应用发光酶基因对快生型大豆根瘤菌HN01结瘤作用进行检测

含发光酶基因luxAB的Tn5转座子自杀质粒pHNC3,在辅助质粒pRK2013的帮助下,转入快生型大豆根瘤菌HN01中小,pHNC3经自杀重组,其Tn5－luxAB转座插入HN01基因组中,从而赋予HN01以发光活性。挑取具有发光活性的HN01杂交单菌落,进行质粒快检和以luxAB为探针的分子杂交,选取Tn5-luxAB分别插入到HN01染色体上和不同质粒上的标记菌株,进行灭菌盆栽实验,并对一株Tn5-luxAB标记于染色体上的菌株HN01LC02进行了模拟大豆栽培条件下的有菌盆栽实验,包括对发光根瘤菌占瘤率的测定和发光根瘤在根系上分布情况的测定。     

克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)细菌比较基因组学分析揭示多复制子抗性质粒介导广泛的抗性基因传播

[目的] 研究克雷伯氏菌与多复制子抗性质粒间的关系,分析细菌携带多复制子质粒对抗生素环境的响应机制。[方法] 以2018-2020年分离的56株不同来源克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella sp.）分离株为研究对象,利用微量肉汤稀释法评估其多重耐药表型,对分离菌株进行全基因组测序（WGS）,通过细菌全基因组关联分析（BGWAS）技术和比较基因组学方法深入解析多复制子抗性质粒形成的机制。[结果] 耐药表型分析发现野生动物来源的菌株具有更广的耐药谱系,总体Klebsiella sp.对氨苄西林表现出很高的耐药率（80.36%）,尤其是马来穿山甲来源菌株对头孢类抗生素高度耐受,同时对氯霉素、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明等药物耐受,基因组分析发现这些菌株携带了抗性质粒和更多的抗生素抗性基因。进一步对69个质粒序列分析,发现有28个质粒为多复制子质粒,主要携带bla_CTX-M-15、bla_CTX-M-14、bla_CTX-M-55、bla_OXA-1和bla_TEM-1等β-内酰胺酶基因。细菌携带质粒类型分析认为Klebsiella pneumoniae可能是多复制子质粒的重要宿主,质粒骨架与结构分析发现多复制子质粒多由2个或2个以上单个质粒融合而成,携带此类质粒的菌株不仅获得了更广的耐药表型,而且在全球传播扩散分布逐年增加,因此产生对抗生素环境更强的适应性。[结论] 多重耐药性细菌呈现的表型与携带的多复制子质粒有关,相比较下多复制子质粒比非多复制子质粒有更强的抗性基因携带能力,或许是细菌在强大的抗生素压力下产生的重要响应机制。本研究对于未来探索细菌抗性基因的传播扩散机制具有重要意义。     

运用生色基因标记黄瓜根围促生菌(PGPR)筛选菌株

采用三亲交配方法 ,通过Tn7转座系统将lacZY标记基因导入黄瓜根围促生菌 (PG PR)筛选菌株PseudomonasfluorescensCN1 1 6和PseudomonascorrugataCN31的利福平抗性突变株中 ;标记假单胞菌菌株则被赋予了利用乳糖作为唯一碳源的能力 ,在只有乳糖的M9培养基上生长能分解X Gal,菌落显出特有的蓝色 ;经Southern杂交分析 ,证明标记基因lacZY存在于转化菌株的染色体上 ;经验证标记菌株标记性状稳定 ,与对应的野生菌株比较其它性状如培养性状、形态特征、生防效果等基本不变 ;PGPR菌株利福平抗性和生色基因标记的结合 (双标记 )能最大限度地将土壤中引入的PGPR菌株与土著细菌分开 ,检测下限可达 1 0CFU mL ,为PGPR在根围的分子生态学研究提供了一个较好的工具。     

