一种快速鉴别甜菜夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

描述了一种快速准确区分甜菜夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的方法。甜菜夜蛾雌、雄蛹的主要区别是:雌蛹第8腹节腹面有一较短的纵裂缝,裂缝两侧平坦无突起;雄蛹第9腹节腹面有一长的纵裂缝,裂缝两侧有半圆形瘤状突起。成虫期雌、雄蛾主要区别是:雄蛾体色较浅,腹部狭长且末端有一圈黄色长毛簇;雌蛾体色较深,腹部末端浑圆,毛簇较短,生殖孔清晰可见。以此标准所建立的甜菜夜蛾雌雄蛹及成虫的快速鉴定方法,对于田间性比、预测和种群动态以及人工饲养等具有重要作用。     

黄翅绢野螟蛹和成虫雌雄形态的快速鉴定

报道一种通过外部形态特征迅速、准确判断黄翅绢野螟蛹和成虫雌雄的方法。观察对比131头黄翅绢野螟蛹和120头成虫腹部形态特征发现:雌蛹第8腹节中央有一条由生殖孔和产卵孔连接组成的纵裂缝,生殖孔与第7腹节后缘相连,裂缝两侧无明显突起,与肛门裂缝之间的距离显著大于雄蛹,腹部末端着生8根毛钩,分节明显,呈"八"字形凹陷;雄蛹生殖孔位于第9腹节,裂缝两侧各有一半圆形瘤状突起,腹部末端也着生8根毛钩,但分节不明显。雌成虫腹部浑圆,末端具黄色毛簇;雄成虫腹部狭长,末端具黑色毛簇。以此标准建立的黄翅绢野螟雌雄快速鉴别方法,对于识别田间性比、预测种群动态、人工饲养及生物学特性研究等具有重要作用。     

快速鉴别菱角水螟雌雄蛹的方法

【目的】本研究拟建立一种快捷、准确地鉴别菱角水螟Parapoynx crisonalis(Walker)蛹性别的方法。【方法】基于蛹的腹部末端第8、9两腹节的腹面外部形态学特征进行判别。【结果】雌雄蛹的腹面外部形态学特征主要区别在于雄蛹第8腹节平滑无裂缝,第9腹节中央具一较短纵裂缝,其两侧具明显的半圆形瘤状突起,而雌蛹第8腹节中央具一长纵裂缝,其两侧较为平坦、无明显凸起。依据该特征鉴别菱角水螟蛹雌雄的准确率为100%。【结论】该方法在田间进行雌雄蛹快速鉴别行之有效,对提前掌握菱角水螟田间性比、下一代种群动态的预测预报工作具有重要意义。     

鉴别旋幽夜蛾雌雄蛹的方法

报道1种根据旋幽夜蛾Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg蛹腹节的外部形态特征迅速、准确区分旋幽夜蛾蛹雌雄的方法。雌蛹第8腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,裂缝连接第7、第9腹节,裂缝两侧平坦,无突起,腹部末端分节不明显;雄蛹第8腹节无裂缝,在第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,裂缝两边各有一半圆状瘤状突起,腹部末端分节较为明显。这对于了解旋幽夜蛾田间性比,观察生物学特征、种群动态及开展预测预报等十分重要。     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝠蛾科)活蛹性别的无损鉴别方法

通过观察阿尔泰蝠蛾雌雄蛹的外部形态结构,并测量其体征和体重数据,寻找可用于鉴别蛹性别的无损方法;再借助于解剖等方法鉴别蛹的确切性别,检测鉴别方法的准确性。结果显示,雌雄蛹在体征和体重数据的分布范围上有重叠,不能籍此区分其雌雄性。然而,雄蛹腹面第8腹节和第9腹节间分节明显,第9腹节未向第8腹节纵伸,生殖孔位于第9腹节上,生殖孔两侧各有一球形突起,生殖孔前缘与肛门前缘间的距离短于肛门的长度;雌蛹不具备以上特征。基于这些特征开发的鉴别阿尔泰蝠蛾蛹雌雄的方法,鉴别活蛹的准确率均为100%(n=180)。该方法对活蛹无损伤、准确、可靠、简便易学。     

