不同麻醉和镇痛方法对食管癌手术患者生活质量的影响

目的:观察不同麻醉和镇痛方法下食管癌手术患者生活质量的影响情况.方法:将56例食管癌手术患者按入院顺序随机分为A组(n=28)和B组(n=28),A组患者采用全凭静脉麻醉,术后行患者自控静脉镇痛;B组患者采用胸段硬膜外阻滞复合静脉全麻,术后行患者自控硬膜外镇痛.术前和术后采用欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织(EOR℃)QLQ-C30生命质量问卷(中文版)进行调查,比较两组患者生命质量的变化情况.结果:A组患者手术前食欲丧失项目的评分明显低于手术后(P＜0.05),其他子量表的评分手术前后差异均没有统计学意义(P＞0.05);而B组食管癌患者手术前总体健康状况和食欲丧失项目的评分明显低于手术后,疲倦和疼痛项目评分明显高于手术后(P＜0.05),其他子量表的评分手术前后差异均没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).A和B组患者的各子量表评分差异均没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:胸段硬膜外阻滞复合静脉全麻及术后患者自控硬膜外镇痛可以影响食管癌患者术后的部分症状,但是不同麻醉和镇痛方法对患者的生活质量的差异不明显.     

硬膜外阻滞用于多发性痔、瘘手术及术后镇痛观察（附76例报告）

目的 观察硬膜外阻滞用于多发性痔、瘘手术麻醉效果及硬膜外注入布比卡因混合液术后镇痛研究。方法 于L3－4椎间隙进行硬膜外穿刺管,阻滞应用1．6％－2％利用多卡因8－11ml,术中必须时辅助用氟芬合剂,术后经硬膜外导管一次性汪入布比卡因混合液一个单位进行术后镇痛。结果 全组麻醉效果良好,术后镇痛优良率达100％。而且全组术后在无刺激的情况下始终无明显疼痛。结论 硬膜外阻滞用于痔、痔手术效果,而且较安全。硬膜外注入布比卡因混合液达到长时间术后镇痛作用,认为地塞米松能显著延长布比卡因止痛时间,维生素B12也具有局麻药协同作用及镇痛效果。     

不同麻醉和镇痛方式对开胸手术患者红细胞糖代谢限速酶的影响研究

目的:探讨心脏开胸手术中采用不同麻醉和镇痛方式对开胸手术患者围手术期磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、葡萄糖-6磷酸脱氢酶(G-P6D)活性的影响.方法:90例拟行开胸食管癌根治术的患者分为A、B、C三组,A组术中静脉全麻复合硬膜外阻滞,术后行硬膜外罗呱卡因混合芬太尼镇痛;B组术中静脉全麻复合硬膜外阻滞,术后静脉芬太尼镇痛;C组术中静脉全麻,术后静脉芬太尼镇痛.分别于麻醉前(T1)、手术60min(T2)、术后60min(T3)、术后24h(T4)和术后48h(T5)测定红细胞PFK、G-6PD活性.记录术后60min、术后24h和术后48h的VAS评分.结果:三组患者T1时红细胞PFK、G-6PD活性无明显差异(P＞0.05),B、C组T4时PFK、G-6PD活性与T1时和A组比较显著降低,相比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05);A组患者术后T3、T4时VAS评分显著低于B、C组,相比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05),术后T5时三组VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:对开胸手术患者术中采用全麻复合硬膜外阻滞、术后采用硬膜外镇痛,可减少氧化应激损伤和对机体内平衡的影响.     

不同麻醉和术后镇痛方式对中老年胸科手术后胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的：探讨不同麻醉和术后镇痛方式对中老年胸科手术后胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法：中老年胸科手术患者80例随机分为治疗组与对照组各40例,两组都采用开胸手术治疗,于手术结束前30min硬膜外腔给予镇痛,治疗组采用舒芬太尼镇痛,对照组采用地佐辛镇痛。结果：两组镇痛后2h与镇痛后24h的HR和MVP对比差异明显（P〈0．05）,同时对照组不同时间点的组内对比差异明显（P〈0．05）,治疗组组内对比无明显差异。治疗组在镇痛后2h与镇痛后24h的VAS评分都明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）,Ramsay评分治疗组高于对照组（P〈0．05）。治疗组组内不同时间点胰岛素含量和胰岛素敏感性对比无明显差异,而对照组对比差异明显（P〈0．05）,同时镇痛后组间对比也有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：相对于地佐辛,舒芬太尼用于中老年胸科手术术后疼痛镇痛效果良好,能有效地抑制胰岛素抵抗与应激反应的发生,有很好的应用效果。     