钝顶螺旋藻luxAB载体的构建

实验拟构建钝顶螺旋藻luxAB载体,为螺旋藻遗传转化操作系统的建立提供技术参考和支持。使用EcoRI和SmaI双酶切质粒pUCΩGUS,胶回收获得含有Ubil启动子基因及amp基因的载体大片段;根据质粒pRL1063a中luxAB基因的序列设计引物,以质粒pRL1063a为模板（SalI酶切）,PCR扩增luxAB基因片段;在T4 DNA连接酶的作用下将载体大片段和luxAB基因片段进行体外连接重组并转化感受态细胞,构建成新型质粒载体pUCΩluxAB。     

利用淀粉产生碱性蛋白酶工程菌的构建

以不能利用淀粉为碳源、抗ｐｐ系列噬菌体和ｐＬ１噬菌体、产碱性蛋白酶（９４００－９８００ｕ／ｍｌ）的ＢａｃｉｌｌｕｓｐｕｍｉｌｕｓＣ１７２－６０为受体株,采用原生质体转化技术将携带糖化型小淀粉酶基因（Ａｍｖ）、Ｃｍ^ｒ基因、Ｋｍ^ｒ基因的ｐＢＸ９６质粒导入到受体株内,经两次利福平抗性筛选,获得一株能直接利用淀粉为发酵碳源、保留噬菌体抗性、产碱性蛋白酶的工程菌Ｃ１７２－３０６（ｐＢＸ９６）。菌体增殖９６．５代质粒丢失率为０．７７％,摇瓶发酵蛋白酶活力１４０     

运动发酵单胞菌ZM4、CP4菌株基因工程选择标记的研究

尽管质粒和选择标记的使用作为基因工程最基本的一环而为人们所熟知,但对一些特殊菌种（菌株）或研究很少的菌种（菌株）的基因工程操作来说,质粒和选择标记可能仍然是一个并未完全解决的问题,因而需要不断提高认识、不断改进。运动发酵单胞菌Zymomonasmobilis具有突出的产醇性能,但其多种内源质粒和多种抗性的特点,增加了其基因工程操作时质粒和选择标记选用的难度。本研究在测定四个抗生素即Ap、Cm、Te、Km对典型菌株ZM4、CP4的最低生长抑制浓度的基础上,初步确定了这两个菌株基因工程操作时的四个抗生素使用浓度依次分别为300、100、25、350μg／mL（ZM4）和500、100、25、250μg]mL（CP4）;并进一步通过穿梭载体pZB21、宽宿主载体pBBR1MCS-2和整合载体pBR328-ldhR—cml—ldhL的转化,初步分析和证明了这些选择标记和在相应抗生素浓度下的效果：首先,对每一个选择标记基因来说,前述抗生素浓度是适于携带此选择标记基因的质粒的转化筛选和相应转化子培养的;其次,在前述抗生素浓度下,综合筛选平板阳性率和转化效率、培养物菌体形态异常程度等指标,四个选择标记基因中,以Cm和Tc抗性标记基因效果最好,Km抗性标记基因居中,Ap抗性标记基因最差。这些结果为ZM4、CP4基因工程遗传改造用抗性标记基因、质粒、抗生素的选择及转化系统的完善奠定了基础。     

Ap、Km和Cm抗性细菌在土壤中的差异分布及成因

从不同区域土壤中分离细菌：对其进行氨苄青碡素、卡那霉素和氯霉素的抗性测试,以及抗药性质粒分析。结果表明,对照区和生活区土壤细菌抗氨苄青霉素和卡那霉素菌株比例未见显著性差异,未检出抗氯霉素细菌。保护区中抗氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素菌株含质粒比例均为18.2％,生活区中抗氨苄青霉素和卡那霉素菌株含质粒比例分别为36.4％和27．3％。随机抽提质粒转化无抗忡菌,表明部分抗菌素抗性基因是由质粒携带。实验结果认为本地土壤中抗菌素抗性菌分布差异尚未有显著性表现。     

