石杉碱甲对电休克大鼠记忆、ARCmRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究石杉碱甲对电休克模型大鼠记忆和海马活性调节的细胞骨架联合基因（Activity-regulatedcytoskeletal—associatedgene,ARC）表达的影响。方法：大鼠随机分为假电休克对照组和电休克组,再随机分为生理盐水对照组（CS组、ES组）和石杉碱甲组（CH组、EH组）。第l-17天行生理盐水或石杉碱甲灌胃;第8—17天给予假电痉挛刺激或电痉挛刺激;第18天水迷宫定位航线实验;然后各组大鼠随机分成两组,一组取海马用RT．PCR检测ARCmRNA表达,Westem--blot法检测ARC蛋白表达水平,一组于48小时后行水迷宫空间位置探寻实验。结果：电休克导致大鼠显著记忆障碍,ARCmRNA、ARC蛋白表达水平较假电休克对照组显著下降;而石杉碱甲干预的电休克大鼠记忆保持较好,ARCmRNA、ARC蛋白表达水平显著高于生理盐水干预的电休克大鼠,与假电休克大鼠相比无显著性差异。结论：石杉碱甲能减轻电休克模型大鼠记忆损害,其机制可能与海马ARC的表达增加有关。     

大鼠血管性痴呆模型海马组织中线粒体的变化

目的:观察血管性痴呆模型(Vascular dementia,VD)大鼠海马组织内线粒体超微结构、线粒体膜电位与空间学习记忆能力的变化。方法:健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组(SHAM)和血管性痴呆(VD)组,每组15只。VD组行双侧颈总动脉结扎手术制备血管性痴呆动物模型,SHAM组手术步骤同VD组,但不结扎颈总动脉。于术后第29天起行Morris水迷宫测试大鼠空间学习记忆功能,第1-5天为定位航行试验,评估大鼠空间学习能力,第6天进行空间探索试验,评估大鼠空间记忆功能。采用透射电镜技术、流式细胞学技术分别检测大鼠海马组织线粒体形态和功能变化。结果:与SHAM组相比,血管性痴呆模型组大鼠Morris水迷宫试验中逃避潜伏期明显延长(P0.01),在目标象限中停留时间显著缩短(P0.01),空间学习记忆能力受损,血管性痴呆模型组大鼠海马组织线粒体超微结构有明显损伤,线粒体膜电位明显下降(P0.01)。结论:线粒体损伤是血管性痴呆空间学习记忆功能障碍的重要机制之一。     

去卵巢大鼠海马CA1／CA2区ERK1／2的基础活性和诱导活性降低

目的：观察去卵巢大鼠空间学习记忆能力的变化与海马中胞外信号调节激酶1／2（ERK1／2）通路的关系。方法：雌性sD大鼠随机分为假手术组和去卵巢组,饲养4个月后采用Morris水迷宫测试空间学习记忆能力,于测试前将各组组内又分为训练组和非训练组,训练组用于测定经学习记忆训练诱发的ERK1／2的诱导活性,非训练组用于测定未经学习记忆训练时的ERK1／2的基础活性,Western blot方法检测海马CA1／CA2区p-ERK1／2蛋白及Raf激酶抑制蛋白（RKIP）的变化。结果：①与假手术组比较,去卵巢组大鼠的空间学习记忆能力明显下降（P〈0．05）。②各组中的训练大鼠p-ERK1／2蛋白水平明显高于非训练大鼠（P〈0．05）。③去卵巢组训练及非训练大鼠的p-ERK1／2蛋白水平均相应低于假手术组训练及非训练大鼠（P〈0．05）。④去卵巢组RKIP蛋白表达水平明显高于假手术组（P〈0．05）。结论：雌激素缺乏大鼠的空间学习记忆能力下降与海马CA1／CA2区ERK1／2通路的基础和诱导活性降低以及该通路的抑制蛋白RKIP的表达增加有关。     