一种快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

【目的】柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton是柑橘重要害虫,本研究拟建立一种快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫性别的简易方法。【方法】利用体视显微镜观察、拍照记录柑橘潜叶蛾蛹和成虫的腹部末端形态特征并进行比较分析,待蛹羽化后进行解剖验证结果。【结果】与柑橘潜叶蛾雄蛹相比,雌蛹的第7腹节下缘分界线不明显,生殖孔和肛门分别在第8腹节和第10腹节,而雄蛹的第7腹节下缘分界线明显,生殖孔在第9腹节,肛门在第10腹节。柑橘潜叶蛾雌成虫腹部末端呈圆筒形,而雄成虫腹部末端相对尖细;轻轻按压成虫腹部,雌蛾在末端伸出部分的两侧有黑斑,而雄蛾在末端伸出部分的两侧没有黑斑,但有一对长毛簇,在伸出的同时散开。该方法能快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫的性别,其准确率为100%。【结论】通过比较柑橘潜叶蛾雌雄蛹生殖孔及肛门的位置,可以准确区分雌雄蛹;轻压并观察雌雄成虫腹部伸出末端黑斑或长毛簇的有无可有效区分成虫性别。     

苹果蠹蛾不同虫态体征及雌雄个体的快速鉴别方法

【目的】通过对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella (L.)不同虫态的形态特征进行识别描述和定量观测,比较分析并研究提出苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫雌雄个体的快速、准确鉴别特征与方法。【方法】利用体式显微镜拍照、测量记录苹果蠹蛾不同虫态雌雄个体间的形态特征、体征参数等。【结果】苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄性腹节背面有明显肾形斑,雌性无斑。蛹雌雄个体的体征差异:雄蛹腹面翅尖后有4条明显体节线,第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,裂缝两侧各有一半圆形的瘤状突起;而雌蛹翅尖后有3条明显体节线,第8腹节腹面前缘有一纵裂缝,与腹节线相连形成类似"Y"形,裂缝两侧平坦无突起。成虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄虫前翅反面中室后缘有一黑褐色条斑,雌虫无此条斑;雄虫腹部狭长,抱器瓣常开张,呈钳状,雌虫腹部圆筒状,末端较细。【结论】研究结果揭示了苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫等不同虫态雌雄个体间的体征差异,比较研究并提出了便于快速鉴别雌雄个体的典型特征和识别方法。     

一种鉴别蒲氏钩蝠蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

为了探寻准确迅速鉴别蒲氏钩蝠蛾性别的方法,采用标记法对其蛹和成虫进行跟踪观察研究。结果表明:雌蛹腹部末端分节不明显,第8腹节腹面中央有一黑色纵裂,与肛裂缝之间的距离显著大于雄蛹,两侧平坦,无突起;雄蛹腹部末端分节较明显,第8腹节无裂缝,第9腹节中央有一黑色纵裂,裂缝较长,两侧各有一半圆形瘤状突起。雌性成虫腹部末端呈圆筒状,雄性成虫腹部末端圆钳状,透过毛丛可见雄性外生殖器的部分结构。这对于了解蒲氏钩蝠蛾的野外性比,观察其生物学特征、种群动态及开展预测预报等十分重要。     

一种鉴别菜粉蝶蛹雌雄的方法

报道1种根据外部形态特征迅速、准确区分菜粉蝶PierisrapaeL.蛹雌雄的方法。实体显微镜检表明,雌蛹第8腹节有1生殖孔,第9腹节有1产卵孔,两孔之间连成1条长纵裂缝;而雄蛹只在第9腹节有1个生殖孔,形成的纵裂缝短。     

异斑酷大蚕蛾幼虫、蛹和成虫的性别鉴定

本文描述了一种准确、快速鉴定异斑酷大蚕蛾末龄幼虫、蛹和成虫性别的方法。通过对蛹和成虫性别特征比较可知,雌虫生殖孔位于第8和第9腹节,且第8腹节不愈合,雄虫生殖孔仅位于第9腹节上,且生殖孔两侧有瘤状突起。雌性末龄幼虫头壳的蜕裂线附近浅色区域较多,雄性浅色区域较少,且雌性后唇基区域的颜色较雄性更浅。雌雄成虫差异较大,雄虫触角羽状,前翅一般无透明斑或透明斑很小;雌虫为近丝状的羽状触角,前翅有3个较大且连续排列的透明斑。经过对30对雌雄蛹的测量后,发现在蛹长、蛹宽与蛹重等体型数据上,雌雄蛹之间都存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。     

