拟南芥psy基因cDNA的克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

为了获得胚乳组织特异性表达八氢番茄红素的转基因小麦,以拟南芥幼叶RNA为模板,由特异型引物通过RT-PCR一步法得到大小约为1.3kb的基因片段,将此片段连接在克隆载体pMD18-T进行测序,结果表明,该基因片段为八氢番茄红素合成酶基因(psy)cDNA片段。将psy基因片段正向插入植物表达载体pLRPT中高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因1Dx5启动子与nos终止子之间,pLRPT载体无1Dx5基因开放阅读框,运用菌落PCR对重组子进行筛选与鉴定,说明拟南芥psy基因已正确插入pL-RPT,成功构建了植物表达载体pLRPTPSY。     

雪莲PBP基因表达载体的构建

目的:利用新疆雪莲特殊功能基因磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白基因(XLPBP)与基础质粒构建植物表达载体pXLPBP,为介导该基因在植物中表达,以期提高植物抗寒力的转基因研究打下基础。方法:利用设计好的两端加有EcoRⅠ酶切位点的引物,对XLPBP全长基因片段进行PCR扩增,获得700bp左右大小的片段,将其纯化回收并与同样经过EcoRⅠ酶切的质粒pCAMBIA3301连接;然后采用冻融法和电击法,将含XLPBP基因的载体pCAMBIA3301转入根癌农杆菌中。结果:通过一系列分子克隆方法获得含雪莲XLPBP基因的植物表达载体,并经PCR实验证实。结论:利用以自身携带的非编码区为调控序列的XLPBP全长基因和双向表达载体pCAMBIA3301为基础构建植物表达载体,可望提高外源基因表达量。     

用于植物基因表达载体构建的质粒改造及其应用

为克服目前常用于植物基因表达载体构建的质粒所具有的酶切位点有限,目的基因片段难于插入和连接,缺少植物基因表达所必须的启动子、终止子、筛选标记等功能元件的缺点,本研究构建了一个用于植物基因表达载体构建的质粒载体pNULPGE200。该质粒载体引入了植物基因表达最常用的CaMV 35S启动子(cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter)和NOS终止子(nopaline synthase terminator),以及之间的多克隆酶切位点MCS(multiple cloning site)。利用pNULPGE200构建植物基因表达载体,经PCR等方法克隆得到的目的基因可以直接连接到35S启动子与NOS终止子之间,使目的基因能够在植物体内稳定表达;同时该质粒载体还具有独立表达的卡那霉素NPT Ⅱ(neomycin phosphotransferase Ⅱ)耐性基因和sGFP(synthetic green-fluorescent protein with S65T mutation)绿色荧光蛋白报告基因,可用于基因转化时的筛选。本研究以假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)携带质粒的二甲苯单加氧酶(xylene monooxygenase)编码基因为材料,分别利用本文质粒载体和常规的质粒载体pBI121构建了植物表达载体,验证了文中质粒载体的实用性。     

花生白藜芦醇合酶基因cDNA的克隆及植物表达载体的构建

为得到含有白藜芦醇合酶cDNA(RS cDNA)并能表达白藜芦醇(Res)的转基因植物,以花生为材料,从其根部提取基因组DNA,并以其为模板,利用引物悬挂延伸PCR法扩增得到大小约1200bp的片段,将这个片段连接到克隆载体PBS-T上进行测序,测序结果证明,此片段就是花生的RS cDNA。将此片段再正向插入到植物表达载体PBI121的CaMV35s启动子和NOS终止子之间,对重组子进行筛选与鉴定,证明花生的RS cDNA已经正确插入PBI121中,成功的构建了植物表达载体PBI121L。     

