高压氧预处理对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制探讨

目的:探讨高压氧预处理对免脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制.方法:20只雄性新西兰大白兔,随机分为2组(每组n=10):对照组为常压空气组;HBO组为高压氧预处理组.采用肾下腹主动脉阻断法造成脊髓缺血再灌注损伤,观察两组再灌注后4h、12h、24h、48h时的神经功能评分;再灌注48 h时取出腰段脊髓组织(L5-7)测定脊髓抗氧化酶活性(SOD、CAT及GSH-px)及MAD含量.结果:再灌注4h、12h、24h、48h时,HBO组神经功能学评分均明显优于对照组(P<0.05).再灌注48h时,HBO组脊髓匀浆SOD、CAT及GSH-px活性明显高于对照组(P<0.05),脊髓匀浆MDA含量明显低于对照组(P<0.05).相关性分析发现,再灌注48 h时后肢运动神经功能学评分与脊髓SOD、CAT及GSH-px活性呈正相关(r=0.82,0.65,0.54,P<0.05),与脊髓MDA含量呈负相关(r=-0.69,P<0.05).结论:高压氧预处理对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制可能与上调内源性抗氧化酶活性和清除自由基有关.     

总丹参多酚酸预处理对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨总丹参多酚酸(TSI)对大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤(SCII)的神经保护作用以及评估TSI预处理对氧化应激的影响和功能修复的作用。方法将18只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型对照组、TSI(20 mg/kg)处理组,每组6只。采用夹闭左肾下腹主动脉的方法建立SCII模型,分别于再灌注6,12,24及48 h对大鼠后肢进行运动功能评分。各组大鼠再灌注48 h后,取其脊髓组织,并进行组织病理学检测和生化指标分析。药物组与对照组间运动功能评分的均值比较用非参数秩和检验(KruskalWallis)进行分析,药物组与对照组间MDA,SOD,CAT,GSH-Px含量测定的均值比较采用单因素方差分析。结果与假手术组相比,模型组脊髓组织丙二醛(MDA)的含量明显升高,从2.95 mM/mg上升到5.90 mM/mg(P=0.023),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力显著增强,GSH-PX酶活力从0.31 U/mg升高至0.78 U/mg(P=0.001),而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力明显降低;SOD酶活力从16.03 U/mg降低至8.37 U/mg(P=0.001),CAT酶活力从1.24 U/mg降低至0.54 U/mg(P=0.002)。动物后肢神经功能评分明显下降,于6 h时从21分降低至15.5分(P=0.001)。预先给与动物注射TSI(20 mg/kg)后,可以降低MDA浓度,从5.90 mM/mg降为3.27 mM/mg(P=0.0355)。抑制GSH-PX活性,从0.78 U/mg降为0.36 U/mg(P=0.001)和提高SOD和CAT活性,SOD酶活力从8.37 U/mg升高至14.79 U/mg(P=0.001),CAT酶活力从0.54 U/mg升高至0.89 U/mg(P=0.043),提高动物后肢神经功能评分从15.5分升高至17分(P=0.001),TSI组在光学显微镜下脊髓病理改变轻微,而对照组脊髓损伤较重(P<0.05)。结论 TSI可通过改善氧化和抗氧化系统的平衡来预防SCII。     

桑叶总黄酮预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌抗氧化作用的研究

为研究桑叶总黄酮预处理对缺血再灌注损伤心肌的抗氧化作用,采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支30min,再灌注2h的方法制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。将50只大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注损伤模型组和桑叶总黄酮高、中、低剂量预处理组,每组10只。实验结束后,取动脉血和心脏。测定各组血清生化指标肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量;测定心肌生化指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示,与模型组相比,桑叶总黄酮预处理组使血清中的CK、LDH含量明显降低,同时使心肌组织中的SOD活性提高,MDA含量降低。结果表明,桑叶总黄酮预处理对缺血再灌注损伤心肌有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与提高心肌SOD活性、清除自由基、增强抗氧化能力有关。     