腹腔镜全凭静脉麻醉复合罗哌卡因的镇痛效果及对全麻苏醒的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜全凭静脉麻醉复合罗哌卡因的镇痛效果及对全麻苏醒的影响。方法:将70例妇产科腹腔镜手术患者随机分为治疗组与对照组,对照组全凭静脉丙泊酚麻醉,治疗组在此基础上复合0.375罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉。比较两组术后镇痛效果、麻醉药物用量、不良反应的发生情况、术后呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间、苏醒后躁动的发生率及躁动程度。结果:治疗组术后2、12、24 h切口疼痛的VAS评分均较对照组明显降低(P0.05);与对照组比较,治疗组术中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量明显减少,术后呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间及拔管时间明显缩短(P0.05),苏醒后躁动的发生率及躁动程度均较对照组明显降低(P0.05)。两组均无明显不良反应发生。结论:全凭静脉麻醉复合罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉对腹腔镜手术可产生良好的镇痛、镇静效果,减少术后疼痛和全麻药剂量,促进早期苏醒。     

两种椎管内麻醉剖宫产术后PCEA镇痛效果比较

目的比较两种不同麻醉方式剖宫产术后应用PCEA的影响。方法选择拟行剖宫产产妇80例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为腰麻组40例,硬膜外麻醉组40例,两组均输入羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化钠溶液10ml/kg(共同负荷),分别采用腰麻、硬膜外麻醉两种麻醉方式行剖宫产,两组产妇术后均连接相同配方PCEA,并观察术后镇痛效果,恶心呕吐、瘙痒、腰痛等不良反应;观察下肢运动神经阻滞情况、下床时间、肠排气时间、开始泌乳时间等术后恢复情况。观察时间点为术后2、4、8、12、24、48、72h。结果两组术后应用PCEA比较,腰麻组静息VAS疼痛评分T1时点腰麻组高于硬膜外麻醉组(P<0.05),T2、T3时点腰麻组低于硬膜外麻醉组(P<0.05);活动VAS评分T1时点腰麻组高于硬膜外麻醉组,T2、T3、T4时点腰麻组低于硬膜外麻醉组(P<0.05);腰麻组较硬膜外麻醉组产妇的肠排气时间和泌乳时间短(P<0.05),瘙痒发生率高(P<0.05),腰痛发生率低。结论在剖宫产手术中,相对硬膜外麻醉而言,腰麻能使PCEA产生更好的镇痛效果,术后产妇运动功能恢复快,无其它严重不良反应,且利于肠蠕动功能恢复和泌乳。     

术后不同镇痛方法的效果及对应激反应的影响

我们的观察已发现 ,静脉复合全麻或硬膜外阻滞下行上腹部手术患者 ,围手术期可出现神经内分泌激素和血糖水平的增高 ,尤其是术后当晚的变化较术中、术毕更明显 ,推测这可能与术后疼痛应激有关。为此 ,我们观察术后不同的镇痛方法的镇痛效果及减轻应激反应的作用。1　对象和方法(1)一般资料　选择ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级硬膜外麻醉下择期行开腹胆囊切除术患者 44例 ,术前实验室检查肝、肾、内分泌功能均无明显异常。术毕依镇痛方法不同 ,随机将患者分成 4组 ,对照组 (Ｃ组 ) :8(男 3,女 5 )例 ,年龄 (4 3.4± 11.5 )岁 ,体重 (6 2 .7±8.6 )ｋｇ ,手…     