白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马Cdk5激酶活性的影响

目的:研究白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶5(Cdk5)活性的影响。方法:40只大鼠随机分为4组(n=10):对照组、酒精中毒模型组、酒精中毒+白藜芦醇甙低剂量组、酒精中毒+白藜芦醇甙高剂量组。以灌胃法(每天3.0 g/kg酒精)建立慢性酒精中毒大鼠模型。戒断评分法观察戒断症状;Morris水迷宫测试学习记忆成绩;免疫荧光法检测大鼠海马区Cdk5蛋白表达;液闪法检测海马组织Cdk5激酶活性。结果:酒精中毒模型组戒断评分、水迷宫测试结果、Cdk5激酶活性,均明显高于对照组(P0.05);白藜芦醇甙高剂量组戒断评分、水迷宫测试结果,均明显低于酒精中毒模型组(P0.05);白藜芦醇甙高低剂量组Cdk5激酶活性均明显低于酒精中毒模型组(P0.05);酒精中毒模型组大鼠海马区Cdk5阳性细胞较对照组明显增加(P0.05),给予白藜芦醇甙干预后Cdk5阳性细胞数量较酒精中毒模型组减少(P0.05)。结论:白藜芦醇甙能够缓解酒精中毒所致的记忆损伤,这种作用可能与下调Cdk5激酶活性有关。     

神经干细胞移植对AD模型大鼠SNAP-25表达的影响

目的：观察神经干细胞对AD大鼠海马周围微环境中SNAP-25 表达及其认知功能的影响。方法：取成年雄性Wistar大鼠30 只,随机分为对照组、AD模型组、细胞移植组,每组10 只。采用凝聚态Abeta1-42 注射到大鼠海马组织内建立阿尔茨海默病(AD)大 鼠动物模型,通过Y 迷宫测试大鼠学习记忆能力和Western blot技术检测大鼠海马组织内SNAP-25 的表达。结果：Y 迷宫测试结 果显示术后4 周时AD模型组和细胞移植组大鼠学习记忆均低于对照组,与AD模型组比较,细胞移植组大鼠学习记忆能力明显 高于AD模型组,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）;Western blot 检测结果显示术后4 周时AD模型组和细胞移植组大鼠海马组织内 SNAP-25 蛋白表达量均低于对照组,与AD 模型组比较,细胞移植组大鼠海马组织SNAP-25 蛋白表达量高于AD 模型组差异有 统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：移植的NSCs 可改善AD 大鼠的学习和记忆能力,其机制可能是通过改变海马区周围的微环境并上 调了海马组织内SNAP-25 表达。     

MPTP致空间学习记忆障碍小鼠脑内NSF表达变化

目的:观察1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)致空间学习记忆障碍小鼠脑内N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感融合蛋白(NSF)表达变化。方法:C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为2组(n=24),包括对照组和MPTP处理组,雌雄各半。MPTP处理组给予C57BL/6J小鼠MPTP(20 mg/0.2 ml/(kg·d),s.c.)连续8 d,每天一次,对照组给予等量的生理盐水用同样方法处理。第9天起采用水迷宫实验,连续4 d检测C57BL/6J小鼠空间学习记忆的改变,水迷宫实验测试结束后,采用免疫组化和Western blot方法检测小鼠脑内NSF表达改变。结果:每组选取小鼠24只进行水迷宫测试,与对照组相比,MPTP处理组小鼠出现空间学习记忆障碍;每组选取小鼠5只进行免疫组化检测,同时每组选取5只小鼠进行Western blot检测,海马CA1区NSF免疫反应活性明显减弱(P0.01),前额叶皮层NSF的免疫反应活性(P0.01)和蛋白表达(P0.05)都明显增高。结论:MPTP致空间学习记忆障碍小鼠脑内NSF表达出现异常,可能参与MPTP致空间学习记忆障碍的发病机制。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对大鼠认知功能的影响

目的:观察邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对大鼠认知功能的影响.方法:15月成熟雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为4组(n=10)、对照组(C组)、DBP暴露组(E组)、药物预防组(P组)、药物治疗组(T组).E组食用经DBP浸泡后的食物3个月、P组食用经DBP浸泡后的食物3个月,期间每天注射抗小胶质细胞活化药物吲哚美辛(按照2.5mg/kg,2次/天,腹腔注射),T组食用经DBP浸泡后的食物3个月后使用吲哚美辛治疗(按照2.5mg/kg,2次/天,腹腔注射1周),N组给予同剂量的生理盐水腹腔注射.各组于停药后1d使用Morris水迷宫实验,末次水迷宫测试结束后1h处死大鼠,取海马组织进行化学比色法检测其海马组织内AChE活性.结果:E、P、T组与对照组组比较,大鼠学习记忆能力均明显降低(P＜0.001),AChE活性明显增加(P＜0.001);P、T组与E组,P组与T组相比,大鼠学习能力及记忆能力无显著性差异(P＞0.05),AChE活性无显著性变化(P＞0.05).结论:DBP可引起正常大鼠认知功能障碍,其机制可能与大鼠海马组织AChE活性增加有关.     