几种植物转基因表达载体的构建方法

表达载体的构建在植物基因工程研究中占据重要地位,直接关系到目的基因的表达效果。作者在收集整理前人的工作基础上,比较分析了5种不同载体构建方法的特点,给出了不同载体构建方法的适用性建议,期望能对植物基因工程中的载体构建工作提供有益帮助。在构建多片段连接的小载体的时候推荐用一步克隆法,在构建多片段连接的复杂的大载体时采用相应的复杂载体构建技术,在已获得无选择标记的转基因植株时采用三段T-DNA构建方法构建载体。在做基因功能验证时采用的Gateway技术,非常简单的载体构建可以采用传统的酶切连接的构建方式。现在的主流构建载体方式是利用结合其他手段的Gateway技术,未来载体的发展趋势将是无酶连接。     

菘蓝APX基因克隆及序列分析

为进一步研究菘蓝APX基因的功能,构建了菘蓝APX基因真核表达载体。从菘蓝植株中提取总RNA,逆转录为cDNA,根据APX基因在该类植物中的同源性设计简并引物,利用PCR方法钓取目的基因,将目的基因与T载体连接,PCR检测阳性克隆,同时菌液送往测序公司进行测序。结果表明:测序片段的生物信息学分析证实了该序列与GenBank登录的APX基因一致。说明成功构建了菘蓝APX重组质粒和克隆鉴定了菘蓝APX基因,可进一步用于基因表达和表达产物的功能研究。     

通用型转铁蛋白融合表达载体的构建及应用价值

构建通用型转铁蛋白融合表达载体,利用PCR方法扩增编码人转铁蛋白N端半分子的基因片段,通过酶切、连接、转化等分子克隆方法构建通用型转铁蛋白融合表达载体。PCR扩增了一个长约1.1 kb的包含ScaI酶切位点的基因片段,插入pPICZα的PmlI和XbaI酶切位点,转化后进行菌液PCR鉴定,成功获得重组子pPICZα-TfN,测序结果表明载体构建成功,重组质粒pPICZα-TfN能被ScaI酶切。本研究成功构建通用型转铁蛋白融合表达载体,构建的载体可以用于转铁蛋白融合表达载体的构建。     

Cloning and identification of APX gene from Isatis indigotica

为进一步研究菘蓝APX基因的功能,构建了菘蓝APX基因真核表达载体.从菘蓝植株中提取总RNA,逆转录为cDNA,根据APX基因在该类植物中的同源性设计简并引物,利用PCR方法钓取目的基因,将目的基因与T载体连接,PCR检测阳性克隆,同时菌液送往测序公司进行测序.结果表明:测序片段的生物信息学分析证实了该序列与GenBank登录的APX基因一致.说明成功构建了菘蓝APX重组质粒和克隆鉴定了菘蓝APX基因,可进一步用于基因表达和表达产物的功能研究.     

甘菊DFL::EGFP高效融合蛋白表达载体的构建

增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)是一种优化的突变型GFP,DFL是从甘菊中分离出的LFY基因的同源序列。为了研究DFL基因的功能和表达模式,研究利用小片段克隆法将linker序列插入到EGFP基因5′端启始密码子前面,在pBI121载体的CaMV35S启动子的3′端后面插入一段多克隆位点,成功地构建了pBI-DFL-EGFP表达载体。通过设计特异引物,利用PCR技术扩增得了到拟南芥LFY基因的启动子序列,用粘性末端PCR技术将pBI-DFL-EGFP表达载体中CaMV35S启动子替换成LFY基因启动子,构建成了pLFY-DFL-EGFP表达载体。用含有pBI-DFL-EGFP和pLFY-DFL-EGFP质粒的农杆菌侵染洋葱表皮细胞,在荧光显微镜下分别用蓝光激发,均观测到了荧光。这一结果表明,融合蛋白DFL∷EGFP表达载体构建成功,同时还证明了通过PCR技术克隆到的LFY启动子序列具有启动子功能。     