基模势对luxAB标记的快生型大豆根瘤菌在土壤中存活的影响

经接合转移将luxAB基因插入快生型大豆根瘤菌 (Rhizobiumfredii)染色体 ,取可高效结瘤固氮的R .frediilux3菌株用于分子生态学研究 .在不同基模势下 ,研究了lux3在土壤中的存活 ,基模势为 - 30和 - 750kPa时 ,lux3在灭菌土中的生存能力明显 (P<0 .0 5)高于未灭菌土 ,当基模势为 - 1 50 0kPa时 ,土壤是否灭菌对lux3的存活影响没有差异 .不同基模势对lux3活性影响显著 ,在 - 1 50 0kPa的未灭菌土中 ,随着饥饿时间延长 ,可恢复活性的细菌数量显著下降 .同时比较了测定微生物活性的 3种方法 (即生物发光、脱氢酶活性和微生物呼吸 ) ,发光值变化与活细胞密度变化一致 ,PLf值 (即潜在发光 ,Potentialluminescence)反映了可恢复活性的饥饿种群密度 .luxAB基因是一种比较简便而实用的标记     

甲基营养菌Methylobacterium sp. MB200中部分一碳代谢相关基因的定位及mtdA和mtdB 基因的克隆研究

以甲基营养细菌Methylobacterium sp. MB200为出发菌株,首先利用质粒转座子(pTnMod-RKm’)构建了目的菌株MB200的部分突变体库,获得能够在双抗性MMII板上生长的突变体共11552株,然后在双抗性MMI板上复筛获得不能够利用甲醇的突变体333株(初步认为是一碳代谢途径被破坏的突变株),为一碳代谢相关基因的克隆研究奠定了基础。随后利用TAIL-PCR技术快速准确地从突变体库中定位了部分与一碳代谢相关的基因,并根据pTnMod-RKm’具有复制起始位点能够快速克隆插入位点侧翼序列的特性克隆到mtdA和mtdB基因的全序列并进行了初步分析。     

以gfp为报告基因的肺炎链球菌启动子诱捕文库的构建与分析

首先构建一个以gfp(green fluorescence protein)为报告基因的自杀质粒pEVP3-SDGFP,将肺炎链球菌基因组DNA的随机酶切片段(200bp～800 bp)克隆到该质粒gfp基因上游的多克隆位点,得到约58000个含有肺炎链球茵基因组DNA随机酶切片段的重组子,提取质粒即为质粒库,该库大约覆盖肺炎链球菌基因组全长的5倍,插入率达到90%以上,且有较强的随机性,质量较高.将该质粒库转化入肺炎链球菌TIGR4菌株,带有随机片段的报告质粒通过同源重组的方式将gfp基因融合于细菌染色体上该随机片段之后,利用质粒的抗生素抗性基因筛选出重组菌株,从而构建出相应的菌株库,共获得包含约500000个肺炎链球菌转化子的菌株库,经体内、外实验表明,其包含插入了S.pn体内、外表达基因片段的细菌,可以报告特定条件下的基因表达,并可通过流式细胞仪识别、分选.该文库的构建为进一步利用差异荧光诱导技术筛选肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因奠定了基础.     

lux-Marking and application of carbofuran degrader Burkholderia cepacia PCL3

A luxAB-mutant of the carbofuran degrading bacterium Burkholderia cepacia PCL3 was successfully constructed with the capability to emit a luminescence signal of 1.6×10(-3)RLUcfu(-1). The mutant has a growth pattern and carbofuran degradation ability similar to PCL3 wild-type. The luminescent emission by PCL3:luxAB1 directly correlated with the metabolic activity of the cells. The optimal pH, temperature and n-decanal concentration for luminescence emission are 7.0, 35°C and 0.01%, respectively. PCL3:luxAB1 was used to assess the toxicity of carbofuran and carbofuran phenol in basal salt medium (BSM) in which the different sensitivity of the cells is dependent on the biomass concentration. With the luciferase system, the degradative fraction of the augmented PCL3:luxAB1 and the difference between the active augmented PCL3:luxAB1 and indigenous microorganisms at the contaminated site could be indicated.     

