMLP-stimulated human neutrophils. Staurosporine, at concentrations 0.3-1.0 microM, did not affect the initial mobilization of FMLP-induced intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i), although a sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ level was observed within 5 min. This effect could not be suppressed, even by 1 microM phorbol-myristate 12,13-acetate (PMA). Whereas lower concentrations of staurosporine (less than or equal to 100 nM) were unable to affect FMLP-induced IP3 production, DG accumulation and Ca2+i, the PMA-inhibited initial Ca2+i signal and IP3 formation triggered by FMLP were almost completely restored. At higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 300 nM) staurosporine reversed the inhibitory effect of other protein kinases, distinct from the PMA-inducible one, which may be responsible for the phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) breakdown, thus causing accumulation of IP3 and DG and an elevation of C2+i level. Whereas IP3 declined to basal level within 5 min, the DG level remained elevated during the same period. This phenomenon is attributed to phospholipase D (PLD) stimulation by staurosporine, which augments the DG synthesis, in part through PA degradation via phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphohydrolase.     

Ca2+ regulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover in the plasma membrane of tobacco suspension culture cells.

The biochemical properties of the enzymes involved in phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover in higher plants were investigated using the plasma membrane isolated from tobacco suspension culture cells by aqueous two-phase partitioning. Submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+ inhibited PI kinase and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) kinase and stimulated phospholipase C. Diacylglycerol (DG) kinase was inhibited by Ca2+, but required a higher concentration than the physiological level. From the above results we postulate the following scheme: signal coupled activation of phospholipase C produces IP3 which induces Ca2+ release from the intracellular Ca2+ compartment, the increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ in turn activates phospholipase C and causes a further increase of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ level. This inhibits PI kinase and PIP kinase and brings about a limited supply of PIP2, the substrate of phospholipase C. Consequently, IP3 production decreases and Ca2+ mobilization ceases. Then cytosolic Ca2+ returns to the stationary level by the Ca2+ pump at the plasma membrane and at the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+/H+ antiporter at the plasma membrane and at the tonoplast.     

大肠杆菌中高表达重组Era可溶性蛋白的纯化及其生化特性

质粒pCE31含有在P_L起动子控制下的重组era基因,在大肠杆菌中、42℃诱导高表达出Era蛋白,经溶菌酶处理裂菌、沉淀离心洗涤后所得的纯Era是不溶的,生物活性也不高。改在40℃诱导2h,在Era底物GDP的存在下裂菌,60％以上的Era处于可溶状态。用蛋白酶抑制剂防止Era蛋白降解,经盐析、Q-SepharoseFF柱层析分离,获得可溶性纯Era蛋白。该蛋白能特异地与鸟苷酸结合、并具有GTP酶活性,表明Era是一种G蛋白。动力学定量分析结果:在4℃时,每分子Era肽链能结合一分子GTP或GDP,表明所纯化的Era蛋白几乎都具有活性;4℃下,Era蛋白与GTP或GDP结合的解离常数,分别为5.49和1.01μmol/L;37℃时,Era蛋白GTP酶的Km值为9.0μmol/L,催化GTP水解的最大速度为9.8mmolCTP/mol Era/min。     

Differential effect on inositol-phospholipid hydrolysis, cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration, protein kinase C activity and protein phosphorylation of 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol growth-stimulated ascites tumor cells

This study shows that the membrane-permeable stereospecific 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), which is the analog of the natural 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), can stimulate the growth of ascites tumor cells. OAG can fully replace high serum concentrations in the culture medium and stimulates DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Investigation of the protein kinase C (PKC) isolated from a Triton extract of a 100,000g membrane pellet revealed that OAG can directly activate this enzyme. Concomitantly the phosphorylation of several cytosolic proteins with the molecular weights of 26, 33, 49, 55, 64, and 90 kDa is observed which is also found in serum-stimulated cells. Since DAG as a second messenger molecule originates from the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides we have investigated the metabolism of these lipids after labeling the cells with [3H]inositol. In detail, we have measured the amount of radioactive inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and the phosphodiesterase hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). The decreased radioactivity level of IP3 in OAG-stimulated cells as compared to non-growing cells (1-2% serum) indicates a feedback regulation of PIP2 hydrolysis which is substantiated by a profound reduction of PIP2-specific phospholipase C activity. The reduced IP3 formation has apparently no inhibitory effect on the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration of OAG-stimulated cells, suggesting that the Ca2+ release is not directly correlated to the amount of IP3, which is also demonstrated for the non-growing cells. These data indicate that OAG apparently has a duel effect on the inositol phospholipid-mediated signal transfer system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

