伞形科东当归的果实形态和解剖结构

对伞形科(Apiaceae)当归属(Angelica L.)东当归〔A.acutiloba(Sieb.et Zucc.)Kitag.〕的分生果形态特征和解剖结构进行了全面观察。该种分生果的外观呈倒椭圆状长卵形,有三角状萼齿,果棱、棱槽和腹面表面均有黄白色斑点。果实横切面解剖结构具有以下特征:外果皮终止于果棱顶端的腹面处,合生面宽阔,外果皮和中果皮细胞中有大量淡黄色晶体,油管在棱槽和合生面处连续分布等。东当归的这些果实形态及解剖结构明显不同于当归属的其他种类,其分类地位有待重新探讨。     

中国棱子芹属16种1变种的果实特征及其分类学意义

采用石蜡切片法对中国棱子芹属植物16种1变种进行了果实外部形态和解剖特征观察,研究了分生果大小、果棱形状、油管数目、胚乳形状等特征,文中探讨了部分棱子芹属植物的分类地位,为该属的系统分类研究及分类问题的解决提供了佐证。主要结论如下:(1)棱子芹属植物果实解剖特征在种间存在明显差异,在种内性状比较稳定。(2)所研究的棱子芹属植物果实在外部形态和解剖结构表现出较高的多态性和一定的规律性,可以为棱子芹属近缘种的鉴定提供重要的参考性状。(3)结合果棱性状、油管数目等解剖结构和前人分子系统学研究证据,研究认为真正的棱子芹属植物其成熟果实外果皮膨胀,果棱远端具空囊,中果皮和维管束形成的内棱较不显著。     

伞形科植物芫荽果实发育过程中的解剖结构变化

采用常规石蜡切片法对伞形科(Apiaceae)芹亚科(Apioideae Drude)芫荽属(Coriandrum Linn.)种类芫荽(Coriandrum sativum Linn.)花后幼果发育阶段和果熟发育阶段的果实横切面解剖结构及其变化进行了观察和比较。观察结果表明:芫荽果实的幼果和果熟发育阶段均分为前期、中期和后期3个时期,不同时期果实横切面的形状和大小、果壁厚度和结构以及合生面、果棱、维管束、油管、胚乳和结晶等特征均有明显变化。在芫荽果实发育过程中,果实横切面由近椭圆形逐渐变为近圆形,且分生果长度从1 630μm增加至3 290μm、宽度从860μm增加至1 580μm。合生面长度与分生果长度相等,但合生面逐渐分离,成熟的2个分生果仅由心皮柄维管束和合生面两端的外果壁及中果壁最外侧数层细胞相连,从外形看2个分生果不分离。果壁由薄变厚、再由厚变薄,明显分为4个层次;成熟果实的中果壁大部分由木化细胞构成。果棱可分为主棱和次棱2种,且均不发达;次棱呈角状突起、主棱呈波状弯曲,次棱较主棱明显。维管束包括果壁维管束、心皮柄维管束和种脊维管束3类,其中,果壁维管束不发达且散布于中果壁木化细胞层中。油管仅存在于合生面并被逐渐压扁,而果壁油管消失并转变成大空腔。胚乳逐渐膨大,其形状由元宝形逐渐转变为船形或肾形。此外,在幼果发育阶段,中果壁薄壁细胞、合生面和胚乳细胞中或多或少都含有结晶,胚乳细胞中还含有大量糊粉粒结晶;但在果熟发育阶段结晶消失,仅胚乳细胞中存有糊粉粒结晶。分析结果显示:芫荽果实属隐性双悬果类型且果棱属微果棱型,其部分解剖结构与伞形科芹亚科多数种类的果实有差异。     

中国滇芎属果实解剖特征及分类学意义

应用比较解剖学方法对国产滇芎属(Physospermopsis Wolff)以及瘤果芹属(Trachydium Lindl.)和棱子芹属(Pleurospermum Hoffm.)共10种植物果实横切面的解剖特征进行了系统研究,比较分析了分生果的压扁程度、果棱大小、果壁各层果皮的特点、油管数目、胚乳形状等,归纳出上述各属果实的解剖特征,同时结合外部形态及花粉特征,将滇芎属果实分为3个类型.结合已有的研究结果,探讨了滇芎属果实的进化趋势以及属下分类和种间关系,并分析了与瘤果芹属和棱子芹属的演化关系,认为滇芎属果实较后二者果实演化程度低.     