静脉全麻复合硬膜外麻醉行食管癌手术观察

目的 观察静脉全麻复合硬膜外麻醉行食管癌手术的麻醉及对循环、呼吸功能的影响。方法 36例食管癌病人随机分为静脉全麻组和静脉全麻复合硬膜外麻醉组各18例。分别监测麻醉前、麻醉插管后、游离食管时以及拔管后平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、分钟通气量（MV）。结果 发现静脉全麻配合硬膜外麻醉行食管癌手术时MAP、HR、RR、SpO2、MV各时期与麻醉前相比无明显变化（P＞0．05）;单纯静脉全麻组各时期与麻醉前比较有明显或高或增快,MAP、HR（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。结论 静脉全麻配合硬膜外麻醉行食管癌手术可提高麻醉质量,降低围术期应激反应,保持循环、呼吸功能稳定,静脉用药量少,且保证术后良好的镇痛作用。     

子宫下段剖宫产术后舒芬太尼-布比卡因和芬太尼-布比卡因自控硬膜外镇痛的比较

目的 观察舒芬太尼-布比卡因用于子宫下段剖宫产术后镇痛,与等效价的芬太尼-布比卡因比较,在镇痛效果、临床副作用方面有无优越性.方法 选择择期硬膜外阻滞麻醉下行子宫下段剖宫产术31例,随机分为两组:A组(芬太尼-布比卡因组)16例;B组(舒芬太尼-布比卡因组)15例.A组给予负荷量芬太尼20μg和0.125%布比卡因4ml;B组给予负荷量舒芬太尼2 μg和0.125%布比卡因4 ml.两组均采用珠海福尼亚电子微量泵CPE-101-200型行自控硬膜外镇痛.观察术后4、8、16、24 h的疼痛、镇静、呕吐的评分,记录心率、血氧饱和度、镇痛液消耗量.疼痛情况用水平视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估,镇静程度按四点评估表法分类.结果 与A组比较,B组各时点VAS评分普遍低于A组,但仅术后8 h和24 h差异有显著统计学意义(.P<0.05).两组病人镇静评分均无达到3分者,手术后4、8、24 h B组镇静评分达2分者明显多于A组(P<0.05).两组术后呕吐发生率都低,组问无显著统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 子宫下段剖宫产术后舒芬太尼-布比卡因组的硬膜外镇痛效果略优于芬太尼-布比卡因组.镇静作用明显高于芬太尼-布比卡因组,而且不会增加呕吐、呼吸抑饲等副作用的发生率.     

护理干预对骨科患者术后两种镇痛效果及满意度的影响

目的:探讨护理干预对骨科患者术后使用硬膜外持续微量注射镇痛及静脉自控微量注射镇痛效果的影响.方法:根据研究要求将患者按硬膜外持续微量注射镇痛及静脉自控微量注射镇痛方式分为实验组A、B组和对照组A、B组,实验组给予护理干预,对照组给予常规护理,然后对比两种术后镇痛方式护理干预组与常规护理组之间的镇痛满意度.结果:通过分析、比较,硬膜外持续微量注射镇痛患者及静脉自控微量注射镇痛患者镇痛满意度护理干预实验组均明显高于常规护理对照组.结论:常规的硬膜外持续微量注射镇痛及静脉自控微量注射镇痛使患者术后取得镇痛效果的过程中,系统的护理干预是提高镇痛满意度的重要因素.     

Epidural analgesia improves postoperative nitrogen balance.

Postoperative nitrogen balance was monitored in twelve patients undergoing hysterectomy under either epidural analgesia or general anaesthesia. The mean cumulative five-day nitrogen losses were significantly lower after epidural analgesia than after general anaesthesia. Nitrogen sparing presumably results from inhibiting the stress-induced release of catabolic hormones, since epidural analgesia abolished postoperative hyperglycaemia and increase in plasma cortisol concentrations. No adverse effects of inhibiting the stress response were observed. Neurogenic stimuli thus play a crucial part in the catabolic response to surgery. Inhibiting the endocrine metabolic response to trauma by neurogenic blockade may reduce the morbidity precipitated in high-risk patients by the catabolic response to surgery.     

Cardiac arrest associated with pneumorrhachis and pneumocephalus after epidural analgesia: two case reports

Background

Epidural analgesia has become a common procedure to provide excellent pain relief with few complications. Pneumorrhachis and pneumocephalus are rare complications of unintentional dural puncture and injection of air into the subarachnoid or subdural space. No cases of cardiac arrest associated with these complications have been reported in the literature previously.