异丙酚对家兔肝缺血/再灌注后抗氧化能力改变的影响

目的: 探讨氧自由基(OFR)在肝缺血/再灌注损伤(HI/RI)中的作用及异丙酚对其的影响.方法: 实验兔随机分为假手术对照组、肝缺血/再灌注组和肝缺血/再灌注加异丙酚治疗组,分别在肝缺血前、缺血45 min、再灌注45 min共3个时相点,检测血浆及肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)活性、丙二醛( MDA)浓度及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)值,并行肝组织电镜观察.结果: 肝缺血/再灌注期间,血浆XO、MDA及ALT显著高于、SOD明显低于假手术对照组(P<0.05和P<0.01);肝组织XO及MDA显著高于、SOD明显低于假手术对照组(P<0.05和P<0.01);肝组织超微结构发生异常改变.异丙酚可逆转上述指标的异常变化,与肝缺血/再灌注组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05和P<0.01).结论: OFR在HI/RI发生发展中起介导作用;异丙酚可通过降低氧自由基水平(增强SOD活性、减弱XO活性),拮抗脂质过氧化反应(降低MDA浓度),从而减轻HIRI.     

丹酚酸A对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤及抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的:探讨丹酚酸A对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注(cerebral ischemia/reperfusion,CI/R)损伤及抗氧化酶活性的影响。方法:采用大鼠脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral arteryocclusion,MCAO)2 h再灌注24 h模型。实验终末,检测脑梗死面积,脑水肿以及评价神经功能损伤,并进一步分析脑组织中三种抗氧化酶的活性水平。结果:与模型组相比,丹酚酸A组大鼠脑梗死面积显著减少(P0.05),水肿程度显著减轻(P0.05),神经功能学评分显著下降(P0.05)。模型组再灌注24 h后,SOD,GSH-PX及CAT活性显著下降(P0.05);丹酚酸A组SOD,GSH-PX及CAT活性则显著升高(P0.05)。结论:丹酚酸A对大鼠CI/R损伤具有保护作用,可能与CI/R损伤时的脑组织SOD,GSH-PX及CAT活性显著升高相关。     

促红细胞生成素对脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨促红细胞生成素(Epo)对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:32只SD大鼠,采用夹闭双侧颈总动脉30min再灌注24h制作脑缺血/再灌注模型。随机分为4组(n=8):假手术组、脑缺血/再灌注组、Epo组及阳性对照组(尼莫地平),观察缺血/再灌注后血清一氧化氮(NO)和脑组织匀浆中超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及脑组织含水量的变化。结果:Epo组血清NO和脑组织匀浆中MDA含量显著下降,SOD活性显著升高,脑组织含水量显著下降,与缺血/再灌注组相比有显著性差异。结论:大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后,Epo能减轻脑组织的含水量,减少自由基的生成,减轻脂质过氧化反应,对脑缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

参麦注射液对肢体缺血/再灌注时肺脂质过氧化损伤的防护作用

目的:探讨参麦注射液对肢体缺血/再灌注时肺脂质过氧化损伤的防护作用。方法:复制家兔缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤模型,分别从右颈外静脉和左颈总动脉取血,代表入肺血和出肺血,观察入、出肺血及肺组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及参麦注射液对上述指标的影响。结果:与对照组比较,缺血再灌组松夹后4h入、出肺血及肺组织SOD活性明显降低,MDA含量增高(P<0.01);再灌前30min静脉给予参麦注射液后,SOD活性升高,而MDA含量降低(P<0.01)。相关分析显示MDA与SOD间存在明显负相关(P<0.05)。结论:缺血再灌注时伴有肺脏氧自由基代谢紊乱,参麦注射液通过清除氧自由基,对抗脂质过氧化,减轻肺损伤。     

梓醇对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用研究

目的:探讨梓醇对缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤后的保护作用.方法:采用传统大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)方法制备大鼠局灶性缺血模型,根据随机数字表法将SD大鼠分为MCAO组、对照组(vehicle组)及梓醇处理组(catalpol组),缺血再灌注48 h后观察各组大鼠神经功能学评分和脑梗死容积.分别于术前、术后6h、24 h、48 h取大鼠脑组织样本,检测匀浆中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和丙二醛(MDA)的变化情况.结果:与vehicle组和MCAO组相比,catalpol处理组神经功能学评分降低(P＜0.05);其梗死容积较小(P＜0.05).组织匀浆结果显示catalpol处理组脑匀浆中GSH-PX活力升高,MDA含量下降(P＜0.05).结论:梓醇可能通过降低脑内自由基水平、控制脂质过氧化程度,对缺血再灌注引起的大鼠脑损伤产生神经保护作用.     