中国伞形科变豆菜亚科的果实解剖特征及其系统学意义

对中国伞形科变豆菜亚科 (Saniculoideae) 2属 (变豆菜属SaniculaL .和刺芹属EryngiumL .) 13种植物的果实形态结构进行了比较解剖学观察 ,从果实横切面形状及其合生面宽度、外果皮和中果皮外突所呈皮刺和鳞片或瘤状体的形态及皮刺中木化厚壁细胞组织的分布、外果皮细胞形状及其角质层厚度、中果皮细胞层数和结晶体类型及分布、色素块沉积、伴生分泌管和油管的大小及分布等方面对上述各属种进行了观察和分析 ,归纳出各属的果实解剖特征 ,探讨了属间演化水平 ,认为刺芹属果实较变豆菜属果实演化程度高。结合已有的研究结果 ,讨论了该亚科与伞形科天胡荽亚科 (Hydrocotyloideae)间的区别及其演化关系。     

滇芎属与瘤果芹属果实表面微形态特征及其分类学意义

对中国伞形科滇芎属(Physosperm opsisW olff)和瘤果芹属(TrachydiumL ind l.)12个种的果实表面微形态特征进行了扫描电镜比较观察。根据果实棱槽、外果皮细胞轮廓和蜡条纹饰的特征,这2个属的果实表面微形态可划分为3种类型:1)棱槽平滑-外果皮细胞轮廓不可见-无或少蜡质纹饰型;2)棱槽具瘤-外果皮细胞轮廓不可见-蜡质纹饰近平直或线纹型;3)棱槽粗糙-外果皮细胞呈4~6边形-蜡质纹饰波纹或网纹型。在此基础上,结合形态学特征探讨了滇芎属与瘤果芹属之间的关系和属下种间关系。     

四川当归属8种植物果实和叶柄解剖学研究

通过对四川当归属植物果实的解剖研究表明,果实均背腹压扁,背棱槽油管多为1,合生面油管多为2,在少数种间有一定差异,如茂汶当归和紫花前胡合生面多于2;侧棱翅状,较果体宽,或与果体近等宽,也有的窄于果体;胚乳腹面微凹或平直．偶有凸出。果实的油管特征、侧棱翅发达程度和胚乳的形状等特征可以为种间关系提供参考。叶柄类型多样,包括圆环型、“西”型、星散型等。叶柄横切面的形状、近轴面沟槽的有无、髓腔的有无以及叶柄横切面上维管束的数目和排列类型等特征比较稳定,并且具有明显的种间差异,可以作为本属分类的重要依据。     

伞形科植物明党参花后果实发育的解剖结构变化

对中国伞形科(Apiaceae)特有种类明党参(Changium smyrnioides Wolff)花后果实发育过程中果实横切面的解剖结构变化进行了比较观察.结果表明:在幼果发育阶段、中果发育阶段(包含中果期Ⅰ、中果期Ⅱ和中果期Ⅲ)和熟果发育阶段(包含熟果期Ⅰ、熟果期Ⅱ和熟果期Ⅲ),明党参果实横切面的大小和形状、果壁(包括外果壁、中果壁和内果壁)厚度及其细胞形态和层数、合生面结构、胚乳形状及大小、外胚乳存在与否、珠心退化与否以及维管束形态等特征均有明显的变化.在整个发育过程中,明党参分生果横切面的形状由近五边状圆形变化至肾状圆形;果壁由厚变薄且细胞层数逐渐减少;胚乳逐渐增大,从半圆形变化为新月形、马蹄形直至“C”形;外胚乳逐渐消失,珠心逐渐退化;合生面的细胞离层越来越明显直至完全分离.此外,明党参果实中油管和维管束数量变化较小,油管可分为维管束伴生油管和果壁油管;合生面有果壁油管4～6个,此特征与明党参属(Changium Wolff)的相关描述不一致.     

川明参果实发育过程中解剖结构的变化

对伞形科(Apiaceae)中国特有单型属种类川明参（Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Shan）幼果发育阶段（包含幼果期Ⅰ、幼果期Ⅱ和幼果期Ⅲ）、中果发育阶段（包含中果期Ⅰ、中果期Ⅱ和中果期Ⅲ）和熟果发育阶段（包含熟果期Ⅰ、熟果期Ⅱ和熟果期Ⅲ）果实横切面的解剖结构进行了比较观察。观察结果表明,川明参果实在果壁细胞层数和形态、果棱和维管束、油管、胚乳以及分生果横切面大小和形状等特征均有明显的变化。川明参分生果果壁由厚变薄且外果壁、中果壁细胞形态发生变化,内果壁细胞消失;果实中油管分布在果实的背面、侧面和合生面,油管不断向外扩大,在成熟果实中油管往往皱缩。川明参果实中胚乳逐渐增大,从近球形变化为桃形、肾形直至月牙形,背部呈山丘状隆起;分生果横切面的形状由近五边状圆形变化至梭形,背腹极度压扁。通过对果实发育形态解剖观察发现,果实发育前期,果形的变化主要依靠维管束的发育,从而造成果棱的改变,来改变果实外部结构。到了熟果期,胚乳显现,形体变大,它的形状变化开始改变分生果的外部形态,并且影响较为显著。     