亚硝酸钠对大鼠海马骨架蛋白磷酸化水平及空间学习记忆的影响

本文旨在探讨亚硝酸钠对大鼠海马Tau蛋白、神经细丝(neurofilament,NF)磷酸化水平及空间学习记忆的影响。大鼠饮用水中溶入亚硝酸钠粉剂,连续饮用60 d(每天100 mg/kg),通过Morris水迷宫检测大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,免疫印迹和免疫组织化学检测海马Tau和NF磷酸化水平与分布、蛋白磷酸酯酶2A(protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)催化亚单位蛋白水平与分布。结果显示:与对照组相比,连续饮用亚硝酸钠的大鼠空间学习记忆能力下降(P0.05),Tau蛋白Ser396/404和Ser199/202位点及NF的磷酸化水平明显升高(P0.05),PP2A的催化亚单位蛋白水平下调(P0.05)。结果提示,亚硝酸钠可以导致大鼠空间学习记忆能力下降,PP2A催化亚单位蛋白水平下调,PP2A活性抑制及骨架蛋白发生过度磷酸化。     

急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤对大鼠海马NOS2表达和学习记忆的影响

目的:探讨急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤对大鼠海马NOS2表达和学习记忆的影响。方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠96只,水迷宫训练3天后分为4组:生理盐水组(N组)、急性酒精中毒组(A组)、中度创伤性脑损伤组(T组)和急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(AT组)。腹腔单注射25%酒精(2.5g/kg),2 h后以重物自由落体击打大鼠头部建立动物模型,存活1、3、5、7、14天。免疫组化方法检测海马CA1区NOS2表达,水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆。结果:NOS2免疫组化染色发现各实验组阳性细胞数均高于N组。术后1天T组比AT组表达显著增高(P0.01);术后5天AT组比T组表达增高(P0.05);术后14天AT组比T组表达显著增高(P0.05)。水迷宫实验测潜伏期,术后1天AT组比T组延长(P0.05),术后3天AT组比T组缩短(P0.05),术后14天AT组比T组显著延长(P0.01)。结论:大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后晚期,潜伏期延长,空间位置学习与记忆能力显著下降;在海马CA1区NOS2表达阳性细胞增多,为继发性脑损伤致其表达上调,是酒精急性中毒合并中度颅脑外伤预后欠佳的原因之一。     

五鹤续断总皂苷对AD大鼠学习记忆及海马Ach代谢的影响

目的:研究五鹤续断总皂苷对AD大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及其作用机制。方法:将40只大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、五鹤续断组和阳性对照组(n=10),观察各组大鼠一般情况,以方形水迷宫评价大鼠的学习记忆能力,采用双抗体夹心法测定大鼠海马区乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)和胆碱乙酰转移酶(Ch AT)的活性变化。结果:治疗过程中,模型组大鼠一般情况无明显变化,五鹤续断组和阳性对照组大鼠一般情况逐步改善,活动能力逐渐增强。与空白对照组比,模型组不同时间的游泳时间均明显延长,错误次数显著增多,海马区Ach E活性明显增强,Ch AT活性显著降低(P0.01);与模型组比,五鹤续断组和阳性对照组大鼠不同时间的游泳时间明显缩短,错误次数显著减少,海马区Ach E活性明显降低,Ch AT活性显著增强(P0.01);与阳性对照组比,五鹤续断组不同时间的游泳时间、错误次数和大鼠海马区Ach E和Ch AT活性无显著性差异。结论:五鹤续断总皂苷能够改善AD大鼠学习记忆能力,其作用机制可能与其调节海马区Ach代谢有关。     

Sevoflurane Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated Apoptosis in Hippocampal Neurons of Aging Rats