PBAN gene architecture and expression in the fire ant, solenopsis invicta

The PBAN/pyrokinin peptides are a major neuropeptide family characterized by a common FXPRLamide at the C-termini. These peptides are distributed ubiquitously in the Insecta and are involved in many essential endocrine functions, e.g. pheromone production. We report the gene architecture of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta PBAN (Soi-PBAN) gene, including the exon and intron boundaries. Furthermore, we quantified expression of the Soi-PBAN mRNA in the head, thorax and abdomen of the fire ant. The Soi-PBAN gene is comprised three exons and two introns, all composed of 13,358 nucleotides, which is 2-4 times larger than lepidopteran PBAN genes. The overall pattern of the PBAN immunoreactive neuron number and localization was similar for female and male alates, inseminated female delates, workers and queens. The Soi-PBAN mRNA expression level was highest in the head, followed by the thorax, and abdomen of adult ants. Expression in the abdominal tissues was expected to be similar to the head, or at least higher than thorax because strong PBAN immunoreactive neurons were detected previously in brain-subesophageal and abdominal ganglia. This result suggests that another FXPRL gene could be dominant in the abdomen rather than Soi-PBAN gene.     

The reproductive system of Derocheilocaris typica (Crustacea,Mystacocarida)

Mystacocarids are dioecious. Their gonopores are on the medial side of the third thoracic limb. The male's paired testes lie in the thorax and abdomen. They develop from paired rows of six small follicles dorsally. In the mature animal they fill most of the abdomen. The spermatophores develop within the follicles from spermatogonia mixed with follicle cells, which support and nourish the spermatocytes and produce the seminal fluid. The short vas deferens runs along the bottom of the testes and then continues forward to the gonopore. The vas deferens has a small group of cells near the gonopore that becomes a closure mechanism. The female has reproductive cells and also support cells that provide nutrition and form the wall of the ovary and oviduct. The unpaired female ovary begins in the third thoracic segment. During maturation, the oocytes are pushed posteriorly. The enormous mature ovum extends into a caudal pocket of the ovary. Starting with its anterior end, this ovum is extruded into the short oviduct, which extends laterally and ventrally to the gonopore. During extrusion, the pocket is reabsorbed from behind. There are no accessory structures connected to the reproductive system, nor any external specializations on the third limb.     

Comparative study of courtship in twelve phycitine moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The courtship behavior of 12 phycitine moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied using frame-by-frame analysis of video recordings. Behavioral transitions during courtship were quantified for selected species and kinematic diagrams of courtship sequences were constructed. Interspecific similarities in courtship behaviors were measured by calculating Euclidean distances between species based on 12 courtship characters and by clustering species according to UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages). The resulting phenogram revealed two major behavioral patterns in courtship: (1) interactive and (2) simple. The former was characterized by a complex sequence in which, typically, a male approached a pheromoneemitting female, engaged in a head- to- head posture with the female, and then brought his abdomen over his head and struck the female on the head and thorax. This action brought male abdominal scent structures into close proximity with the female antennae. The male then attempted copulation from the head- to- head position by a dorsolateral thrust of the abdomen toward the female genitalia. Males of these species possessed scent structures located either on the eighth abdominal segment, or in a costal fold of the forewing, or both. Courtship in the second group was much more prosaic. After locating the female by response to her sex pheromone, the male simply attempted copulation by lateral abdominal thrusts under the female wing, without behavioral embellishments. Males of species exhibiting simple courtship had either no scent structures or structures that appeared vestigial. The grouping of species based on courtship characters was poorly correlated with taxonomic relationships, suggesting that the selective pressures governing the evolution and maintenance of courtship and male pheromones were distinct from those involved in the evolution of other morphological characters. While we argue that the primary force molding the evolution of courtship was an adaptive response to interspecific mating mistakes, we do not believe that isolation is brought about by the sequence of courtship behaviors themselves, due to the striking similarity in the sequence across several diverse species. Rather, these behaviors act to deliver more efficiently the male pheromonal message, which mayhave evolved for reproductive isolation.     

