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近年来,趋磁细菌及其生物自身合成的磁小体由于良好的生物安全性逐渐被人们所认识,并被用于生物工程和医学应用研究。与人工化学合成磁性纳米颗粒相比,从趋磁细菌中提取的磁小体具有生物膜包被、生物相容性高、粒径均一及磁性高等优势。趋磁细菌因磁小体在其胞内呈链状排列,具有沿磁场方向泳动的能力,也被应用于各种应用研究。因此,综述了趋磁细菌及磁小体特性,并就最近的研究进展重点综述趋磁细菌和磁小体在生物工程及医学应用等领域的最新研究进展。 相似文献
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提高抗肿瘤药物的靶向性是肿瘤治疗、降低药物副作用的重要手段。在肿瘤组织内部由于癌细胞的快速增殖致使其形成低氧区,低氧区会对多种肿瘤治疗方案产生耐受。趋磁细菌 (Magnetotactic bacteria, MTB) 是一类能在细胞内产生外包生物膜、纳米尺寸、单磁畴磁铁矿 (Fe3O4) 或硫铁矿 (Fe3S4) 晶体颗粒-磁小体的微生物的统称。在磁场的作用下,趋磁细菌可凭借鞭毛运动至厌氧区。趋磁细菌在动物体内毒性较低且生物相容性良好,其磁小体与人工合成的磁性纳米材料相比优势显著。文中在介绍趋磁细菌及其磁小体生物学特点、理化性能的基础上,综述了趋磁细菌作为载体偶联药物进入肿瘤内部,并通过感受低氧信号定位于肿瘤低氧区,以及趋磁细菌竞争肿瘤细胞铁源的研究进展,总结了磁小体运载化疗药物、抗体、DNA疫苗靶向结合肿瘤的研究进展,分析了趋磁细菌及磁小体肿瘤治疗中面临的问题,并对趋磁细菌和磁小体在肿瘤治疗中的应用进行了展望。 相似文献
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趋磁性细菌是一种由于体内含有对磁场具有敏感性的磁小体,而能够沿着磁力线运动的特殊细菌,本文综述了趋磁细菌的分布、分类、特性、磁小体研究以及趋磁细菌在生物导航方面的研究进展。 相似文献
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趋磁性细菌是一种由于体内含有对磁场具有敏感性的磁小体,而能够沿着磁力线运动的特殊细菌,本文综述了趋磁细菌的分布、分类、特性、磁小体研究以及趋磁细菌在生物导航方面的研究进展. 相似文献
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趋磁细菌及磁小体研究的回顾和展望 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
趋磁细菌及磁小体研究的回顾和展望陈明杰,卫扬保(武汉大学生命科学学院微生物学与免疫学系.武汉430072)一趋磁细菌研究现状1趋磁细菌的发现1975年,美国人Blakemore在显微镜下观察湖泊底部污泥的富集样品时,发现有一类细菌总是聚集在视野的靠北... 相似文献
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Magnetotactic bacteria have the ability to orient along geomagnetic field lines based on the formation of magnetosomes, which are intracellular nanometer-sized, membrane-enclosed magnetic iron minerals. The formation of these unique bacterial organelles involves several processes, such as cytoplasmic membrane invagination and magnetosome vesicle formation, the accumulation of iron in the vesicles, and the crystallization of magnetite. Previous studies suggested that the magA gene encodes a magnetosome-directed ferrous iron transporter with a supposedly essential function for magnetosome formation in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 that may cause magnetite biomineralization if expressed in mammalian cells. However, more recent studies failed to detect the MagA protein among polypeptides associated with the magnetosome membrane and did not identify magA within the magnetosome island, a conserved genomic region that is essential for magnetosome formation in magnetotactic bacteria. This raised increasing doubts about the presumptive role of magA in bacterial magnetosome formation, which prompted us to reassess MagA function by targeted deletion in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1. Contrary to previous reports, magA mutants of both strains still were able to form wild-type-like magnetosomes and had no obvious growth defects. This unambiguously shows that magA is not involved in magnetosome formation in magnetotactic bacteria. 相似文献
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Katzmann E Müller FD Lang C Messerer M Winklhofer M Plitzko JM Schüler D 《Molecular microbiology》2011,82(6):1316-1329
Magnetotactic bacteria navigate along magnetic field lines using well-ordered chains of membrane-enclosed magnetic crystals, referred to as magnetosomes, which have emerged as model to investigate organelle biogenesis in prokaryotic systems. To become divided and segregated faithfully during cytokinesis, the magnetosome chain has to be properly positioned, cleaved and separated against intrachain magnetostatic forces. Here we demonstrate that magnetotactic bacteria use dedicated mechanisms to control the position and division of the magnetosome chain, thus maintaining magnetic orientation throughout divisional cycle. Using electron and time-lapse microscopy of synchronized cells of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, we confirm that magnetosome chains undergo a dynamic pole-to-midcell translocation during cytokinesis. Nascent chains were recruited to division sites also in division-inhibited cells, but not in a mamK mutant, indicating an active mechanism depending upon the actin-like cytoskeletal magnetosome filament. Cryo-electron tomography revealed that both the magnetosome chain and the magnetosome filament are spilt into halves by asymmetric septation and unidirectional indentation, which we interpret in terms of a specific adaptation required to overcome the magnetostatic interactions between separating daughter chains. Our study demonstrates that magnetosome division and segregation is co-ordinated with cytokinesis and resembles partitioning mechanisms of other organelles and macromolecular complexes in bacteria. 相似文献
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From invagination to navigation: The story of magnetosome‐associated proteins in magnetotactic bacteria
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Raz Zarivach 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2016,25(2):338-351