重叠延伸PCR法克隆人脂联素基因及其在毕赤酵母中表达

利用重叠延伸PCR法克隆出人脂联素基因, 连接至克隆载体pGEM-T中, 转化大肠杆菌DH5a, 通过测序对其进行序列分析后, 进一步构建毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC3.5K-ADPN, 通过电击法转化毕赤酵母GS115, 转化的重组酵母菌用甲醇诱导外源基因表达。经PCR、Southern blotting鉴定, 获得了重组毕赤酵母菌株; 经甲醇诱导人脂联素基因表达, Western blotting杂交鉴定证明人脂联素基因已经在毕赤酵母中成功表达。结果表明重叠延伸PCR法准确方便克隆出人脂联素基因, 在30oC, 1%甲醇诱导48 h, 人脂联素基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达最佳。     

用于通路(Gateway)克隆技术的植物表达载体研究进展

通路(Gateway)克隆技术是根据λ噬菌体基因组和大肠杆菌基因组之间的位点专一性重组分子机制开发的一套分子克隆新技术.利用该技术LR反应构建目的基因的表达载体时不需要经过酶切和连接等繁琐而又费时的过程,因此,可以节省很多时间.为了扩大Gateway技术在植物基因工程领域的应用,最近有很多研究机构和研究小组开发了能用于组成型或诱导型表达目的基因、基因沉默、启动子分析、蛋白质亚细胞定位、蛋白质/蛋白质相互作用、多个DNA片段的模块化组装和DNA组片段功能验证等研究用的植物表达载体.该文对这些技术的研究进展进行了综述.     

IRDL Cloning: A One-Tube,Zero-Background,Easy-to-Use,Directional Cloning Method Improves Throughput in Recombinant DNA Preparation

Rapid and efficient construction of expression vectors and subsequent transformation are basic recombinant methods for the investigation of gene functionality. Although novel cloning methods have recently been developed, many laboratories worldwide continue to use traditional restriction digestion-ligation methods to construct expression vectors owing to financial constraints and the unavailability of appropriate vectors. We describe an improved restriction digestion-ligation (IRDL) cloning method that combines the advantage of directional cloning from double digestion-ligation with that of a low background observed by using a positive selection marker gene ccdB to facilitate digestion and ligation in a single tube. The IRDL cloning overcomes the time-consuming and laborious limits of traditional methods, thereby providing an easy-to-use, low-cost, and one-step strategy for directional cloning of target DNA fragments into an expression vector. As a proof-of-concept example, we developed two yeast vectors to demonstrate the feasibility and the flexibility of the IRDL cloning method. This method would provide an effective and easy-to-use system for gene cloning and functional genomics studies.     

A Versatile System for USER Cloning-Based Assembly of Expression Vectors for Mammalian Cell Engineering

A new versatile mammalian vector system for protein production, cell biology analyses, and cell factory engineering was developed. The vector system applies the ligation-free uracil-excision based technique – USER cloning – to rapidly construct mammalian expression vectors of multiple DNA fragments and with maximum flexibility, both for choice of vector backbone and cargo. The vector system includes a set of basic vectors and a toolbox containing a multitude of DNA building blocks including promoters, terminators, selectable marker- and reporter genes, and sequences encoding an internal ribosome entry site, cellular localization signals and epitope- and purification tags. Building blocks in the toolbox can be easily combined as they contain defined and tested Flexible Assembly Sequence Tags, FASTs. USER cloning with FASTs allows rapid swaps of gene, promoter or selection marker in existing plasmids and simple construction of vectors encoding proteins, which are fused to fluorescence-, purification-, localization-, or epitope tags. The mammalian expression vector assembly platform currently allows for the assembly of up to seven fragments in a single cloning step with correct directionality and with a cloning efficiency above 90%. The functionality of basic vectors for FAST assembly was tested and validated by transient expression of fluorescent model proteins in CHO, U-2-OS and HEK293 cell lines. In this test, we included many of the most common vector elements for heterologous gene expression in mammalian cells, in addition the system is fully extendable by other users. The vector system is designed to facilitate high-throughput genome-scale studies of mammalian cells, such as the newly sequenced CHO cell lines, through the ability to rapidly generate high-fidelity assembly of customizable gene expression vectors.     