致癌剂DEN、促癌剂巴豆油对大鼠肝α_1抑制因子3基因表达的影响

本文对致癌剂二乙基亚硝胺(DEN)和促癌剂巴豆油对大鼠肝α_1-抑制因子3(α_1- I_s)基因表达的影响进行了观察。结果表明:在腹腔注射DEN(200mg/kg·b.w.)后2h,α_1- I_3 RNA水平即显著下降;4h左右有所回升,约为正常水平的四分之一;然后又下降至极低水平,并一直保持该水平至24h。同时,c-myc RNA在2h则被诱导,约为正常水平的2-3倍;之后,即在4至24h内虽有波动,但基本处于正常水平。在腹腔注射巴豆油(18mg/kg.b.w.)后1h,α_1-I_3RNA水平即下降,约为正常水平的1/8,此后有所回升,约为正常水平的1/3-1/4;在同样条件下,ODC和C-fos RNA能被巴豆油诱导而增加。我们以前的工作表明,在大多数(75％,12/16)由DEN所诱发的大鼠肝癌中,α_1- I_3RNA水平显著下降,且基因结构发生了变化。综合这些结果,说明α_1- I_3基因或与该基因表达有关的蛋白调控因子可能是致癌剂DEN或促癌剂TPA的作用靶分子。该基因表达异常的意义及机理正在深入研究中。     

Calcium-mobilizing receptors, polyphosphoinositides, generation of second messengers and contraction in the mammalian iris smooth muscle: historical perspectives and current status

It is well established now that activation of Ca2+ -mobilizing receptors results in the phosphodiesteratic breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), instead of phosphatidylinositol (PI), into myoinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG). There is also accumulating experimental evidence which indicates that IP3 and DG may function as second messengers, the former to mobilize Ca2+ from intracellular sites and the latter to activate protein kinase C (PKC). In this review, I have recounted our early studies, which began in 1975 with the original observation that activation of muscarinic cholinergic and adrenergic receptors in the rabbit iris smooth muscle leads to the breakdown of PIP2, instead of PI, and culminated in 1979 in the discovery that the stimulated hydrolysis of PIP2 results in the release of IP3 and DG and that this PIP2 breakdown is involved in the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction. In addition, I have summarized more recent work on the effects of carbachol, norepinephrine, substance P, the platelet-activating factor, prostaglandins, and isoproterenol on PIP2 hydrolysis, IP3 accumulation, DG formation, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, cyclic AMP production, arachidonic acid release (AA) and muscle contraction in the iris sphincter muscle. These studies suggest: (a) that the IP3-Ca2+ signalling system, through the Ca2+ -dependent MLC phosphorylation pathway, is probably the primary determinant of the phasic component of the contractile response; (b) that the DG-PKC pathway may not be directly involved in the tonic component of muscle contraction, but may play a role in the regulation of IP3 generation; (c) that there are biochemical and functional interactions between the IP3-Ca2+ and the cAMP second messenger systems, cAMP may act as regulator of muscle responses to agonists that exert their action through the IP3-Ca2+ system; and (d) that enhanced PIP2 turnover is involved in desensitization and sensitization of alpha 1-adrenergic- and muscarinic cholinergic-mediated contractions of the dilator and sphincter muscles of the iris, respectively. The contractile response is a typical Ca2+ -dependent process, which makes smooth muscle an ideal tissue to investigate the second messenger functions of IP3 and DG and their interactions with the cAMP system.     

Interaction of protein kinase C with phosphoinositides.

Calcium/phosphatidylserine-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) is activated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), as well as by diacylglycerol (DG) and phorbol esters. Here we report that PIP2, like DG, increases the affinity of PKC for Ca2+, and causes Ca(2+)-dependent translocation of the enzyme from the soluble to a particulate fraction (liposomes). Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) also displaces phorbol ester from PKC and causes Ca(2+)-dependent translocation of the enzyme to liposomes, but is much less efficient than PIP2, and a much weaker activator, with a histone phosphorylation v(PIP)/v(PIP2) of approximately 0.15. Scatchard analysis indicates competitive inhibition between PIP and phorbol ester with Ki(PIP) = 0.26 mol% as compared with Ki(PIP2) = 0.043 mol%. No effect of phosphatidylinositol (PI) on phorbol ester binding to PKC, translocation of PKC, or activation of PKC was observed. These results suggest that both PIP and PIP2 can complex with PKC, but full activation of the enzyme takes place only when PIP is converted to PIP2. We suggest that an inositide interconversion shuttle has a role in the regulation of protein phosphorylation.