Effect of farm yard manure and iron on dry matter yield and nutrients uptake by oats (Avena sativa)

A pot culture experiment was conducted on a loamy sand soil to study the effect of FYM and Fe on dry matter yield and uptake of nutrients by oats (Avena sativa) crop in green-house. Application of Fe @ 5 and 20 ppm increased dry matter yield by 5.11 and 11.55 per cent, respectively. The per cent increase in dry matter yield over control with the application of 0.5 and 1.0 percent FYM was 19.06 and 30.07, respectively. Application of FYM increased concentration and uptake of P significantly. Phosphorus uptake increased by 23.60, 54.38, 91.01 and 134.61 per cent over control with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 per cent FYM, respectively. Phosphorus concentration decreased at 20 ppm Fe but uptake increased significantly at 5 ppm Fe. Concentration and uptake of Ca increased with increasing amounts of Fe and application of FYM decreased concentration of Ca but uptake increased upto 1.0 per cent FYM over control. The Mg concentration and uptake decreased significantly with increased amount of Fe. Application of FYM also decreased Mg concentration but its uptake increased upto 1.0 per cent FYM and then decreased.Iron concentration and uptake increased upto 2 per cent FYM and then decreased. Whereas concentration of Fe decreased with increased amount of applied Fe but its uptake increased nonsignificantly with increased amount of added Fe.Managenese concentration and uptake decreased significantly with increased amount of applied Fe. Managenese concentration increased upto 0.5 per cent FYM but its uptake continued increasing with increasing amounts of applied FYM.     

Effect of boron application on barley in a sierozem sandy soil

Summary In a pot culture experiment on a sierozem sandy soil (pH 8.2) rates of added B at 3 ppm although decreased root yield significantly but shoot and grain yield was unaffected even at 6 ppm added B, even though shoot B concentration was as high as 360 ppm and Ca/B ratio as low as 11. At 6 ppm applied B, shoot yield was increased by 18.5 per cent, whereas grain yield was at par with control. The results suggested that Ca/B ratio in barley straw was not a reliable index for determing the magnitude of B problem in the soil.     

Much Improved Irrigation Use Efficiency in an Intensive Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System in the North China Plain

Crop yield and water use efficiency （WUE） in a wheat-maize double cropping system are influenced by short and uneven rainfalls in the North China Plain （NCP）, A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation on soil water balance, crop yield and WUE to improve irrigation use efficiency in the cropping system, Soil water depletion （~SWS） by crop generally decreased with the increase of irrigation and rainfall, while ASWS for the whole rotation was relatively stable among these irrigation treatments, High irrigations in wheat season increased initial soil moisture and ASWS for subsequent maize especially in the drought season, Initial soil water influenced mainly by the irrigation and rainfall in the previous crop season, is essential to high yield in such cropping systems, Grain yield decreased prior to evapotranspiraUon （ET） when ET reached about 300mm for wheat, while maize showed various WUEs with similar seasonal ET, For whole rotation, WUE declined when ET exceeded about 650 mm, These results indicate great potential for improving irrigation use efficiency in such wheat-maize cropping system in the NCP, Based on the present results, reasonable irrigation schedules according to different annual rainfall conditions are presented for such a cropping system.     

Seed Production in Leafless and Conventional Phenotypes of Pisum sativum L. in Relation to Water Availability Within a Controlled Environment

Water requirements in relation to seed production was studiedin near-isogenic lines of leafless (afafstst) and conventional(++++) pea plants (Pisum sativum). The plants were grown toseed maturity in pots in a controlled environment under conditionsof high, medium and low irrigation levels. When each genotypewas irrigated independently and on demand and the soil moisturecontent maintained at 65–80 per cent of full capacitythere was no significant phenotypic difference in water useefficiency (WUE), defined as g d. wt seed per kg H₂O utilized.There existed genotypically-controlled upper and lower limitsto yield between which the total dry weight of seed per plantcan be determined by water availability. There was no significantdifferential effect of genotype or of irrigation treatment onthe number of pods, number of seed, unit seed dry weight andbiological yield per plant. There was significant interactionon stem length, and leaf area at specified nodes. When the wateractually required in relation to the water available was takeninto account, the leafless phenotype consistently utilized 33–38per cent less water and produced a correspondingly lower totaldry weight of seed than the conventional counterpart. Independentlyof regime the total dry weight seed per phenotype remained anear constant proportion of the above-ground biomass. Pisum sativum L., garden pea, leafless peas, seed production, water availability     