不同剂量乳化异氟醚预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

摘要 目的：探究不同剂量乳化异氟醚预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：将48只成年雄性大鼠随机分为六组：假手术组、缺血对照组、脂肪乳组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组、中剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组,每组8只。检测血清中酶的含量,观察肝细胞损伤程度,直观的反应乳化异氟醚预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响。结果：不同组别大鼠肝脏再灌注后ALT、AST、LDH和MDA含量,SOD活性和肝细胞坏死比例均具有显著差异,随着再灌注时间的延长,各组大鼠血清ALT、AST和LDH含量均明显增加（均P＜0.05）。再灌注后1 h、2 h和4 h中剂量乳化异氟醚组大鼠血清ALT、AST和LDH含量均显著低于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组（均P＜0.05）。中剂量乳化异氟醚组大鼠肝组织匀浆中MDA含量和肝细胞坏死比例均显著低于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组,SOD活性显著高于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组（均P＜0.05）。结论：中等剂量乳化异氟醚预处理组中血清中酶含量最低,肝组织匀浆中MDA含量最低,SOD活性水平最高,肝细胞损伤程度最轻,对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注的保护作用最好。     

高压氧预处理对CIRI大鼠神经功能的影响及机制

为了探讨脑缺血再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,CIRI)大鼠经高压氧预处理对神经功能的影响及其作用机制,本研究选取了成年雄性SPF级SD大鼠48只,采用随机数字表法分为假手术组、模型组、干预组(高压氧预处理)各16只;对比各组大鼠的神经功能评分、脑梗死体积,采用免疫组化染色检测各组大鼠缺血侧脑组织中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ、BCL-2蛋白阳性表达率,测定各组大鼠缺血侧脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及血清中S100β蛋白、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的水平。本研究发现,预处理组大鼠在造模后2 h、6 h、12 h及24 h的脑梗死体积所占百分比及神经功能评分显著的小于模型组(p0.05);预处理组、模型组大鼠在造模后24 h的缺血侧脑组织中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ、BCL-2蛋白表达细胞所占比例、血清中S100β蛋白、IL-1β、TNF-α水平显著的高于假手术组(p0.05);预处理组大鼠在造模后24 h的缺血侧脑组织中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ、BCL-2蛋白表达细胞所占比例、血清中S100β蛋白、IL-1β、TNF-α水平显著的低于模型组(p0.05);预处理组、模型组大鼠在造模后24 h的缺血侧脑组织中MDA含量显著的高于假手术组(p0.05),SOD含量显著的低于假手术组(p0.05);预处理组大鼠在造模后24 h的缺血侧脑组织中MDA含量显著的低于模型组(p0.05),SOD含量显著的高于模型组(p0.05)。本研究的研究表明,CIRI大鼠经高压氧预处理能显著降低凋亡相关蛋白的表达,减轻氧化损伤,减轻缺血再灌注对大鼠神经功能的损伤。     

The effect of quercetin on renal ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rat

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs in many clinical conditions such as hypovolemic shock, thromboembolism, injury and after renal transplantation. Under these conditions, ROS are considered to be the reason for cellular damage. Bioflavonoids have antioxidant and renoprotective properties. We studied the effect of quercetin, a bioflavonoid, on ischemia and reperfusion in rats. The rats (n = 28) were separated into three groups. Group I was the control group. Animals in groups II (IR) and III (IR + Q) underwent 30 min ischemia and 45 min reperfusion, respectively. Rats, in group III, also received 50 mg kg(-1) quercetin before 45 min of reperfusion. The activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and concentrations of GSH and GSSGR were determined in renal cortex and erythrocytes. Also, the levels of MDA in renal cortex and plasma, and XO in renal cortex were measured in these groups. The renal cortex XO levels in the IR group were higher than that of the control and IR+Q groups (p<0.001). The renal cortex and plasma MDA levels in the IR group were also found to be higher than the control and IR+Q groups (p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively). However, a decrease in MAD level of the IR+Q group was found in renal cortex and erythrocytes. In addition, SOD, CAT, and GPx activities in renal cortex and erythrocytes of quercetin-treated animals were enhanced compared to animals of the IR group. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the SOD, CAT, and GPx activities of the control and IR+Q group. A reduction of GSH and GSSGR levels in IR and IR+Q groups was detected but no significant differences were found between these groups. This study stresses that high concentration of ROS leads to renal ischemia and reperfusion, and quercetin reduces the renal injury by preventing the oxidative stress dependent on ischemia and reperfusion. Quercetin may be used in renal transplantation as an antioxidant drug.     