Elderly patients are more likely to suffer from postoperative memory impairment for volatile anesthetics could induce aging neurons degeneration and apoptosis while the mechanism was still elusive. Therefore we hypothesized that ER stress mediated hippocampal neurons apoptosis might play an important role in the mechanism of sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats. Thirty 18-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: the sham anesthesia group (exposure to simply humidified 30–50% O₂ balanced by N₂ in an acrylic anesthetizing chamber for 5 hours) and the sevoflurane anesthesia group (received 2% sevoflurane in the same humidified mixed air in an identical chamber for the same time). Spatial memory of rats was assayed by the Morris water maze test. The ultrastructure of the hippocampus was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expressions of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12 in the hippocampus were observed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis. The apoptosis neurons were also assessed by TUNEL assay. The Morris water maze test showed that sevoflurane anesthesia induced spatial memory impairment in aging rats (P<0.05). The apoptotic neurons were condensed and had clumped chromatin with fragmentation of the nuclear membrane, verifying apoptotic degeneration in the sevoflurane group rats by TEM observation. The expressions of CHOP and caspase-12 increased, and the number of TUNEL positive cells of the hippocampus also increased in the sevoflurane group rats (P<0.05). The present results suggested that the long time exposure of sevoflurane could induce neuronal degeneration and cognitive impairment in aging rats. The ER stress mediated neurons apoptosis may play a role in the sevoflurane-induced memory impairment in aging rats.     

反复饥饿对大鼠空间学习及海马神经元骨架蛋白磷酸化的影响

为了进一步研究饥饿处理对大鼠空间学习、记忆的影响,通过饥饿2 d、恢复喂食3 d的方法,连续60 d,用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠的空间学习能力.免疫印迹检测神经元骨架蛋白—tau蛋白和神经细丝(Neurofilament,NF)磷酸化水平与分布变化,以及骨架蛋白磷酸化调节的关键酯酶磷酸酯酶PP-2A催化亚单位蛋白水平与分布.反复饥饿的大鼠空间学习能力明显差于对照组(P0.05),tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点和Ser396/404位点发生了过度磷酸化(P0.05),NF磷酸化水平无明显改变,PP-2A的催化亚单位蛋白水平下调(P0.05).反复饥饿可以引起大鼠出现空间学习记忆障碍,下调PP-2A催化亚单位蛋白水平,PP-2A活性抑制及tau蛋白发生过度磷酸化.     

Effects of the neurogenesis stimulator Ro 25-6981 upon formation of spatial skill in adult rats depend on the term of its administration and the animals' ability to learn

Effect of administration of selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist Ro 25-6981 on learning and memory in a dose which is known to stimulate neoneurogenesis was assessed in adult rats with different abilities to formation of spatial skills in different time periods after the antagonist injection. Wistar male rats were trained to find hidden platform in the Morris water maze for 5 consecutive days. Rats' learning ability for spatial skill formation was evaluated depending on platform speed achievements. In re-training sessions (cues and platform location changed), it was found that all rats received Ro 25-6981 13 days before the re-training demonstrated impaired spatial memory. At the same time the inhibitor injected 29 days before re-training selectively facilitated the formation of spatial skill in animals with initially low learning abilities.     

MK-801 or DNQX reduces electroconvulsive shock-induced impairment of learning-memory and hyperphosphorylation of Tau in rats

This study explored the effect of the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists on the impairment of learning-memory and the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein induced by electroconvulsive shock (ECT) in depressed rats, in order to provide experimental evidence for the study on neuropsychological mechanisms improving learning and memory impairment and the clinical intervention treatment. The analysis of variance of factorial design set up two intervention factors which were the electroconvulsive shock (two level: no disposition; a course of ECT) and the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists (three level: iv saline; iv NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801; iv AMPA receptor antagonist DNQX). Forty-eight adult Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (an animal model for depressive behavior) were randomly divided into six experimental groups (n = 8 in each group): saline (iv 2 mL saline through the tail veins of WKY rats ); MK-801 (iv 2 mL 5 mg/kg MK-801 through the tail veins of WKY rats) ; DNQX (iv 2 mL 5 mg/kg DNQX through the tail veins of WKY rats ); saline + ECT (iv 2 mL saline through the tail veins of WKY rats and giving a course of ECT); MK-801 + ECT (iv 2 mL 5 mg/kg MK-801 through the tail veins of WKY rats and giving a course of ECT); DNQX + ECT (iv 2 mL 5 mg/kg DNQX through the tail veins of WKY rats and giving a course of ECT). The Morris water maze test started within 1 day after the finish of the course of ECT to evaluate learning and memory. The hippocampus was removed from rats within 1 day after the finish of Morris water maze test. The content of glutamate in the hippocampus of rats was detected by high performance liquid chromatography. The contents of Tau protein which included Tau5 (total Tau protein), p-PHF1(Ser396/404), p-AT8(Ser199/202) and p-12E8(Ser262) in the hippocampus of rats were detected by immunohistochemistry staining (SP) and Western blot. The results showed that ECT and the glutamate ionic receptor blockers (NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and AMPA receptor antagonist DNQX) induced the impairment of learning and memory in depressed rats with extended evasive latency time and shortened space exploration time. And the two factors presented a subtractive effect. ECT significantly up-regulated the content of glutamate in the hippocampus of depressed rats which were not affected by the glutamate ionic receptor blockers. ECT and the glutamate ionic receptor blockers did not affect the total Tau protein in the hippocampus of rats. ECT up-regulated the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein in the hippocampus of depressed rats, while the glutamate ionic receptor blockers down-regulated it, and combination of the two factors presented a subtractive effect. Our results indicate that ECT up-regulates the content of glutamate in the hippocampus of depressed rats, which up-regulates the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein resulting in the impairment of learning and memory in depressed rats.     

