森林母土异地迁播后的土壤真菌和细菌变化

【背景】森林土壤中携带了大量种子和微生物,已经被广泛用于各种退化生态系统的植被恢复。但是,关于土壤迁播到退化生态系统后的真菌和细菌群落变化研究较少。【目的】研究土壤迁播后真菌和细菌的组成和多样性,比对其与森林母土和受体土壤之间的物种组成与群落差异。【方法】通过Illumina HiSeq高通量测序,获取迁播15个月的土壤、森林母土及受体土壤中真菌和细菌特征值,比对其多样性和丰富度。【结果】3类样地真菌优势菌门为担子菌门和子囊菌门,细菌优势菌门为酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门,土壤迁播后显著改变了真菌和细菌优势菌门的相对丰度。主成分分析表明3类样地真菌和细菌群落组成存在显著差异。聚类分析表明迁播土壤与受体土壤聚类距离更近,物种组成更相似,真菌和细菌优势属与受体土壤无显著差异。迁播土壤的真菌和细菌丰富度和多样性与森林母土差异显著(P0.05)。【结论】森林土壤迁播15月后,其细菌和真菌物种组成逐步趋同于受体土壤。该结果为进一步研究石漠化微生物生态系统、改善和提升土壤迁播技术提供支撑。     

Selective effects of five pesticides on soil and cotton-rhizosphere and-rhizoplane fungus flora

In two field sowings, the effect of five pesticides on soil, rhizosphere and rhizoplane fungi was tested. Ceresan and Orthocid (fungicides used as seed dressing) after 3 days were very toxic to the total count of soil fungi and to almost all fungal genera and species. After 40 days their toxicity was almost alleviated in the soil, but persisted in the rhizosphere. The herbicide VCS 438 did not significantly affect the total count of soil fungi but was initiative to the total rhizosphere fungi. Some fungal species were significantly promoted in the soil and rhizosphere and others were depressed. Dipterex (Insecticide) was promotive to the total count of soil fungi after 3 days and to some fungal species but this effect was almost alleviated after 40 days. In the rhizosphere, it exerted a promotive effect on the total count of fungi and on some fungal genera and species. Dursban (Insecticide) was of no significant effect on the total count of soil and rhizosphere fungi, but few species were significantly promoted.The rhizoplane fungi were the least sensitive, and none of the five pesticides induced a significant effect on the total count, but some species responded significantly, being either promoted or inhibited.     

土壤因子对野生植物AM真菌的影响

1　引　　言关于生态因子对ＡＭ真菌发生和分布的影响 ,国内外均有报道[1,2 ,7] ,张美庆等[6] 比较系统地研究了我国东、南沿海七省ＡＭ真菌的生态分布 ;吴铁航[5] 报道了几种土壤因子对栽培作物根围内ＡＭ真菌分布的影响 .本文主要介绍土壤类型、质地、营养状况、ｐＨ等对野生植物根围ＡＭ真菌的侵染、孢子密度和种属分布的影响 .2　研究地区与研究方法2 1　研究地区概况山东省位于 33°2 5′～ 38°2 3′Ｎ ,114°36′～ 12 2°4 3′Ｅ之间 ,属暖温带大陆性季风气候 ,年平均气温 11～ 14℃ ,年平均降水量为 5 5 0～ 95 0ｍｍ .根据地貌不…     

甘肃盐碱土植物VA菌根真菌侵染研究

对甘肃盐碱土中植物的VA菌根真菌共生状况进行研究,结果表明：在10科17种植物中,除碱蓬（Suaeda glauca Beg.）外均被菌根真菌侵染,占94.1%;盐碱土中孢子密度较高,表明甘肃盐碱土生态系统中植物对菌根真菌具有较高的依赖性,菌根真菌在盐碱土中产孢能力较强;所调查植物的VA菌根结构类型Arum型占68.75%,Pris型占31.25%;菌根结构类型与宿主植物类型有关,禾本科（Poaceae）和鸢尾科（Iridaceae）植物为P型菌根,百合科（Liliaceae）、胡颓子科（Elaeagnaceae）等其它科植物均为A型菌根;土壤类型影响了宿主植物的菌根侵染率和根际土的孢子密度,相同宿主植物在不同类型土壤中的菌根侵染率和孢子密度具有很大的差异.     