Fluoro-Jade B evidence of induced ischemic tolerance in the rat spinal cord ischemia: physiological, neurological and histopathological consequences

Fluoro-Jade B, a marker of degenerating neurons, was used to label histopathological changes in the rat spinal cord after transient ischemia and ischemic preconditioning (IPC). To characterize postischemic neurodegenerations and consequent neurological changes, a particular attention was paid to the standardization of ischemic conditions in animals of both groups. 1. The control ischemic rats were submitted to a reversible occlusion of descending aorta by insertion and subsequent inflation of a 2F Fogarty catheter for 12 min. 2. In the IPC rats, an episode of short 3 min occlusion and 30 min reperfusion preceded the 12 min ischemia. Postischemic motor function testing (ambulation and stepping) was provided repeatedly for evaluation of neurological status 2 h and 24 h after surgery and at the end of postischemic survival, i.e. after 48 h. Fluoro-Jade B staining was used to demonstrate degenerated neurons. In the control rats, neurological consequences of histopathological changes in lumbosacral spinal cord, manifested as paraplegia, were present after 12 min ischemia. Thus, numbers of degenerated Fluoro-Jade B positive cells were visible in gray matter of the most injured L(4)-S(2) spinal cord segments. Slight motor function impairment, consequential from significant decreasing in Fluoro-Jade B-positivity in the L(4)-S(2) spinal cord segments of the IPC rats, was considered the pathomorpfological evidence that IPC induces spinal cord tolerance to ischemia. Our results are consistent with the previously published silver impregnation method for histopathological demonstration of ischemic degeneration.     

楤木皂苷对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察楤木皂苷(total saponins extracted from Aralia taibaiensis,s AT)对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(myocardia1 ischemia/reperfusion,MI/R)损伤的影响。方法:可逆性冠脉左前降支结扎缺血30 min再灌注3 h复制MI/R模型,将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、s AT低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。采用伊文思蓝(EB)、2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑蓝(TTC)双染法测定心肌梗死面积,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法观察心肌病理学形态变化,并检测血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平。结果:与模型组比较,s AT中、高剂量组可明显缩小心肌梗死面积(P0.05),并显著降低血清中LDH、CK-MB及MDA的含量,同时使得血清中SOD、CAT和GSH-Px的活性增加。且所有给药组心肌组织的病理损伤也小于模型组。结论:s AT对大鼠MI/R损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化作用相关。     

Neuroprotective Effects of PEP-1-Cu,Zn-SOD against Ischemic Neuronal Damage in the Rabbit Spinal Cord

A rabbit model of spinal cord ischemia has been introduced as a good model to investigate the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R)-induced paraplegia. In the present study, we observed the effects of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) against ischemic damage in the ventral horn of L(5-6) levels in the rabbit spinal cord. For this study, the expression vector PEP-1 was constructed, and this vector was fused with SOD1 to create a PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein that easily penetrated the blood-brain barrier. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by transient occlusion of the abdominal aorta for 15 min. PEP-1-SOD1 (0.5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to rabbits 30 min before ischemic surgery. The administration of PEP-1-SOD1 significantly improved neurological scores compared to those in the PEP-1 (vehicle)-treated ischemia group. Also, in this group, the number of cresyl violet-positive cells at 72 h after I-R was much higher than that in the vehicle-treated ischemia group. Malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased in the ischemic spinal cord of the PEP-1-SOD1-treated ischemia group compared to those in the vehicle-treated ischemia group. In contrast, the administration of PEP-1-SOD1 significantly ameliorated the ischemia-induced reduction of SOD and catalase levels in the ischemic spinal cord. These results suggest that PEP-1-SOD1 protects neurons from spinal ischemic damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation and maintaining SOD and catalase levels in the ischemic rabbit spinal cord.     