中国伞形科5个引种栽培的模式种果实比较解剖学研究

对中国伞形科中长期引种栽培的旱芹（Apium graveolens L．）、茴香（Foeniculum vulgare Miller）、欧当归（Levisticum of ficinale Koch）、欧防风（Pastinaca sativa L．）和莳萝（Anethum graveolens L．）5个模式种的果实进行了比较解剖学研究,详细描述了各种类分生果的解剖结构及主要特征,并从分生果横切面的轮廓形状、果棱、维管束、油管和合生面等解剖学性状系统分析了各种类的异同,提出果体腹面及合生面的长度及其比值、果棱间距离及其比值、果体侧面与腹面间的角度、侧棱与腹面间的角度、果体长宽比等新的数量化的伞形科解剖性状特征,并按果体压扁程度将5个种类分成几不压扁（旱芹）、轻度压扁（茴香）、中度压扁（莳萝和欧当归）和高度压扁（欧防风）4大类,同时探讨了果实解剖特征与它们的演化程度的关系。     

横断山区伞形科4种7个居群植物的核型研究

对横断山区伞形科棱子芹属2种植物(松潘棱子芹Pleurospermum franchetianumHemsl.和西藏棱子芹Pleurospermum hookeriC.B.Clarke var.thomsoniiC.B.Clarke)和茴芹属2种植物(异叶茴芹Pimpinella diversi-foliaDC.和锐叶茴芹Pimpinella argutaDiels)共7个居群进行体细胞染色体数目观察和核型比较分析,结果表明,棱子芹属和茴芹属植物属内种间染色体基数存在差异,其中松潘棱子芹为2n=2x=18=16sm 2st,西藏棱子芹为2n=2x=22=16m 6sm;茴芹属光果组中锐叶茴芹为2n=2x=22=22m,毛果组中异叶茴芹为2n=18=18st或2n=18=2sm 16st.松潘棱子芹、西藏棱子芹、锐叶茴芹的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道,从而为棱子芹属和茴芹属的分类和演化研究提供细胞学依据.     

Intraspecific differentiation of Pleurospermum hookeri (Apiaceae), and its interspecific relationships with two close relatives in the genus Pleurospermum

In order to clarify the interspecific relationships of a lineage in Pleurospermum, P. hookeri C. B. Clarke, P. yunnanense Franch., and P. giraldii Diels, and to understand intraspecific divergence of P. hookeri, a phylogeographic study was carried out based on 198 individuals from 24 populations. Three chloroplast DNA regions, ndhF-rpl32, trnL-trnF, and trnQ-rps16, were sequenced in the present study. The genetic relationship between P. hookeri and P. giraldii is not as close as previously assumed. Pleurospermum hookeri and P. giraldii may originate from an unknown ancestor located in the Qinling region. Pleurospermum yunnanensewas found to be the closest relative of P. hookeri in all the species included in the phylogenetic analysis. The two haplotypes identified from P. yunnanense are shared with P. hookeri, which is potentially a result of both incomplete linkage sorting and introgression. Three large divergences within P. hookeri were identified, located at the northeastern edge, southeastern edge, and platform of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), respectively. Long-term history can explain the deep intraspecific divergence of P. hookeri. The uplift of the QTP played a key role in that divergence, and then were the climatic changes in the Quaternary. In addition, we found one refugium at the northeastern edge of the QTP, one at the southeastern edge, and at least one in the Hengduan Mountains region on the platform of the QTP.     

伞形科棱子芹属花粉形态特征及其演化意义

采用光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜观察了国产棱子芹属（Pleurospermum Hoffm．）13个种类的花粉形态特征。结果显示：供试13个种类的花粉粒可分为近菱形、近圆形、椭圆形、近长方形和超长方形5种类型。极轴长度（P）17．1—27．1μm,多为20～25μm;赤道轴长度（E）12．5—19．3μm,多为13．6～18．6μm;PIE值为1．2—2．0,多为1．2—1．5。极面观通常为三角形或近卵状三角形,少数种类为近圆形,仅1种（太白棱子芹Pgiraldii Diels）为三裂圆形;赤道面观多为近菱形、近圆形或椭圆形,少数种类为近长方形,仅1种（太白棱子芹）为超长方形。萌发孔为三沟孔,大多数种类为角萌发孔,仅云南棱子芹（P．yunnanense Franch．）和太白棱子芹为边萌发孔;沟长达两极或几达两极。赤道区的纹饰密集且多样,大体可分为短皱脑纹、颗粒状纹和细网纹3类,其中仅岩生棱子芹[Prupestre（Popov）K．T．FuetY．C．Ho]具细网纹;极区纹饰与赤道区常不一致,多为穴状网纹或纹饰不清晰。依据观察结果,讨论了棱子芹属在伞形科中的演化地位以及属内各种类间的演化关系,并结合宏观形态特征及果实解剖特征探讨了棱子芹（PcamtschaticumHoffm．）、太白棱子芹和矮棱子芹（P．nanumFranch．）的分类问题。     