β- 淀粉样多肽低分子量寡聚体对大鼠学习记忆功能的影响

目的:探究Aβ低分子量寡聚体对大鼠学习记忆功能的影响;方法:双侧海马内一次性注射Aβ低分子量寡聚体,15天后开始进行行为测试,测试方法采用跳台实验法、穿梭实验法和Morris水迷宫法;结果:跳台实验结果显示,与对照组比较,Aβ组跳台潜伏期短,错误次数多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);穿梭实验结果显示,与对照组比较,Aβ组由明箱进入暗箱的潜伏期短,错误次数多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);水迷宫实验结果显示,与对照组比较,Aβ组潜伏期长,跨越原平台次数少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);结论:Aβ组大鼠学习记忆能力和空间分辨能力降低,Aβ低分子量寡聚体在大鼠体内表现出较强的毒性作用。     

Testosterone modulates performance on a spatial working memory task in male rats

Gonadal hormones have been shown to modulate memory retention in female rats. The current experiments examine the role of testicular hormones in modulating the performance of male rats on two spatial water maze tasks. In the first study, castrated and intact rats were trained on the visible platform and hidden platform versions of the Morris water maze task. Castration did not affect performance on either version of this reference memory task with castrated and intact rats demonstrating similar performance both during acquisition and on post-training probe trials. In the second experiment, castrated and intact rats were tested on a delayed-matching-to-place version of the water maze. Rats received a series of trial pairs in the maze with a hidden platform located in the same pool location on the exposure and retention trials of each pair; between pairs of trials, however, the platform was repositioned to a novel pool location. The interval between trials was either 10- or 60-min and memory retention, taken as the difference between the pathlengths on the exposure and retention trials, declined as the interval increased. Relative to intact males, castrated males demonstrated impaired working memory retention at 60-min but not at 10-min retention intervals. This interval-dependent impairment in working memory retention was reversed by physiologic levels of testosterone replacement. These findings indicate that castration does not significantly affect acquisition or probe trial performance on a classic reference memory task but does impair spatial working memory retention, an effect that is reversed by exogenous testosterone.     

慢性复合应激对大鼠学习和记忆及海马神经元神经颗粒素表达的影响

目的探讨慢性复合应激对大鼠学习和记忆功能及海马内神经元神经颗粒素(neurogranin,Ng)表达的影响。方法成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和复合应激组,复合应激组动物每天无规律交替暴露于复合应激原环境中,为期6周。应激结束后,用Morris水迷宫测试大鼠空间学习和记忆成绩,同时用免疫组织化学方法观察海马各亚区Ng表达的变化,并用RT-PCR技术分析各组大鼠海马Ng mRNA水平的变化。结果Morris水迷宫测试显示,应激组动物寻找隐蔽平台潜伏期明显短于对照组(P<0.05);应激组大鼠海马DG和CA3区Ng的蛋白表达水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而两组海马CA1区的Ng的免疫反应性无明显差别;与对照组相比,应激组动物的Ng mRNA水平亦明显上调(P<0.05)。结论慢性复合性应激大鼠的学习与记忆能力增强;Ng在海马中的表达和Ng mRNA转录水平增高,提示Ng参与了该增强机制。