Yield responses of crops to changes in environment and management practices: Model sensitivity analysis. II. Rice,wheat, and potato

This paper is a continuation of our prior examination of yield responses of maize (Terjung et al., 1984b). The analysis of the response of the model YIELD to changes in a variety of basic environmental and decision-making inputs was continued for paddy rice, winter wheat, and early potato. As before, temperature, solar radiation, and relative humidity regimes were analyzed during a growing season along with different water application strategies, irrigation frequencies, soil types, and wind regimes. Among the results, yield decreased on the average by 4.9% (rice) and 6.0% (wheat) per 1 (C) increase in air temperature. A 1% change in solar radiation resulted in an average of 1% (wheat) and 0.4% (rice) change in yield. Analogous changes in relative humidity caused yield changes of about 0.8% and nothing for wheat and rice, respectively. For all crops, the relationship between irrigation frequency and yield increase was near-linear for large irrigation intervals. This linearity vanished under high frequency waterings. With respect to irrigation amounts, 1 mm/ha of applied water was related, on the average, to 75 (potato), 19 (grain corn), 8 (rice), and 6 kg/ha (wheat) of harvestable yield.     

不同水分条件对冬小麦根系时空分布、土壤水利用和产量的影响

为了明确华北严重缺水区晚播冬小麦灌水对根系时空分布和土壤水分利用规律的影响,以冬小麦石麦15为材料,利用田间定位试验研究了不同灌水处理(春季不灌水W0;春季灌拔节水75mm,W1;春季灌起身水、孕穗水和灌浆水共225mm,W3)对根系干重密度(DRWD)、根长密度(RLD)、体积密度、分枝数等在0—200cm土层的垂直分布、动态变化及其对耗水和产量的影响,结果表明:随着春季灌水量的减少,开花后0—80cm土层的根干重密度、根长度密度、体积密度和分枝数密度均显著减少,80cm—200m土层的根干重密度、根长度密度、体积密度和分枝数密度却显著增加,并且显著增加冬小麦在灌浆期间对100cm以下深层土层水分的利用,总耗水量W1和W0分别比W3减少70.9mm、115.1mm,土壤耗水量分别比W3增加79.1mm、108.9mm,子粒产量W1和W0分别比W3减少653.3kg/hm2、1470kg/hm2,水分利用效率(WUE)则分别比W3提高0.09kg/m3、0.06kg/m3。晚播冬小麦春季灌1水(拔节水)可以促进根系深扎,增加深土层的根系分布量,提高对深层土壤贮水的吸收利用量,有利于实现节水与高产的统一。     

Much Improved Irrigation Use Efficiency in an Intensive Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System in the North China Plain

Crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in a wheat-maize double cropping system are influenced by short and uneven rainfalls in the North China Plain (NCP). A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation on soil water balance, crop yield and WUE to improve irrigation use efficiency in the cropping system. Soil water depletion (△SWS)by crop generally decreased with the increase of irrigation and rainfall, while △SWS for the whole rotation was relatively stable among these irrigation treatments. High irrigations in wheat season increased initial soil moisture and △SWS for subsequent maize especially in the drought season. Initial soil water influenced mainly by the irrigation and rainfall in the previous crop season, is essential to high yield in such cropping systems. Grain yield decreased prior to evapotranspiration(ET) when ET reached about 300 mm for wheat, while maize showed various WUEs with similar seasonal ET. For whole rotation, WUE declined when ET exceeded about 650 mm. These results indicate great potential for improving irrigation use efficiency in such wheat-maize cropping system in the NCP. Based on the present results, reasonable irrigation schedules according to different annual rainfall conditions are presented for such a cropping system.     