Cloning and expression of the lux-operon of Photorhabdus luminescens, strain Zm1: nucleotide sequence of luxAB genes and basic properties of luciferase

A chromosomal fragment of bacteria Photorhabdus luminescence Zm1, which contains the lux operon, was cloned into the vector pUC18. The hybrid clone containing plasmid pXen7 with the EcoRI fragment approximately 7-kb was shown to manifest a high level of bioluminescence. By subcloning and restriction analysis of the EcoRI fragment, the location of luxCDABE genes relative to restriction sites was determined. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment containing the luxA and luxB genes encoding alpha- and beta-subunits of luciferase was determined. A comparison with the nucleotide sequences of luxAB genes in Hm and Hw strains of Ph. luminescence revealed 94.5 and 89.7% homology, respectively. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic sequence (ERIC) of 126 bp typical for Hw strains was identified in the spacer between the luxD and luxA genes. The lux operon of Zm1 is assumed to emerge through recombination between Hm and Hw strains. Luciferase of Ph. luminescence was shown to possess a high thermal stability: its activity decreased by a factor of 10 at 44 degrees C for 30 min, whereas luciferases of marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio harveyi were inactivated by one order of magnitude at 44 degrees C for 1 and 6 min, respectively. The lux genes of Ph. luminescence are suggested for use in gene engineering and biotechnology.     

Iron-regulated phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activity in Azotobacter vinelandii

Azotobacter vinelandii strain UA22 was produced by pTn5luxAB mutagenesis, such that the promoterless luxAB genes were transcribed in an iron-repressible manner. Tn5luxAB was localized to a fragment of chromosomal DNA encoding the thrS, infC, rpmI, rplT, pheS and pheT genes, with Tn5 inserted in the 3'-end of pheS. The isolation of this mutation in an essential gene was possible because of polyploidy in Azotobacter, such that strain UA22 carried both wild-type and mutant alleles of pheS. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activity and PHES::luxAB reporter activity was partially repressed under iron-sufficient conditions and fully derepressed under iron-limited conditions. The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) bound to a DNA sequence immediately upstream of luxAB, within the pheS gene, but PHES::luxAB reporter activity was not affected by phenylalanine availability. This suggests there is novel regulation of pheST in A. vinelandii by iron availability.     

Molecular biology of bacterial bioluminescence.

The cloning and expression of the lux genes from different luminescent bacteria including marine and terrestrial species have led to significant advances in our knowledge of the molecular biology of bacterial bioluminescence. All lux operons have a common gene organization of luxCDAB(F)E, with luxAB coding for luciferase and luxCDE coding for the fatty acid reductase complex responsible for synthesizing fatty aldehydes for the luminescence reaction, whereas significant differences exist in their sequences and properties as well as in the presence of other lux genes (I, R, F, G, and H). Recognition of the regulatory genes as well as diffusible metabolites that control the growth-dependent induction of luminescence (autoinducers) in some species has advanced our understanding of this unique regulatory mechanism in which the autoinducers appear to serve as sensors of the chemical or nutritional environment. The lux genes have now been transferred into a variety of different organisms to generate new luminescent species. Naturally dark bacteria containing the luxCDABE and luxAB genes, respectively, are luminescent or emit light on addition of aldehyde. Fusion of the luxAB genes has also allowed the expression of luciferase under a single promoter in eukaryotic systems. The ability to express the lux genes in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and the ease and sensitivity of the luminescence assay demonstrate the considerable potential of the widespread application of the lux genes as reporters of gene expression and metabolic function.     