Case presentation

We report cases of pneumorrhachis and pneumocephalus in two Korean women who previously visited a local pain clinic and underwent epidural analgesia. Thereafter, they were admitted to the emergency department with cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed on these patients, and return of spontaneous circulation was achieved. The brain and spine computed tomographic scans showed pneumorrhachis and pneumocephalus, respectively. These cases demonstrate that pneumorrhachis and pneumocephalus may occur after epidural analgesia, which may be associated with cardiac arrest in patients.

Conclusions

If cardiac arrest occurs after epidural analgesia, pneumocephalus and pneumorrhachis should be considered as its cause. Although epidural analgesia is a common procedure, caution is warranted during this procedure.

     

Effects of epidural lidocaine analgesia on labor and delivery: A randomized, prospective, controlled trial

Background

Epidural anaesthesia is used extensively for cardiothoracic and vascular surgery in some centres, but not in others, with argument over the safety of the technique in patients who are usually extensively anticoagulated before, during, and after surgery. The principle concern is bleeding in the epidural space, leading to transient or persistent neurological problems.

Methods

We performed an extensive systematic review to find published cohorts of use of epidural catheters during vascular, cardiac, and thoracic surgery, using electronic searching, hand searching, and reference lists of retrieved articles.

Results

Twelve studies included 14,105 patients, of whom 5,026 (36%) had vascular surgery, 4,971 (35%) cardiac surgery, and 4,108 (29%) thoracic surgery. There were no cases of epidural haematoma, giving maximum risks following epidural anaesthesia in cardiac, thoracic, and vascular surgery of 1 in 1,700, 1 in 1,400 and 1 in 1,700 respectively. In all these surgery types combined the maximum expected rate would be 1 in 4,700. In all these patients combined there were eight cases of transient neurological injury, a rate of 1 in 1,700 (95% confidence interval 1 in 3,300 to 1 in 850). There were no cases of persistent neurological injury (maximum expected rate 1 in 4,600).

Conclusion

These estimates for cardiothoracic epidural anaesthesia should be the worst case. Limitations are inadequate denominators for different types of surgery in anticoagulated cardiothoracic or vascular patients more at risk of bleeding.     

Epidural anaesthesia and long term backache after childbirth.

OBJECTIVE--To examine the relation between epidural anaesthesia and long term backache after childbirth. DESIGN--Data from postal questionnaire on morbidity after childbirth sent to women who had delivered in one maternity hospital between 1978 and 1985 were linked to maternity case notes for each woman. SETTING--Maternity hospital in Birmingham. SUBJECTS--11,701 Women who had delivered their most recent baby at the maternity hospital during the defined period and who returned their completed questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS--Of the 1634 women who reported backache, 1132 (69%) had had it for over a year. A significant association was found between backache and epidural anaesthesia (relative risk = 1.8); 903 of 4766 women (18.9%) who had had epidural anaesthesia reported this symptom, compared with 731 of the 6935 women (10.5%) who had not had epidural anaesthesia. This association was consistent in both "normal" and "abnormal" deliveries, the only exception being after an elective caesarean section when no excess backache occurred after epidural anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS--The relation between backache and epidural anaesthesia is probably causal. It seems to result from a combination of effective analgesia and stressed posture during labour. Further investigations on the mechanisms causing backache after epidural anaesthesia are required.     

A Comparison of the Analgesia Efficacy and Side Effects of Paravertebral Compared with Epidural Blockade for Thoracotomy: An Updated Meta-Analysis

Objective

The most recent systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the analgesic efficacy and side effects of paravertebral and epidural blockade for thoracotomy was published in 2006. Nine well-designed randomized trials with controversial results have been published since then. The present report constitutes an updated meta-analysis of this issue.

Summary of Background

Thoracotomy is a major surgical procedure and is associated with severe postoperative pain. Epidural analgesia is the gold standard for post-thoracotomy pain management, but has its limitations and contraindications, and paravertebral blockade is increasingly popular. However, it has not been decided whether the analgesic effect of the two methods is comparable, or whether paravertebral blockade leads to a lower incidence of adverse side effects after thoracotomy.