中国棱子芹属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对棱子芹属(Pleurospermum)11种植物的叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察研究.结果表明:(1)显微观察显示,气孔器普遍存在于叶的下表皮.少数种的上表皮也有分布,多为无规则型;叶表皮细胞形状为多边型或不规则形.垂周壁式样可区分为近平直、平直-弓形、浅波状和波状.(2)扫描电镜观察显示,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的条纹隆起,有的条纹上附有颗粒和晶簇.(3)气孔器的分布、气孔器外拱盖内缘形态以及角质膜等特征对该属部分种的区分有一定的参考价值.(4)结合外部形态特征,推测康定棱子芹应作为种一级分类群.松潘棱子芹与宝兴棱子芹的亲缘关系比较近.     

The leaf anatomy of the genus Galanthus L. (Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil.)

The leaf anatomy of the genus Galanthus is described from transverse sections of the leaf and epidermal preparations, with the objective of identifying systematic information. Eight characters are identified as having the potential to provide data for grouping species and subspecies; six of these characters are reported here for the first time. Some of these characters, alone or in combination with other anatomical data, are useful for looking at the relationships between taxbnomically difficult species. Our results are compared with the classifications of Artjushenko, which are based on anatomical and morphological data.     

伞形科植物上的柄锈菌属新种

本文报告了伞形科植物上三个柄锈菌属新种,它们是辽藁本Ligusticum jeholense Nakai & Kitagawa上的辽藁本柄锈菌Puccinia ligustici-jeholensis J.Y. Zhuang & S.X. Wei ,波棱滇芎Physospermopsis obtusiuscula (C.B. Clarke) Norman上的滇芎柄锈菌 Puccinia physospermopsis J.Y. Zhuang & S.X. Wei和蛇床 Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson上的天山柄锈菌 Puccinia tianshanica J.Y.Zhuang & S.X. Wei。对它们作了拉丁文描述并附简要讨论。模式标本保藏在中国科学院菌物标本馆(HMAS)。     

Comparative morphology,anatomy and palynological studies of perennial species of Onobrychis (Fabaceae) in northeast Iran

This study examined morphological, anatomical and palynological characters for six species, two subspecies and two varieties of perennial Onobrychis growing in northeast Iran. In the morphological study, shape, size and color of vegetative organs and legumes were assessed. For the anatomical study, cross sections of mature fresh or dried stems, leaflets and petioles were prepared and stained. In the palynological study, pollen were extracted, acetolysed and observed by SEM. The morphological study indicated that some characteristics varied among species, such as shape of stipules and calyx teeth, color and shape of corolla segments and legumes and an identification key is provided based on these characters. Also, in internal structure some differences were noticed in the shape of petiole cross sections, the thickness of cortex and pith shape in petioles and the arrangement of vessels in stems. Some anatomical characters proved useful to identify species, but not sections. Palynological results showed circular and obtuse triangular pollen in polar view and elliptical pollen in equatorial view with reticulate ornamentation. In addition, a cluster analysis was done based on morphological, anatomical and palynological features. The resulting dendrogram confirmed the taxonomic treatment suggested by Sirjaev and Rechinger.     

REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS PACHYMENIA BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERS

Taxonomic discrimination in the genus Pachymenia (Rhodophyta) in New Zealand is based primarily on phenotypic characters of the thallus. The taxonomic problems raised by this classification method are due to highly variable thallus characters such as blade thickness, blade width, degree of thallus branching, and variation in anatomical characters. Delineation of species is further complicated by a lack of adequate knowledge about the responses of phenotype to environmental variation. There are currently three species recognized in this genus that are endemic to New Zealand: a prostrate species P. crassa , and two erect species, P. laciniata and P. lusoria. In this study, two approaches are used to investigate the current delineation of these species. Morphological and anatomical characters of field collected material and herbarium specimens from throughout the species' distributional ranges were quantified. Multivariate analyses were used to identify discrete phenotypic groups. Species relationships were further analyzed by quantifying the variation found within the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The results obtained from both approaches will be discussed with regards to possible re-classification of species relationships within this genus. We suggest that the two erect species should be merged, and the currently recognized P. lusoria should be separated into at least two taxonomic groups.