海拔对辽东栎林地土壤微生物群落的影响

以北京东灵山辽东栎林地土壤为对象,运用氯仿熏蒸-浸提法及磷脂脂肪酸分析(PLFA)法,研究林木生长季节土壤微生物群落随海拔梯度的变化特征.结果表明:随着海拔升高,辽东栎林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮,以及微生物各类群含量均有差异但不显著;土壤细菌/真菌升高,而革兰氏阳性菌(G+)/革兰氏阴性菌(G-)降低.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮以及细菌、真菌、G+细菌、G-细菌的含量与土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮呈显著正相关,土壤真菌含量与土壤碳氮比值呈正相关.土壤微生物群落组成结构(细菌/真菌和G+细菌/G-细菌)的变化主要受土壤温度和土壤含水量的显著影响,说明土壤微生物群落结构对环境条件的变化敏感.随着全球变暖的加剧,暖温带辽东栎林地土壤真菌和G+细菌的比例有升高的趋势.     

Effects of soil extracts from repeated plantation woodland of Chinese-fir on microbial activities and soil nitrogen mineralization dynamics

Effects of soil extracts from repeated plantation woodlands of Chinese-fir on soil fungi growth, the activities of microbial communities, and rates of net soil nitrogen mineralization were investigated. Soil extracts from replanted woodlands significantly inhibited soil non-pathogenic fungi growth, reduced soil respiration activities, and net soil nitrogen mineralization rates. However, soil extracts from replanted woodland increased the growth of pathogenic fungi. The combination of soil extracts and pathogenic fungi did not significantly reduce the growth of Chinese-fir seedlings when compared to the soil extracts alone. The combination of soil extracts with pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi significantly increased the growth of Chinese-fir seedlings when compared to the combination of soil extracts and pathogenic fungi. The results suggest that the allelochemicals from soil extracts, rather than pathogenic fungi, are the key factor regulating the productivity and nitrogen cycling in repeated plantation woodlands.     

不同盐碱度土壤中AM菌根真菌群落结构组成及影响因子

为研究黄河三角洲盐渍土壤中植物根围AM菌根真菌多样性及影响多样性的因素,从东营孤东和孤岛油区采集碱蓬和柽柳植物的根围土壤,鉴定了4种土壤试样中丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)的群落组成。结果表明:球囊霉属(Glomus)是盐碱地中的优势种,同时还有许多未知真菌;考察不同盐碱度情况下菌根真菌群落结构差异,结果表明:碱蓬根围土壤中AM真菌的多样性高于柽柳,孤东根围土壤AM真菌多样性比孤岛高。相关分析表明,铵态氮含量与AM真菌多样性呈现显著负相关。     

An approach to the study of moisture relations of soil fungi

Summary Changes in the microflora of the soil, particularly the fungal flora, were followed in two soils that were drying out.With the help of Cholodny slides it was observed that as soil moisture stress increased above 1 atmosphere the dominating bacterial flora was replaced by one of fungi and actinomycetes.A succession of fungi, colonizing buried plant material, appeared during the drying out of the soil. Walter's hygrophilic species appeared active colonizers at soil moisture stress values below the 1-atmosphere level. Xerophilic fungi became active at higher soil moisture stress. Mesophilic fungi appeared to remain active along a wider range of soil moisture conditions.It is believed that interesting results may be obtained on soil moisture relations of fungi with more accurate techniques in controlling and maintaining soil moisture conditions at constant levels.     