不同耕作方式对陇中旱农区春小麦和豌豆根系空间分布及产量的影响

依托陇中旱农区长期的保护性耕作定位试验,对不同耕作方式下春小麦和豌豆根系空间分布特征及作物产量进行研究,以探索耕作措施影响作物产量的机制.结果表明: 随着生育期的推进,春小麦和豌豆的总根长、根表面积呈先增后减的趋势,开花期达到最大;春小麦根系苗期以0～10 cm最多,花期、成熟期10～30 cm最多;而豌豆根系苗期和成熟期均以0～10 cm最多,花期10～30 cm最多.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜增加了根长和根表面积,春小麦和豌豆各生育时期的根长较传统耕作增加了35.9%～92.6%,根表面积增加了43.2%～162.4%.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜优化了春小麦和豌豆根系分布,与传统耕作相比,增加了春小麦和豌豆苗期0～10 cm土层根长和根表面积分布比例,花期和成熟期深层次根系分布也显著增加,免耕秸秆覆盖在开花期30～80 cm土层根长和根表面积的分布比例分别比传统耕作提高了3.3%和9.7%.春小麦各生育期的总根长、根表面积与产量呈显著正相关,豌豆各生育期的总根长与豌豆产量呈极显著正相关.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜较传统耕作春小麦和豌豆产量增加23.4%～38.7%,水分利用效率提高了13.7%～28.5%.在陇中旱农区,免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜可以增加作物根长和根表面积,优化了根系在土壤中的空间分布,增强作物根层吸收能力,从而提高作物产量和水分高效利用.     

保护性耕作对陇中旱作农田水分特征的影响

陇中旱农区生产力水平低而不稳,而保护性耕作措施是农业可持续发展的重要途径.本研究依托2001年建立在陇中旱农区的长期不同耕作措施的定位试验,研究了不同耕作措施对土壤水分入渗、蒸发、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响.该试验共设6个处理,分别为传统耕作(T)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆翻入(TS)、传统耕作+覆膜(TP)、免耕覆膜(NTP),春小麦和豌豆年间轮作.结果表明:与T处理相比, NTS处理的小麦地和豌豆地的土壤容重显著降低,总孔隙度显著增加.保护性耕作措施降低了豌豆地0～5 cm土壤渗吸率,NTS处理渗吸率比T处理降低56.2%.保护性耕作提高了土壤饱和导水率,无论小麦地和豌豆地,NTS均比T处理显著提高了饱和导水率,增幅为52.8%～107.1%.保护性耕作显著降低了作物生育期棵间蒸发量,NTP、TP、NTS比T处理降低了14.4%～50.8%,并减弱了雨后土壤蒸发.保护性耕作提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,NTS、TP、NTP的产量比传统耕作提高了9.5%～62.8%,水分利用效率比传统耕作提高了0.4%～50.9%.因此,在陇中旱农区,保护性耕作措施可以提高水分利用效率,增加作物产量.     

不同畦长灌溉对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响

在2009-2010和2010-2011年小麦生长季,设置10、20、40、60、80和100 m 6个畦田长度,研究不同畦长对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响.结果表明： ≤80 m畦长处理下,随畦长的增加,灌水量逐渐增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例增加,土壤贮水消耗量减少,小麦拔节至开花期的耗水量和生长季总耗水量均减少,开花期0～200 cm各土层土壤含水量增加,土壤供水能力提高,籽粒产量和水分利用效率逐渐提高.与80 m畦长处理相比,<80 m畦长处理的灌水量少,上层土壤含水量低,促使小麦吸收更多的深层贮水,总耗水量增加,不利于节水;而100 m畦长处理的灌水量、土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量均增加,由于一次性灌水量过多且灌溉水分布不均匀,导致小麦千粒重降低,籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著下降,也不利于节水高产.     