An investigation into the metamorphosis of the mutant lethal-translucida of drosophila melanogaster

Summary Development of lethal translucida pupae is under normal conditions predominantly blocked in the early pupal stages. Imaginal differentiation, though almost exclusively restricted to the head and thorax, is exhibited in only 20–30% of the individuals.When ltr pupae are subjected to pure oxygen both the frequency and the intensity of imaginal differentiation is strongly increased. Then 60–70% of the pupae shows metamorphosis of the head and thorax, whereas abdominal differentiations could be observed in about 20%.The minimal time during which the pupae must be kept in oxygen, to give a maximum percentage of metamorphosing individuals in air, is 100–120 hours for differentiations of the head and thorax and about 140 hours for those of the abdomen.These experimental results suggest that part of the incomplete metamorphosis in homozygous ltr pupae is due to an insufficient supply of oxygen.The differentiation of normal eye implants within non-metamorphosed ltr pupae showed that the reaction capacity of the imaginal tissues in the ltr/ltr genotype is also significantly weakened.In the discussion of the results, our data have been related to those of Chen on lowered oxygen consumption in ltr pupae. It seems probable that in those ltr pupae showing metamorphosis of the head and thorax, a better oxygen supply existed already from the time of puparium formation.With 6 text-figures.This work was started in 1949 in the Institute of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy of the University of Zurich.     

Developmental and tissue-specific control of catalase expression in Drosophila melanogaster: Correlations with rates of enzyme synthesis and degradation

The ontogenetic and tissue-specific expression of catalase (E.C. 1.11.1.6) has been determined in a wild type strain of Drosophila melanogaster derived from a natural population. Two distinct peaks of activity are observed during development with the first peak occurring in late third instar larvae just prior to puparium formation, and the second and larger of the two peaks occurring during metamorphosis. These peaks of catalase activity are coincident with the two major peaks of ecdysone titer. Of the tissues assayed, larval malpighian tubules, gut, and fat body demonstrated the highest specific activities. Adult abdomen exhibited a two- to three-fold higher specific activity than either head or thorax. Of the abdominal tissues assayed, malpighian tubules and abdominal wall had the highest specific activities. Malpighian tubules were the only sexually dimorphic tissue with respect to catalase activity and are apparently largely responsible for an overall increase observed in female abdominal activity. Catalase-specific CRM levels parallel the enzyme activity levels indicating that these tissue-specific activity differences reflect differences in the rate of accumulation of catalase molecules. Turnover studies employing the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole were conducted on head, thorax, and abdomen of male adult flies. Rates of catalase degradation were similar in the three body segments with a slightly higher rate in abdominal tissue. Therefore the different steady state levels observed largely reflect different rates of catalase synthesis.     

The female abdomen of the viviparous earwig Hemimerus vosseleri (Insecta: Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with a discussion of the postgenital abdomen of Insecta

The viviparous, epizoic African earwigs of the genus Hemimerus are currently regarded as the sister taxon of the remaining Dermaptera (Forficulina). Exoskeleton, musculature, and part of the nervous system of the female abdomen, from segment IV on, are described. The morphological interpretation and homology relations of most components are discussed, using previous and original data on Forficulina, Zygentoma, Ephemeroptera, Orthoptera and Dictyoptera as a comparative framework. In the mid-abdominal segments some interesting similarities with Zygentoma are indicated. Focal issues in the postgenital abdomen are the terminal dorsal sclerites, the cercal muscles, and the paraprocts and associated muscles. Earlier hypotheses on the dermapteran postabdomen (opisthomere and pseudocercus hypotheses) and results from ontogenetic studies are scrutinized. Some interesting features detected in female Hemimerus are the immobilization of terga VIII-X by means of a thick internal cuticle layer, the lack of dorsal muscles on these terga, the shift of some insertions of cercal and rectal muscles from tergum X to tergum IX, and minute pits on the venters IX and X that could be spiracle vestiges. Some of these features occur also in other Dermaptera. Some abdominal characters suggest that Hemimerus is nested within the Forficulina. The lack of the clasper-shape in the cerci is not a strong argument against this.     