Thermophilic fungi: An assessment of their potential for growth in soil

An attempt has been made to forecast the potential of thermophilic fungi to grow in soil in the laboratory and in the field in the presence of a predominantly mesophilic fungal flora at usual temperature. The respiratory rate of thermophilic fungi was markedly responsive to changes in temperature, but that of mesophilic fungi was relatively independent of such changes. This suggested that in a thermally fluctuating environment, thermophilic fungi may be at a physiological disadvantage compared to mesophilic fungi. In mixed cultures in soil plates, thermophilic fungi outgrew mesophilic fungi under a fluctuating temperature regime only when the amplitude of the fluctuating temperatures was small and approached their temperature optima for growth. An antibody probe was used to detect the activity of native or an introduced strain of a thermophilic fungus,Thermomyces lanuginosus, under field conditions. The results suggest that although widespread, thermophilic fungi are ordinarily not an active component of soil microflora. Their presence in soil most likely may be the result of the aerial dissemination of propagules from composting plant material.     

油田外排水对干旱戈壁区人工湿地土壤微生物生物量的影响

为研究油田外排水对干旱戈壁区人工湿地土壤微生物生物量的影响,选择干旱戈壁区某油田外排水形成的湿地内坝内、内外坝间、外坝边缘土壤,及不受排水影响的对照土壤,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法,分析外排水对土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌生物量的影响。结果表明:湿地内坝内、内外坝间、外坝边缘土壤与对照土壤的pH和容重均无显著差异,内外坝间的土壤含水量、电导率、溶解性全盐和全碳含量最高,显著高于内坝内土壤;除含水量外,对照土壤的主要物理性质和养分特征与湿地内坝内、内外坝间、外坝边缘的土壤无显著差异。土壤总微生物量、细菌和真菌生物量从湿地内坝内至外坝边缘逐渐增加。土壤总微生物量、细菌、真菌、放线菌与全氮含量均呈显著正相关,丛枝菌根真菌与全碳呈显著正相关,真菌、丛枝菌根真菌与总石油烃呈显著正相关。研究结果表明,油田外排水增加了湿地外坝边缘的土壤微生物量。     

Indigenous and introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to plant growth in two agricultural soils from south-western Australia

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi occur in all agricultural soils but it is not easy to assess the contribution they make to plant growth under field conditions. Several approaches have been used to investigate this, including the comparison of plant growth in the presence or absence of naturally occurring AM fungi following soil fumigation or application of fungicides. However, treatments such as these may change soil characteristics other than factors directly involving AM fungi and lead to difficulties in identifying the reason for changes in plant growth. In a glasshouse experiment, we assessed the contribution of indigenous AM fungi to growth of subterranean clover in undisturbed cores of soil from two agricultural field sites (a cropped agricultural field at South Carrabin and a low input pasture at Westdale). We used the approach of estimating the benefit of AM fungi by comparing the curvature coefficients ( C) of the Mitscherlich equation for subterranean clover grown in untreated field soil, in field soil into which inoculum of Glomus invermaium was added and in soil fumigated with methyl bromide. It was only possible to estimate the benefit of mycorrhizas using this approach for one soil (Westdale) because it was the only soil for which a Mitscherlich response to the application of a range of P levels was obtained. The mycorrhizal benefit ( C of mycorrhizal vs. non-mycorrhizal plants or C of inoculated vs. uninoculated plants) of the indigenous fungi corresponded with a requirement for phosphate by plants that were colonised by AM fungi already present in the soil equivalent to half that required by non-mycorrhizal plants. This benefit was independent of the plant-available P in the soil. There was no additional benefit of inoculation on plant growth other than that due to increased P uptake. Indigenous AM fungi were present in both soils and colonised a high proportion of roots in both soils. There was a higher diversity of morphotypes of mycorrhizal fungi in roots of plants grown in the Westdale soil than in the South Carrabin soil that had a history of high phosphate fertilizer use in the field. Inoculation with G. invermaium did not increase the level of colonisation of roots by mycorrhizal fungi in either soil, but it replaced approximately 20% of the root length colonised by the indigenous fungi in Westdale soil at all levels of applied P. The proportion of colonised root length replaced by G. invermaium in South Carrabin soil varied with the level of application of P to the soil; it was higher at intermediate levels of recently added soil P.     