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram‐negative microorganisms that are able to sense and change their orientation in accordance with the geomagnetic field. This unique capability is due to the presence of a special suborganelle called the magnetosome, composed of either a magnetite or gregite crystal surrounded by a lipid membrane. MTB were first detected in 1975 and since then numerous efforts have been made to clarify the special mechanism of magnetosome formation at the molecular level. Magnetosome formation can be divided into several steps, beginning with vesicle invagination from the cell membrane, through protein sorting, followed by the combined steps of iron transportation, biomineralization, and the alignment of magnetosomes into a chain. The magnetosome‐chain enables the sensing of the magnetic field, and thus, allows the MTB to navigate. It is known that magnetosome formation is tightly controlled by a distinctive set of magnetosome‐associated proteins that are encoded mainly in a genomically conserved region within MTB called the magnetosome island (MAI). Most of these proteins were shown to have an impact on the magnetism of MTB. Here, we describe the process in which the magnetosome is formed with an emphasis on the different proteins that participate in each stage of the magnetosome formation scheme. 相似文献
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Fernanda P Abreu Karen T Silva Marcos Farina Carolina N Keim Ulysses Lins 《International microbiology》2008,11(2):75-80
The ultrastructure of the greigite magnetosome membrane in the multicellular magnetotactic bacteria 'Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis' was studied. Each cell contains 80 membrane-enclosed iron-sulfide magnetosomes. Cytochemistry methods showed that the magnetosomes are enveloped by a structure whose staining pattern and dimensions are similar to those of the cytoplasmic membrane, indicating that the magnetosome membrane likely originates from the cytoplasmic membrane. Freeze-fracture showed intramembrane particles in the vesicles surrounding each magnetosome. Observations of cell membrane invaginations, the trilaminar membrane structure of immature magnetosomes, and empty vesicles together suggested that greigite magnetosome formation begins by invagination of the cell membrane, as has been proposed for magnetite magnetosomes. 相似文献
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Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize uniform-sized and regularly shaped magnetic nanoparticles in their organelles termed magnetosomes. Homeostasis of the magnetosome lumen must be maintained for its role accomplishment. Here, we developed a method to estimate the pH of a single living cell of the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 using a pH-sensitive fluorescent protein E2GFP. Using the pH measurement, we estimated that the cytoplasmic pH was approximately 7.6 and periplasmic pH was approximately 7.2. Moreover, we estimated pH in the magnetosome lumen and cytoplasmic surface using fusion proteins of E2GFP and magnetosome-associated proteins. The pH in the magnetosome lumen increased during the exponential growth phase when magnetotactic bacteria actively synthesize magnetite crystals, whereas pH at the magnetosome surface was not affected by the growth stage. This live-cell pH measurement method will help for understanding magnetosome pH homeostasis to reveal molecular mechanisms of magnetite biomineralization in the bacterial organelle. 相似文献
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Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum are magnetotactic bacteria that form a single chain of magnetite magnetosomes within its cytoplasm. Here, we studied the
ultrastructure of M. magnetotacticum by freeze-fracture and deep-etching to understand the spatial correlation between the
magnetosome chain and the cell envelope and its possible implications for magnetotaxis. Magnetosomes were found mainly near
the cell envelope, forming chains that were closely associated with the granular cytoplasmic material. The membrane surrounding
the magnetosomes could be visualized in deep-etching preparations. Thin connections between magnetosome chains and the cell
envelope were observed in deep-etching images. These results strengthen the hypothesis for the existence of structures that
transfer the torque from the magnetosome chains to the whole cell during the orientation of magnetotactic bacteria to a magnetic
field lines. 相似文献
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Molecular analysis of a subcellular compartment: the magnetosome membrane in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense</Emphasis> 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Schüler D 《Archives of microbiology》2004,181(1):1-7