Zinc response in pigeon pea as influenced by genotypic variability

Seven improved cultivars of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.) were evaluated at 0 (original Zn deficient soil), 5 and 50 ppm Zn levels under greenhouse conditions. Plants were harvested at 6 weeks after sowing and at maturity. Responses to 5 ppm Zn in shoot at 6 weeks of growth, and in leaf, stem, pod-hull and grain at maturity ranged from 63 to 387, 37 to 116, 15 to 73,9 to 145 and 51 to 200%, respectively. Application of 50 ppm Zn in most of the cultivars did not markedly affect the yield of different plant parts. Zinc concentration at 0 Zn level in shoot at 6 weeks of growth and in leaf, stem, pod-hull and grain of different genotypes varied from 9.8 to 14.5, 13.7 to 21.2, 10.8 to 16.7, 4.17 to 5.83 and 9.2 to 16.7 ppm, respectively, and the increase in concentration with 5 ppm applied Zn ranged from 28 to 248, 28 to 89, 27 to 85, 20 to 142, and 105 to 254 per cent, respectively. The concentration further increased with an increase in Zn level to 50 ppm. There was less variation in the yield and tissue Zn concentration of different genotypes after Zn application. Phosphorus concentration at 0 Zn level in shoot at 6 weeks of growth, and in leaf, stem, pod-hull and grain of different genotypes varied from 0.50 to 0.71, 0.18 to 0.31, 0.11 to 0.24, 0.15 to 0.20 and 0.43 to 0.58% respectively. Zinc decreased P in all plant parts but relative decrease was more in vegetative parts than in grain. The variability in Zn response among pigeon pea genotypes could partly be attributed to the maintenance of proper P/Zn balance in metabolically active plant parts, such as, leaf, and partly to their capacity to exploit soil Zn and to translocate it to the above-ground parts.Contribution from the Department of Soils, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar (India).     

Physiological mechanisms contributing to the increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under deficit irrigation

Deficit irrigation in winter wheat has been practiced in the areas with limited irrigation water resources. The objectives of this study were to (i) understand the physiological basis for determinations of grain yield and water-use efficiency in grain yield (WUE) under deficit irrigation; and (ii) investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on dry matter accumulation and remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves during grain filling. A field experiment was conducted in the Southern High Plains of the USA and winter wheat (cv. TAM 202) was grown on Pullman clay loam soil (fine mixed thermic Torretic Paleustoll). Treatments consisted of rain-fed, deficit irrigation from jointing to the middle of grain filling, and full irrigation. The physiological measurements included leaf water potential, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and leaf area index. The rain-fed treatment had the lowest seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), biomass, grain yield, harvest index (HI) and WUE as a result of moderate to severe water stress from jointing to grain filling. Irrigation application increased seasonal ET, and ET increased as irrigation frequency increased. The seasonal ET increased 20% in one-irrigation treatments between jointing and anthesis, 32-46% in two-irrigation treatments, and 67% in three- and full irrigation treatments. Plant biomass, grain yield, HI and WUE increased as the result of increased ET. The increased yield under irrigation was mainly contributed by the increased number of spikes, and seeds per square meter and per spike. Among the irrigation treatments, grain yield increased significantly but the WUE increased slightly as irrigation frequency increased. The increased WUE under deficit irrigation was contributed by increased HI. Water stress during grain filling reduced Pn and Gs, and accelerated leaf senescence. However, the water stress during grain filling induced remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves to grains, and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves significantly contributed to the increased grain yield and HI. The results of this study showed that deficit irrigation between jointing and anthesis significantly increased wheat yield and WUE through increasing both current photosynthesis and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves.     

Assimilation of uranium by wheat and tomato plants

Summary Greenhouse conditions have been used for the study of uptake of uranium by wheat and tomato plants as affected by its concentration in soil and irrigation applied. The highest yield of wheat was obtained at 3.0 ppm of uranium whereas the tomato yield decreased with the increase of uranium in the soil. The analysis shows that Uranium uptake by wheat and tomato not only depends upon the uranium concentration in the soil but also on the amount of irrigation applied.     

灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质生产的影响

于2008-2010年通过田间试验,以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播3种种植方式,每种种植方式下设不灌水(W₀)、拔节水(W₁)、拔节水+开花水(W₂)、拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W₃)4种灌溉处理(每次灌水量为60 mm),研究不同灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质积累与分配规律的影响.结果表明： 随灌水量的增加,3种植方式下农田总耗水量均增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例也增加,而土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著降低;与W₀处理相比,各灌水处理提高了开花后干物质的积累量、小麦籽粒产量,而水分利用效率(WUE)降低.同一灌溉条件下,与其他两种种植方式相比,沟播方式土壤贮水量消耗比例、籽粒产量和WUE均较高.综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和WUE,沟播结合灌拔节水+开花水是华北平原冬麦区较适宜的节水种植方式.     