Influence of liming,inoculum level and inoculum placement on root colonization of subterranean clover

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi differ in their response to soil pH. Thus, change in soil pH may influence the relative abundance of mycorrhizal fungi inside roots. Root colonization by two AM fungi was studied in relation to addition of lime (CaCO3), quantity of inoculum and inoculum placement. Addition of CaCO3 to an acid soil decreased the colonization of roots by Acaulospora laevis but increased colonization by Glomus invermaium when both fungi were present. In acid soil (pH 4.7), almost all roots were colonized by A. laevis, while G. invermaium was dominant when soil pH was increased to pH 7.3. This occurred regardless of whether the inoculum was banded or mixed throughout the soil. There was no effect of CaCO3 on the relative abundance of fungi inside roots at intermediate rates of CaCO3 application (pH 5.3-6.3) when both fungi were inoculated together. In this experiment, both fungi colonized roots at all levels of CaCO3 when inoculated alone, except for A. laevis at the highest level of CaCO3. We conclude that soil pH affects the competitive ability of these two AM fungi during mycorrhiza formation primarily by affecting hyphae growth in soil and thus the relative abundance of hyphae at the root surface and subsequently inside the root.     

傅家边丘陵山地滨梅根围AM真菌与土壤酶活性的关系

为揭示AM真菌对宿主滨梅（Prunus maritima）的作用特点及对根部土壤酶活性的影响,于2009年4月、7月和10月分别从江苏傅家边丘陵山地滨梅根围分0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40、40～50 cm 5个土层采集土壤样品,观察滨梅AM菌根结构,测定了AM真菌侵染率、孢子密度、土壤磷酸酶、脲酶活性及有效磷、碱解氮含量,着重分析了AM真菌与土壤酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,滨梅能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系,共生体为泡囊-丛枝结构;AM真菌侵染率和孢子密度分别在7月份和10月份最高,均出现在0～20 cm土层,并随土层加深而下降;AM真菌侵染率与土壤酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、碱磷酸酶活性显著正相关,而与脲酶活性无相关性;AM真菌孢子密度与碱性磷酸酶、脲酶活性呈极显著正相关关系;孢子密度与土壤有效磷、土壤碱解氮含量显著正相关,但AM真菌侵染率仅与土壤有效磷含量显著正相关;孢子密度与菌根侵染率之间无相关性。可见,滨梅AM真菌侵染率与孢子密度有明显的时空分布并与土壤因子尤其是某些土壤酶活性密切相关,且AM菌根的形成是滨梅适应丘陵山地干旱贫瘠环境的有效对策之一。     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure and aggregate stability of a vertisol

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on aggregate stability of a semi-arid Indian vertisol was studied in a pot experiment in which Sorghum bicolor (L.) was grown as test plant for 10 weeks. Pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi was studied with pasteurized and unpasteurized soils as references. A part of the soil in each pot was placed in nylon mesh bags to separate effects of roots and hyphae. The sorghum plants were planted outside the mesh bags which permitted AM hyphae to enter while excluding roots. Aggregate stability of the soil was determined by wet-sieving and turbidimetric measurements. Development of the AM fungi was quantified as colonized root length and external hyphal length. Soil exposed to growth of roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed aggregates with larger geometric mean diameter (GMD) in pasteurized soil inoculated with AM fungi than in pasteurized uninoculated soil. There was no significant difference in GMD of the inoculated, pasteurized soil and the unpasteurized soil. No significant effects of inoculation or plant growth were found in pasteurized soil exposed to hyphal growth only (inside the mesh bags). However, the unpasteurized soil had significantly higher GMD than the pasteurized soil, irrespective of plants and inoculum. Turbidimetric measurements of soil exposed to roots and hyphae (outside mesh bags) showed the highest aggregate stability for the inoculated pasteurized soil. These results demonstrate that AM fungi contribute to the stabilization of soil aggregates in a vertisol, and that the effect is significant after only one growing season. The effect was associated with both AM hyphae and the stimulation of root growth by AM fungi. The contribution from plant roots and AM hyphae to aggregate stability of different size fractions is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