The ability of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) to orient and migrate along magnetic field lines is based on magnetosomes, which are membrane-enclosed intracellular crystals of a magnetic iron mineral. Magnetosome biomineralization is achieved by a process involving control over the accumulation of iron and deposition of the magnetic particle, which has a specific morphology, within a vesicle provided by the magnetosome membrane. In Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, the magnetosome membrane has a distinct biochemical composition and comprises a complex and specific subset of magnetosome membrane proteins (MMPs). Classes of MMPs include those with presumed function in magnetosome-directed uptake and binding of iron, nucleation of crystal growth, and the assembly of magnetosome membrane multiprotein complexes. Other MMPs comprise protein families of so far unknown function, which apparently are conserved between all other MTB. The mam and mms genes encode most of the MMPs and are clustered within several operons, which are part of a large, unstable genomic region constituting a putative magnetosome island. Current research is directed towards the biochemical and genetic analysis of MMP functions in magnetite biomineralization as well as their expression and localization during growth.Abbreviations
MM
Magnetosome membrane
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MMP
Magnetosome membrane protein
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MTB
Magnetotactic bacteria 相似文献
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Recent molecular studies on magnetotactic bacteria have identified a number of proteins associated with bacterial magnetites (magnetosomes) and elucidated their importance in magnetite biomineralisation. However, these analyses were limited to magnetotactic bacterial strains belonging to the α‐subclass of Proteobacteria. We performed a proteomic analysis of magnetosome membrane proteins in Desulfovibrio magneticus strain RS‐1, which is phylogenetically classified as a member of the δ‐Proteobacteria. In the analysis, the identified proteins were classified based on their putative functions and compared with the proteins from the other magnetotactic bacteria, Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB‐1 and M. gryphiswaldense MSR‐1. Three magnetosome‐specific proteins, MamA (Mms24), MamK, and MamM, were identified in strains RS‐1, AMB‐1, and MSR‐1. Furthermore, genes encoding ten magnetosome membrane proteins, including novel proteins, were assigned to a putative magnetosome island that contains subsets of genes essential for magnetosome formation. The collagen‐like protein and putative iron‐binding proteins, which are considered to play key roles in magnetite crystal formation, were identified as specific proteins in strain RS‐1. Furthermore, genes encoding two homologous proteins of Magnetococcus MC‐1 were assigned to a cryptic plasmid of strain RS‐1. The newly identified magnetosome membrane proteins might contribute to the formation of the unique irregular, bullet‐shaped crystals in this microorganism. 相似文献
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Jean-Baptiste Rioux Nadège Philippe Sandrine Pereira David Pignol Long-Fei Wu Nicolas Ginet 《PloS one》2010,5(2)
Magnetotactic bacteria are able to swim navigating along geomagnetic field lines. They synthesize ferromagnetic nanocrystals that are embedded in cytoplasmic membrane invaginations forming magnetosomes. Regularly aligned in the cytoplasm along cytoskeleton filaments, the magnetosome chain effectively forms a compass needle bestowing on bacteria their magnetotactic behaviour. A large genomic island, conserved among magnetotactic bacteria, contains the genes potentially involved in magnetosome formation. One of the genes, mamK has been described as encoding a prokaryotic actin-like protein which when it polymerizes forms in the cytoplasm filamentous structures that provide the scaffold for magnetosome alignment. Here, we have identified a series of genes highly similar to the mam genes in the genome of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. The newly annotated genes are clustered in a genomic islet distinct and distant from the known magnetosome genomic island and most probably acquired by lateral gene transfer rather than duplication. We focused on a mamK-like gene whose product shares 54.5% identity with the actin-like MamK. Filament bundles of polymerized MamK-like protein were observed in vitro with electron microscopy and in vivo in E. coli cells expressing MamK-like-Venus fusions by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, we demonstrate that mamK-like is transcribed in AMB-1 wild-type and ΔmamK mutant cells and that the actin-like filamentous structures observed in the ΔmamK strain are probably MamK-like polymers. Thus MamK-like is a new member of the prokaryotic actin-like family. This is the first evidence of a functional mam gene encoded outside the magnetosome genomic island. 相似文献