Improvement of the bioluminescence reporter system for real-time monitoring of circadian rhythms in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803

Circadian rhythm is a self-sustaining oscillation whose period length coincides with the 24-hour day-night cycle. A powerful tool for circadian clock research is the real-time automated bioluminescence monitoring system in which a promoter region of a clock-controlled gene is fused to a luciferase reporter gene and rhythmic regulation of the promoter activity is monitored as bioluminescence. In the present study, we greatly improved the bioluminescence reporter system in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. We fused an 805-bp promoter region of the dnaK gene seamlessly to the luxA coding sequence and integrated the P(dnaK)::luxAB fusion gene into a specific intergenic region of the Synechocystis genome (targeting site 1). The resulting new reporter strain, PdnaK::luxAB(-), showed 12 times the bioluminescence intensity of the standard reporter strain, CFC2. Furthermore, we generated strain PdnaK::luxAB(+), in which the P(dnaK)::luxAB fusion gene and the selection-marker spectinomycin resistance gene are transcribed in opposite directions. The PdnaK::luxAB(+) strain showed 19 times the bioluminescence intensity of strain CFC2. The procedures used to increase the bioluminescence intensity are especially useful for bioluminescence monitoring of genes with low promoter activity. In addition, these reporter constructs facilitate bioluminescence monitoring of any gene because the promoter fragments they contain can easily be replaced by digestion with unique restriction enzymes. They would therefore contribute to a genome-wide analysis of gene expression in Synechocystis.     

Production, purification and characterization of chitosanase produced by Gongronella sp. JG

AIMS: To optimize the production condition of chitosanases of Gongronella sp. JG and to characterize the major chitosanase. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the optimized medium and culturing condition, strain JG produced 800 micromol min(-1) l(-1) chitosanase activity at 72 h. The major chitosanase - csn1 was purified through three chromatography steps: CM (carboxymethyl)-Sepharose fast flow (FF), Sephacryl S200, SP (sulfopropyl)-Sepharose FF. The molecular weight and the pI value of csn1 were about 90,000 Da and 5 x 8, respectively. Its specific activity was 82 micromol min(-1) mg(-1). The optimal reaction pH for csn1 was between 4 x 6 and 4 x 8. The optimal reaction temperature was 50 degrees C. The half-life of csn1 at 50 degrees C was estimated to be about 65 min. Mn(2+) was a strong stimulator of csn1 activity, both at 1 and 10 mmol l(-1). csn1 showed its highest activity with chitosan of 85% degree of deacetylation, but did not hydrolyse colloidal chitin and carboxylmethyl cellulose. In 20 mmol l(-1) sodium acetate buffer (pH 4 x 8) and at 50 degrees C, the K(m) of csn1 was calculated to be 4 x 5 mg ml(-1). CONCLUSIONS: The production condition of chitosanases by Gongronella JG was optimized and the major chitosanase, csn1, was characterized. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The present work for the first time reported the production, purification and characterization of chitosanases produced by fungus of Gongronella sp. These results provided us more information on fungal chitosanases.     

LuxAB标记荧光假单胞菌的菜心根际定殖研究

目的:利用三亲本杂交方法将luxAB发光酶基因标记至荧光假单胞菌PF20001上,所获得的标记菌株PF20001-Lux能稳定发光。将该标记菌株制成微生物制剂,接种菜心进一步研究它在菜心根际的定殖动态和散布规律。方法:利用三亲本杂交方法将luxAB发光酶基因标记至荧光假单胞菌PF20001上,将该菌施与菜心生长土壤中,通过接合子发光检测及发光菌落的平板计数来分析荧光假单胞菌在菜心根际的定殖分布情况。结果:PF20001-Lux在根系周围的土壤中的有一定的定殖率,在根内主要定殖在3～4cm根内。PF20001-Lux在菜心种植后7d前就达到最高定殖水平达3.8×105CFU/g,随后逐渐下降。结论:PF20001-lux在菜心根际具备良好的适应能力。