A Series of TA-Based and Zero-Background Vectors for Plant Functional Genomics

With the sequencing of genomes from many organisms now complete and the development of high-throughput sequencing, life science research has entered the functional post-genome era. Therefore, deciphering the function of genes and how they interact is in greater demand. To study an unknown gene, the basic methods are either overexpression or gene knockout by creating transgenic plants, and gene construction is usually the first step. Although traditional cloning techniques using restriction enzymes or a site-specific recombination system (Gateway or Clontech cloning technology) are highly useful for efficiently transferring DNA fragments into destination plasmids, the process is time consuming and expensive. To facilitate the procedure of gene construction, we designed a TA-based cloning system in which only one step was needed to subclone a DNA fragment into vectors. Such a cloning system was developed from the pGreen binary vector, which has a minimal size and facilitates construction manipulation, combined with the negative selection marker gene ccdB, which has the advantages of eliminating the self-ligation background and directly enabling high-efficiency TA cloning technology. We previously developed a set of transient and stable transformation vectors for constitutive gene expression, gene silencing, protein tagging, subcellular localization analysis and promoter activity detection. Our results show that such a system is highly efficient and serves as a high-throughput platform for transient or stable transformation in plants for functional genome research.     

Generation of Plasmid Vectors Expressing FLAG-tagged Proteins Under the Regulation of Human Elongation Factor-1α Promoter Using Gibson Assembly

Gibson assembly (GA) cloning offers a rapid, reliable, and flexible alternative to conventional DNA cloning methods. We used GA to create customized plasmids for expression of exogenous genes in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Expression of exogenous genes under the control of the SV40 or human cytomegalovirus promoters diminishes quickly after transfection into mESCs. A remedy for this diminished expression is to use the human elongation factor-1 alpha (hEF1α) promoter to drive gene expression. Plasmid vectors containing hEF1α are not as widely available as SV40- or CMV-containing plasmids, especially those also containing N-terminal 3xFLAG-tags. The protocol described here is a rapid method to create plasmids expressing FLAG-tagged CstF-64 and CstF-64 mutant under the expressional regulation of the hEF1α promoter. GA uses a blend of DNA exonuclease, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase to make cloning of overlapping ends of DNA fragments possible. Based on the template DNAs we had available, we designed our constructs to be assembled into a single sequence. Our design used four DNA fragments: pcDNA 3.1 vector backbone, hEF1α promoter part 1, hEF1α promoter part 2 (which contained 3xFLAG-tag purchased as a double-stranded synthetic DNA fragment), and either CstF-64 or specific CstF-64 mutant. The sequences of these fragments were uploaded to a primer generation tool to design appropriate PCR primers for generating the DNA fragments. After PCR, DNA fragments were mixed with the vector containing the selective marker and the GA cloning reaction was assembled. Plasmids from individual transformed bacterial colonies were isolated. Initial screen of the plasmids was done by restriction digestion, followed by sequencing. In conclusion, GA allowed us to create customized plasmids for gene expression in 5 days, including construct screens and verification.     

High-throughput cloning of human liver complete open reading frames using homologous recombination in Escherichia coli

In this article, we describe a high-throughput cloning method, seamless enzyme-free cloning (SEFC), which allows one-step assembly of DNA fragments in vivo via homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. In the method, the desired open reading frame (ORF) is amplified by use of ORF-specific primers with flanking sequences identical to the two ends of a linearized vector. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product and the linearized vector are then cotransformed into E. coli cells, where the ORF is incorporated into the vector in vivo. SEFC is a simple, reliable, and inexpensive method of cloning in which PCR fragments are fused into expression vectors without unwanted amino acids or extra in vitro manipulations apart from the single PCR amplification step. Using this method, we successfully cloned human liver complete ORFs into the yeast AD and DB vectors and generated a clone resource of 4964 AD-ORFs and 4676 DB-ORFs in 3 months. This approach will be useful for daily DNA cloning and for creating proteome-scale clone resources.     