Resveratrol,an antioxidant,protects spinal cord injury in rats by suppressing MAPK pathway

Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in various plants, including grapes, plums and peanuts has shown various medIRInal properties, including antioxidant, protection of cardiovascular disease and cancer risk. However, the effects of resveratrol on spinal cord reperfusion injury have not been investigated. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/p38MAPK signaling pathway and to elucidate its regulating effect on the protection of spinal cord injury. Spinal cord ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) was performed by the infrarenal abdominal aorta with mini aneurysm clip model. The expressions of iNOS and p38MAPK and the levels of biochemical parameters, including nitrite/nitrate, malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation products (AOPP), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured in control and experimental groups. IRI-induced rats treated with 10 mg/kg resveratrol protected spinal cord from ischemia injury as supported by improved biological parameters measured in spinal cord tissue homogenates. The resveratrol treatment significantly decreased the levels of plasma nitrite/nitrate, iNOS mRNA and protein expressions and phosphorylation of p38MAPK in IRI-induced rats. Further, IRI-produced free radicals were reduced by resveratrol treatment by increasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels such as GSH, SOD and CAT. Taken together, administration of resveratrol protects the damage caused by spinal cord ischemia with potential mechanism of suppressing the activation of iNOS/p38MAPK pathway and subsequent reduction of oxidative stress due to IRI.     

Changes of Endogenous Antioxidant Enzymes during Ischemic Tolerance Acquisition

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in brain ischemic tolerance induced by ischemic preconditioning. Forebrain cerebral ischemia was induced in rat by four vessel occlusion. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD and CAT were measured in the hippocampus, striatum and cortex after 5 min of ischemia used as a preconditioning and subsequent reperfusion, by spectrophotometric methods. In all ischemia-reperfusion groups (5 h, 1 and 2 days of reperfusion), CuZn-SOD activities were found to be increased if compared to the sham operated controls. The increase was significant (P < 0.05) in all reperfusion groups, particularly after 5 h of reperfusion (3 times) in all studied brain regions; the largest increase was detected in the more vulnerable hippocampus and striatum. Very similar changes were found in Mn-SOD activity. The activity of CAT was increased too, but reached the peak of postischemic activity 24 h after ischemia. Our attempt to understand the mechanisms of increased SOD and CAT activities by application of protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide showed that this increase was caused by de novo synthesis of enzymes during first hours after ischemia. Our findings indicate that both major endogenous antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT are synthesized as soon as 5 h after ischemia. In spite of significant upregulation of these enzymes a large number of neurons in selectively vulnerable CA1 region of hippocampus undergoes to neurodegeneration within 7 days after ischemia.     

The vulnerability of nitrergic neurons to transient spinal cord ischemia: a quantitative immunohistochemical and histochemical study

Spinal cord ischemia belongs to serious and relatively frequent diseases of CNS. The aim of the present study was to find out the vulnerability of nitrergic neurons to 15 min transient spinal cord ischemia followed by 1 and 2 weeks of reperfusion. We studied neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) in structural elements of lumbosacral spinal cord along its rostrocaudal axis. In addition, a neurological deficit of experimental animals was evaluated. Spinal cord ischemia, performed on the rabbit, was induced by abdominal aorta occlusion using Fogarty catheter introduced into the right femoral artery for a period of 15 min. After surgical intervention the animals survived for 7 and 14 days. nNOS-immunoreactivity (nNOS-IR) was measured by immunohistochemical and NADPHd-positivity by histochemical method, and both immunohistochemical and histochemical stainings were quantified by densitometric analyses. Neurological deficit was evaluated according Zivin′s criteria. The number of nNOS-IR and/or NADPH-d positive neurons and the density of neuropil were markedly increased in superficial dorsal horn (laminae I–III) after 15 min ischemia and 7 days of reperfusion. However, ischemia followed by longer time of survival (14 days) returned the number of nNOS-IR and NADPH-d positive neurons to control. In the pericentral region (lamina X) containing interneurons and crossing fibers of spinal tracts, than in lamina VII and in dorsomedial part of the ventral horn (lamina VIII) we recorded a decreased number of nNOS-IR and NADPH-d positive neurons after both ischemia/reperfusion periods. In the medial portion of lamina VII and dorsomedial part of the ventral horn (lamina VIII) we observed many necrotic loci. This area was the most sensitive to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Fifteen minute ischemia caused a marked deterioration of neurological function of hind limbs, often developing into paraplegia. A quantitative immunohistochemical and histochemical study have shown a strong vulnerability of nitrergic neurons in intermediate zone to transient spinal cord ischemia.     