灌水时间对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用效率的影响

研究秸秆还田后不同越冬前灌水时间(11月10日、11月25日、12月10日)和春季灌水时间(3月5日,返青期;4月5日,拔节期)对冬小麦生长发育、干物质运转及水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明： 越冬前灌水时间主要影响冬前和拔节期群体大小,而春灌时间对冬小麦成穗数、产量、干物质运转和水肥利用效率的影响较大,而且越冬前灌水时间对冬小麦产量构成的影响与春灌时间密切相关.在春季返青期灌水条件下,越冬前灌水时间越早,成穗数和产量越高;在拔节期灌水条件下,随越冬前灌水时间的推迟,成穗数和产量呈先升高再降低的趋势,而穗粒数逐渐增加,千粒重受影响较小.水分利用效率、养分吸收量和肥料利用率均随越冬前灌水时间的推迟而降低,随春季灌水时间的推迟而升高.因此,在秸秆还田足墒播种条件下,将越冬前灌水时间适当提前,可以塌实土壤,促进冬小麦冬前分蘖,增加群体大小;配合拔节期增量灌水,可以控制早春无效分蘖,提高成穗率,稳定粒重,提高水肥利用效率,实现节水高产高效栽培.     

Response of irrigated wheat to residual and fertilizer nitrogen

Summary A cotton and a wheat experiment were conducted in sequence to evaluate the effect of residual and fertilizer N on wheat with a water table fluctuating between 65 and 125 cm. Cotton treatments, replicated four times, consisted of 3 irrigation treatments as main plots and 6 N levels as subplots (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 kg N/ha). After cotton the plots were planted to wheat and each subplot was divided into two equal sub-subplots. One received N at a rate similar to that previously applied to cotton and the other sub-subplot was left without N application for evaluating the residual effect. Determination of N forms in the soil before wheat indicated that NO₃-N content of the top 25 cm increased from 4.4 to 16.3 ppm as N applied to cotton increased from 0 to 125 kg/ha. On the other hand, mineralizable-N was greater in the control than in the fertilized treatments, suggesting a priming effect on the mineralization of soil N. The residual effect on wheat was related to mineralizable-N rather than to NO₃-N as grain yield was higher for the control than for the residual fertilizer N treatments. The yield was also higher for the more frequent than for the less frequent irrigation treatments, which may be attributed to increase in mineralization with soil water content. Wheat response to N application was significant. But high N levels accompanied by frequent irrigation enhanced lodging with subsequent reduction in yield. Measuring N uptake by grain and straw indicated 37% recovery of fertilizer N. It was concluded that under the prevailing conditions of high water table wheat response was largely dependent on the applied fertilizer due to insignificant residual N availability.     

Mottling phenomena and quality of grains of different genotypes of Durum wheat grown under limited irrigation conditions

Summary Field experiment was conducted to show the effect of one irrigation of 10 cm water applied to durum wheat (Triticum durum) at crown root initiation stage, active tillering stage, anthesis stage and compared them with non irrigated plot using A-206, A-28, A-1-8-8-42-1, G.W.-1 and A-23-10 genotypes under the conditions of salt affected areas having shallow saline aquifer, on quality, yield and mottling phenomena in wheat grain. Application of irrigation significantly increased the yield and decreased the per cent mottled grain and the maximum achievement was obtained when water was applied during the stage of anthesis. Non mottled grain contained higher protein than mottled grain and there were no considerable differences in other biochemical constituents. Genotype G.W.-1 stands first in its yield performance and low mottled grain.     