T载体介导的基于attL核心区LR反应的简化快速Gateway克隆系统

Gateway克隆技术已得到广泛的应用。该技术先通过BP反应将目标片段连到带有完整attL特异识别位点的入门载体,然后与终载体通过LR反应得到表达载体。Gateway克隆方法与传统的酶切连接方法相比有快速简单等优点。但是,BP和LR酶都非常昂贵。本研究首先对3个常用Gateway载体的atts特异位点序列比对发现,attL序列核心交换位点“core attL”的21~22 bp长的碱基是保守和必要的。由此,设计含有core-attL序列的引物,通过PCR克隆得到DNA片段并连入pMD18-T载体,然后进行LR反应,可成功得到目标表达载体,并在保守的位点上正确重组。本研究还对其中一个带有绿色荧光蛋白基因的表达载体转化至烟草,能够正常表达该蛋白质。结果表明,通过将含有attL核心位点基因片段连接到pMD18-T载体上,可以省略BP反应而将目标片段连接到终载体上,节约了反应时间和成本。     

基于抗性恢复的高效克隆超短片段重组质粒的构建

分子克隆作为一种常规技术被广泛应用于DNA及蛋白质的研究。在传统的分子克隆中,主要通过限制性内切酶先分别消化目的 DNA片段及载体,再纯化回收,然后用DNA连接酶将二者连接。而对一些超短基因片段(300 bp),通过酶切及切胶纯化后,回收率极低,导致插入表达载体比较困难。文中介绍了一种新的利用质粒抗性恢复进行克隆的方法,大大提高了克隆效率,为短基因片段的分子克隆提供了一种高效的方法。     

Retroviral vectors for homologous recombination provide efficient cloning and expression in mammalian cells

Homologous recombination technologies enable high-throughput cloning and the seamless insertion of any DNA fragment into expression vectors. Additionally, retroviral vectors offer a fast and efficient method for transducing and expressing genes in mammalian cells, including lymphocytes. However, homologous recombination cannot be used to insert DNA fragments into retroviral vectors; retroviral vectors contain two homologous regions, the 5′- and 3′-long terminal repeats, between which homologous recombination occurs preferentially. In this study, we have modified a retroviral vector to enable the cloning of DNA fragments through homologous recombination. To this end, we inserted a bacterial selection marker in a region adjacent to the gene insertion site. We used the modified retroviral vector and homologous recombination to clone T-cell receptors (TCRs) from single Epstein Barr virus-specific human T cells in a high-throughput and comprehensive manner and to efficiently evaluate their function by transducing the TCRs into a murine T-cell line through retroviral infection. In conclusion, the modified retroviral vectors, in combination with the homologous recombination method, are powerful tools for the high-throughput cloning of cDNAs and their efficient functional analysis.     

An advanced blue-white screening method for construction of shRNA expression vectors

Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) encoded within an expression vector is an effective tool for exploration of gene function in mammalian cells. Many of the current methods for constructing shRNA expression vectors require cumbersome and time-consuming procedures for identification of the desired recombinants. We have developed a highly efficient and less labor-intensive cloning method that allows the construction of shRNA expression vectors in one day and with minimal effort. This advanced blue-white screening technique was developed by combining the reconstitution of ideal lacO with TA cloning. The DNAs are simply ligated into the destination vectors and, following transformation, a desired recombinant event will give a typical blue colony. In addition, we have used this cloning method for the construction of targeting reporter expression vectors to measure the efficacy of the corresponding shRNA. We constructed 122 functional shRNA expression vectors and sequencing of the positive cloning vectors confirmed a high degree of accuracy. Only three short DNA primers are needed for constructing both shRNA and targeting reporter expression vectors. This advanced blue-white screening system is a powerful tool for the high-throughput assay of RNAi libraries.