Ischemic reperfusion injury in rabbit spinal cord: protective effect of superoxide dismutase on neurological recovery and spinal infarction

The potential role of superoxide dismutase (SOD), a specific superoxide anion radical scavenger, in treating spinal cord ischemia was investigated in rabbits subjected to aortic occlusion for 20 min. SOD treatment, targeted to the early reperfusion period, reduced both motor dysfunction and incidence of spinal infarcts at 7 days after ischemia. Present results suggest that oxygen-derived free radicals play a role in the pathogenesis of infarcts developing in the spinal cord after ischemia and reperfusion injuries.     

Skeletal muscle post-conditioning by diazoxide, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic mechanisms

Pretreatment with diazoxide, K_ATP channel opener, increases tissue tolerance against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. In clinical settings pretreatment is rarely an option therefore we evaluated the effect of post-ischemic treatment with diazoxide on skeletal muscle IR injury. Rats were treated with either saline, diazoxide (K_ATP opener; 40?mg/kg) or 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD; mitochondrial K_ATP inhibitor; 40?mg/kg) after skeletal muscle ischemia (3?h) and reperfusion (6, 24 or 48?h). Tissue contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression and muscle histology were determined. Apoptosis was examined (24 and 48?h) after ischemia. IR induced severe histological damage, increased MDA content and Bax expression (24 and 48?h; p?<?0.01) and decreased CAT and SOD activities (6 and 24?h, p?<?0.01 and 48?h, p?<?0.05), with no significant effect on Bcl-2 expression. Diazoxide reversed IR effects on MDA (6 and 24?h; p?<?0.05), SOD (6 and 24?h; p?<?0.01) and CAT (6 and 48?h, p?<?0.05 and 24?h p?<?0.01) and tissue damage. Diazoxide also decreased Bax (24 and 48?h; p?<?0.05) and increased Bcl-2 protein expression (24 and 48?h; p?<?0.01). Post-ischemic treatment with 5-HD had no significant effect on IR injury. Number of apoptotic nuclei in IR and 5-HD treated groups significantly increased (p?<?0.001) while diazoxide decreased apoptosis (p?<?0.01). The results suggested that post-ischemic treatment with diazoxide decrease oxidative stress in acute phase which modulates expression of apoptotic proteins in the late phase of reperfusion injury. Involvement of KATP channels in this effect require further evaluations.     

Temporal and regional changes of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rats exposed to focal cerebral ischemia

Reactive oxygen species are important cause of tissue injury during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) are intracellular enzymes responsible for endogenous antioxidant defense of tissues affected by I/R. The aim of this study was to examine temporal and regional changes of SOD and GSH-Px activities in animals exposed to transient focal cerebral ischemia. Male Wistar Hannover rats were subjected to the right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2?h. The animals were sacrificed immediately, 0·5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 24, 48, 72 or 168?h after ischemic procedure. SOD and GSH-Px activities were determined spectrophotometrically in the hippocampus and parietal cortex, both unilaterally and contralaterally to the occlusion. Sham-operated animals were used as the control group. Our results indicated that transient focal cerebral ischemia causes significant changes in SOD activities in the hippocampus and parietal cortex such as in GSH-Px activities in the parietal cortex, unilaterally and contralaterally to the lesion in rats during different reperfusion periods. Statistically significant activation of GSH-Px was registered neither in the right nor in the left hippocampus of ischemic animals. Copyright ? 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.