Methods

Two reviewers independently searched the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (last performed on 1 February, 2013) for reports of studies comparing post-thoracotomy epidural analgesia and paravertebral blockade. The same individuals independently extracted data from the appropriate studies.

Result

Eighteen trials involving 777 patients were included in the current analysis. There was no significant difference in pain scores between paravertebral blockade and epidural analgesia at 4–8, 24, 48 hours, and the rates of pulmonary complications and morphine usage during the first 24 hours were also similar. However, paravertebral blockade was better than epidural analgesia in reducing the incidence of urinary retention (p<0.0001), nausea and vomiting (p = 0.01), hypotension (p<0.00001), and rates of failed block were lower in the paravertebral blockade group (p = 0.01).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis showed that PVB can provide comparable pain relief to traditional EPI, and may have a better side-effect profile for pain relief after thoracic surgery. Further high-powered randomized trials are to need to determine whether PVB truly offers any advantages over EPI.     

Update on thoracic paravertebral blocks

Thoracic paravertebral block was widely practised at the beginning of the 20th century. It has enjoyed a renaissance in the past decade. This form of afferent blockade is the technique of injecting local anaesthetic into the thoracic paravertebral space. Thoracic paravertebral analgesia is mostly indicated for unilateral surgical procedures of the thorax and abdomen. Compared to the other available regional techniques such as epidural, intercostal and interpleural, paravertebral blocks offer comparable or better analgesia with less side effects. Thoracic paravertebral blocks deserve greater consideration and investigation.     

Block of outward current in cardiac purkinje fibers by injection of quaternary ammonium ions

We have studied the effects of iontophoretic injection of the quaternary ammonium compounds tetraethylammonium (TEA) and tetrabutylammonium (TBA) in cardiac purkinje fibers. We find that TBA(+) is a more effective blocker than TEA(+), but injection of either compound reduces the time-dependent outward plateau currents, transient outward current (I(to)), and the delayed rectifier (I(x)). Our findings provide evidence that these outward cardiac currents are carried by channels that in some respects are pharmacologically similar to squid axon potassium channels. We demonstrate that this procedure is a new tool that can be useful in the analysis of membrane currents in the heart.     

纳布啡在围手术期镇痛的研究进展

纳布啡是一种新型的菲族镇痛药,属于混合型阿片类受体激动/拮抗剂,可在脊髓水平激动κ受体发挥强效的镇痛效果,其镇痛作用起效迅速、药效持久、疗效确切;同时由于纳布啡独特的部分μ受体拮抗特性,使其与吗啡相比,在发挥镇痛作用的同时呼吸抑制轻、血流动力学平稳以及恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、成瘾性等不良反应发生率更低,因此,纳布啡在围手术期镇痛和临床麻醉等多个领域有着广阔的应用前景。现结合纳布啡独特的药代动力学、药理学特点及作用机制,对纳布啡在围手术期镇痛的研究进展作一综述,以期为临床上合理、有效镇痛提供理论参考和实践依据。     

Portable Optical Epidural Needle-A CMOS-Based System Solution and Its Circuit Design

Epidural anesthesia is a common anesthesia method yet up to 10% of procedures fail to provide adequate analgesia. This is usually due to misinterpreting the tactile information derived from the advancing needle through the complex tissue planes. Incorrect placement also can cause dural puncture and neural injury. We developed an optic system capable of reliably identifying tissue planes surrounding the epidural space. However the new technology was too large and cumbersome for practical clinical use. We present a miniaturized version of our optic system using chip technology (first generation CMOS-based system) for logic functions. The new system was connected to an alarm that was triggered once the optic properties of the epidural were identified. The aims of this study were to test our miniaturized system in a porcine model and describe the technology to build this new clinical tool. Our system was tested in a porcine model and identified the epidural space in the lumbar, low and high thoracic regions of the spine. The new technology identified the epidural space in all but 1 of 46 attempts. Experimental results from our fabricated integrated circuit and animal study show the new tool has future clinical potential.