攀枝花市麻疯树根际土壤内生菌根菌分布特征

【目的】研究天然麻疯树根际土壤中内生菌根菌孢子果密度,揭示麻疯树根际土壤中内生菌根菌的分布特征,为麻疯树育苗繁殖和栽植推广提供科学依据。【方法】采用随机采样的方法对攀枝花市仁和区天然麻疯树根际土壤中内生菌根菌孢子果数量进行调查,确定了20个采样点,采集了20个土根混合样,利用解剖镜测定其孢子果密度,再根据1999年林业行标测定样品中的水分含量,养分含量等。【结果】天然麻疯树根际土壤采样从海拔1025m开始,直到1500m。土壤样品中均含有AM菌根菌孢子果,且数量丰富的,含量最高的土壤样品中AM菌根菌孢子果密度为236个/g干土,最小的密度为9个/g干土,平均密度为80个/g干土。土样含水量在4.01%-13.39%之间,平均值为6.79%,与AM菌根菌孢子果含量正相关。有机质平均含量为3.80g/kg,与AM菌根菌孢子果含量正相关。【结论】天然麻疯树根际土壤中均能检测出AM菌根菌孢子果,且含量高,但分布不均。它的密度随着海拔高度的升高逐渐降低,随土壤含水量的增加而增加,随土壤有机质含量的增加而增加。     

Volatile-mediated antagonism of soil bacterial communities against fungi

Competition is a major type of interaction between fungi and bacteria in soil and is also an important factor in suppression of plant diseases caused by soil-borne fungal pathogens. There is increasing attention for the possible role of volatiles in competitive interactions between bacteria and fungi. However, knowledge on the actual role of bacterial volatiles in interactions with fungi within soil microbial communities is lacking. Here, we examined colonization of sterile agricultural soils by fungi and bacteria from non-sterile soil inoculums during exposure to volatiles emitted by soil-derived bacterial communities. We found that colonization of soil by fungi was negatively affected by exposure to volatiles emitted by bacterial communities whereas that of bacteria was barely changed. Furthermore, there were strong effects of bacterial community volatiles on the assembly of fungal soil colonizers. Identification of volatile composition produced by bacterial communities revealed several compounds with known fungistatic activity. Our results are the first to reveal a collective volatile-mediated antagonism of soil bacteria against fungi. Given the better exploration abilities of filamentous fungi in unsaturated soils, this may be an important strategy for bacteria to defend occupied nutrient patches against invading fungi. Another implication of our research is that bacterial volatiles in soil atmospheres can have a major contribution to soil fungistasis.     

Variation in mycorrhizal growth response influences competitive interactions and mechanisms of plant species coexistence

Plant species vary in their growth response to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, with responses ranging from negative to positive. Differences in response to AM fungi may affect competition between plant species, influencing their ability to coexist. We hypothesized that positively responding species, whose growth is stimulated by AM fungi, will experience stronger intraspecific competition and weaker interspecific competition in soil containing AM fungi, while neutrally or negatively responding species should experience weaker intraspecific and stronger interspecific competition. We grew Plantago lanceolata, which responds positively to AM fungi, and Bromus inermis, which responds negatively to AM fungi, in an additive response surface competition experiment that varied the total density and relative frequency of each species. Plants were grown in sterilized background soil that had been inoculated with whole soil biota, which includes AM fungi, or a microbial wash, that contained other soil microbes but no AM fungi, or in sterilized soil that contained no biota. The positively responding P. lanceolata was more strongly limited by intraspecific than interspecific competition when AM fungi were present. By contrast, the presence of AM fungi decreased the strength of intraspecific competition experienced by the negatively responding B. inermis. Because AM fungi are almost always present in soil, strong intraspecific competition in positively responding species would prevent them from outcompeting species that respond neutrally or negatively to AM fungi. The potential for increased intraspecific competition to offset growth benefits of AM fungi could, therefore, be a stabilizing mechanism that promotes coexistence among plant species.     