不同带长微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦耗水特性及产量的影响

于2010-2012年度冬小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22,采用测墒补灌方式,设置40 m(T₄₀)、60 m(T₆₀)和80 m(T₈₀)3种带长的微喷带灌溉处理,研究不同带长微喷带灌溉对土壤水分分布及冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响.结果表明： 拔节期和开花期采用微喷带补灌,随微喷带带长缩短,灌溉水在土壤中的水平分布均匀系数显著增加.拔节期补灌,T₄₀和T₆₀处理在距畦首0～40 m范围内各小麦行间的0～200 cm土层土壤含水量均无显著差异;T₈₀处理在距畦首38～40 m、58～60 m和78～80 m处各小麦行间的0～200 cm各土层土壤含水量变化规律一致,均表现为随距微喷带的距离增加而减小.T₄₀处理的小麦在拔节至开花期间和开花至成熟期间分别对40～60 cm和20～80 cm土层土壤贮水的消耗量显著高于T₆₀和T₈₀处理,而对深层土壤贮水消耗量和总土壤贮水消耗量、开花期补灌水量、总灌水量和总耗水量显著低于T₆₀和T₈₀处理.随微喷带带长缩短,小麦籽粒产量、产量水分利用效率显著升高,而流量降低,在灌水量一定的情况下,单位时间内的有效灌溉面积减小.综合考虑小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和流量,40和60 m是本试验条件下的适宜微喷带带长.     

灌溉方法与施氮对土壤水分、硝态氮和小麦生长发育的调控效应

为探明玉米秸秆还田下小麦的合理灌溉与施肥方法,于田间研究了漫灌(FI)、微喷灌(SI)、滴灌(DI)和灌水施氮模式(N₁, 基施纯N 157.5 kg·hm^-2+拔节期施纯N 67.5 kg·hm^-2; N₂, 基施纯N 157.5 kg·hm^-2+拔节期施纯N 45.0 kg·hm^-2+灌浆期施N 22.5 kg·hm^-2)对土壤水分、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量和小麦生长发育的影响.结果表明: 灌溉方法和灌水施氮模式共同影响土壤含水量和贮水量的变化.其中,灌溉方法对越冬期和返青期0～60 cm、孕穗期和灌浆期0～160 cm、成熟期100～160 cm土层含水量影响相对较小,对越冬期和返青期80～160 cm、成熟期0～80 cm土层含水量影响大;FI对含水量和贮水量影响最大,DI次之,SI最小;SI和DI的灌水施氮模式中灌水量多,则土层含水量高、贮水量多,变化大.NO₃^--N含量受灌溉方法和施氮的影响,施氮对0～20 cm土层影响大,SI生育期NO₃^--N含量变化大,DI越冬期至孕穗期NO₃^--N含量变化小,此后变化大,FI与DI相反;生育前中期灌水量对NO₃^--N含量影响大,后期施氮对NO₃^--N含量影响大;SI和DI的2种灌水施氮模式中冬前灌水量多的NO₃^--N含量变化大.灌溉方法中SI越冬期总茎数和单株分蘖高,成穗率高,成穗数多,产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和氮素利用效率最高,滴灌次之,漫灌最低;SI和DI中N₁生育期总茎数、成穗数多,但穗粒数和千粒重低,产量、WUE和氮素利用效率低于N₂.因此,玉米秸秆还田后播种小麦,微喷灌代替漫灌生育期灌4水,施足基肥,拔节期和灌浆期分次追氮,是山西南部小麦-玉米一年两熟区小麦节水高产高效栽培模式.     

地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响

通过大田试验研究了地膜覆盖对土壤水温状况及春小麦产量形成的影响．结果表明,地膜覆盖对土壤的增温作用在春小麦生育期内呈“U”型变化,地膜覆盖可以通过防止蒸发和提升土壤深层水分至作物可利用层来增加土壤中有效水含量,利于作物利用．地膜覆盖的增温保墒作用利于作物前期生长和水分利用,在生育后期覆膜,作物根系发育受到抑制,作物蒸散量和水分利用效率下降,影响产量的形成．对照(CK)、播前灌水(W)、全程覆膜(M)、播前灌水 覆膜30d(WM30)、播前灌水 覆膜60d（WM60)及播前灌水十全程覆膜(WMw)6个处理的产量分别为2554、2424、2750、3138、3305、3123kg·hm^-2,最佳覆膜时间在40—60d．