春尺蠖生物学特性研究

【目的】为新疆北疆地区春尺蠖Apocheima cinerarius预测预报工作提供理论依据。【方法】本文在林间对春尺蠖的各虫态进行详细调查,记述了各虫态的形态特征、生活史、性比、行为与习性。【结果】春尺蠖蛹主要集中分布在树盘基部30~60 cm、土壤深度为20~30 cm范围的土层中,成虫羽化后,次日19:00—23:00或第3天下午4:00—6:00交尾,其交配行为是多次交配型。雌虫比雄虫羽化稍早,雌虫平均寿命为16~18 d,雄虫平均寿命为8~13 d。翌日黄昏开始产卵,卵期最长34 d,最短26 d,雌虫每天平均产卵块数最高达5.1块/头、平均卵粒数为363.1粒/头,最低为1块/头、平均卵粒数为86粒/头,平均孵化率为86%。1、2龄幼虫食叶量较低,3龄开始暴增,5龄最高,平均每日食叶量可达443 mm2/头。【结论】春尺蠖成虫按翅面斑纹和颜色,可分三种类型:深色型、常见型、浅色型。幼虫的头壳与虫龄呈显著直线正相关。幼虫1~2龄期间,死亡率较高,高达60.37%;4~5龄幼虫,死亡率较低,且食叶量占总食叶量的85.81%。所以应选择在3龄幼虫高峰期之前进行防治。雌雄比为1︰0.7068,可预测下一代种群数量呈上升趋势。     

Location of the reproductive timer in the male cricket Gryllus bimaculatus DeGeer as revealed by local cooling of the central nervous system.

The location of the reproductive timer for the post-copulatory, time-fixed, sexually refractory stage was investigated in the male cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. This stage was defined as the interval between spermatophore protrusion and recommencement of copulation or a calling song. To inactivate the central nervous system locally and reversibly, different body regions were cooled to 10 degrees C for 20-30 min after spermatophore protrusion. A behavioural test then measured the duration of the refractory stage after males recovered from cooling. Males with the head, thorax and anterior abdomen cooled did not show a lengthening of that stage. In contrast, males with the entire abdomen or even the posterior abdominal segments containing only the 6th and terminal (7th-11th) abdominal ganglia showed a lengthening of the refractory stage up to, but not exceeding, the cooling duration. When 20-min cooling was interposed twice after spermatophore protrusion, the refractory stage was lengthened by about 40 min, indicating that interposed cooling did not reset the timer. These results are in agreement with our previous hypothesis that the reproductive timer for the refractory stage in the male cricket is located in the posterior abdominal ganglia, possibly within the terminal abdominal ganglion.     

Location of the reproductive timer in the male cricket Gryllus bimaculatus DeGeer as revealed by local cooling of the central nervous system

The location of the reproductive timer for the post-copulatory, time-fixed, sexually refractory stage was investigated in the male cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. This stage was defined as the interval between spermatophore protrusion and recommencement of copulation or a calling song. To inactivate the central nervous system locally and reversibly, different body regions were cooled to 10°C for 20-30 min after spermatophore protrusion. A behavioural test then measured the duration of the refractory stage after males recovered from cooling. Males with the head, thorax and anterior abdomen cooled did not show a lengthening of that stage. In contrast, males with the entire abdomen or even the posterior abdominal segments containing only the 6th and terminal (7th-11th) abdominal ganglia showed a lengthening of the refractory stage up to, but not exceeding, the cooling duration. When 20-min cooling was interposed twice after spermatophore protrusion, the refractory stage was lengthened by about 40 min, indicating that interposed cooling did not reset the timer. These results are in agreement with our previous hypothesis that the reproductive timer for the refractory stage in the male cricket is located in the posterior abdominal ganglia, possibly within the terminal abdominal ganglion.