四种蕨类植物根际土壤中VA菌根真菌孢子种群组成和季相变化

对４ 种移栽到温室中的蕨类植物根际土壤中的ＶＡ 菌根真菌孢子种群组成和季相变化进行了研究, 结果发现, ＶＡ菌根真菌孢子的产生具有明显的宿主依赖性和季相变化。在相同气候条件下, 不同植物根际土壤中的ＶＡ菌根真菌种群组成不同; 同种ＶＡ 菌根真菌在不同宿主植物根际土壤中, 孢子的丰富度有很大的差异。本文对影响ＶＡ菌根真菌孢子种群组成和季相变化的因素进行了讨论。     

纳帕海高原湿地不同干扰强度下土壤真菌的分布格局

将无干扰的原生沼泽作为对照, 运用比较法研究了纳帕海高原湿地不同干扰强度下形成的湿地利用类型, 即沼泽(无干扰)、沼泽化草甸(轻度干扰)、草甸(中度干扰)和垦后湿地(重度干扰) 4个湿地利用类型的碳氮含量及其分布格局, 揭示干扰对纳帕海不同湿地利用类型碳氮及土壤真菌分布的影响。研究表明: (1) 4个湿地利用类型上下层土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、碳氮比(C:N)和pH值均有显著的差异性(p < 0.01), 并且随着干扰强度的增大, SOM和TN含量逐渐减少。(2)土壤真菌经PDA培养基培养后计数, 在同一湿地类型上层的真菌数量大于下层, 随着干扰强度的增加, 真菌的数量逐渐增加。相关性分析表明: 真菌的数量与pH值、SOM和TN呈极显著负相关, 与C:N呈显著正相关。(3)系统发育研究表明: 纳帕海湿地分布有土壤真菌Ascomycota、Basidiomycota和Zygomycota, 其中Ascomycota是优势类群, 在高原湿地土壤碳氮分解等物质循环过程中Ascomycota处于主导地位。     

荒漠油蒿根围AM真菌与球囊霉素的时空分布

2007年4月、7月和10月分别于陕西省榆林市北部沙地的油蒿(Artemisia.ordosica)根围分0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm,30～40 cm和40～50 cm 5个土层采集土壤样品,系统研究了油蒿根围丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,简称AM)真菌和球囊霉素的时空分布及与土壤因子的相关性.结果表明,油蒿根围AM真菌总定殖率为89.54%、泡囊定殖率为26.24%,丛枝定殖率为21.08%,孢子密度为2.91～6.17个/g土,说明油蒿能与AM真菌形成良好共生关系.从土壤样品中共分离出4属21种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)为优势属,地球囊霉 (G.geosporum)为优势种.油蒿根围AM真菌和球囊霉素具有明显的时空异质性,并与土壤因子密切相关.菌丝定殖率随季节变换逐渐增加,泡囊定殖率和丛枝定殖率在夏季最低,春秋相对较高,与孢子密度季相变化相反.油蒿根围总球囊霉素在0～20 cm 土层含量最高,随土层深度增加而递减.易提取球囊霉素含量随土层深度增加波动较大.球囊霉素春季含量最高,夏秋含量降低.总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素与土壤养分、土壤酶活性、AM真菌孢子密度均有极显著相关性,二者能综合反应土壤AM真菌群落、有机C动态和养分循环进程,应作为土壤质量及功能评价的新指标进一步深入研究.