天蚕素及其在植物抗病育种中的应用

天蚕素是一类广泛存在的小分子抗菌肽。从目前所鉴定的天蚕素来看,大多在体外有很强的抗（抑）菌作用,部分在体内也有很好的抗（抑）菌效果。随着对天蚕素及其抗（抑）菌作用机制研究的深入,利用天然、化学修饰的天蚕素基因,通过植物遗传转化途径,在植物抗病育种的研究中取得了很大进展。本文还对天蚕素能否在植物中实现功能性表达进行了探讨。     

抗菌肽天蚕素B基因在纳豆芽胞杆菌中的表达

抗菌肽是生物体内经诱导产生的一类具有生物活性的小分子多肽。天蚕素B(Cecropin B)是最早从天蚕体内分离得到的一种热稳定的可溶性多肽,在已分离的众多抗菌肽中抗性较强。纳豆芽胞杆菌具有优良的益生特性,本研究选择枯草芽胞杆菌的一种表达载体p HT43,将抗菌肽天蚕素B基因导入纳豆芽胞杆菌中,验证其在目的菌中是否能够表达和稳定传代以及进行抗菌活性分析。结果表明,天蚕素B基因在纳豆芽胞杆菌中表达,并能稳定传代,能够提高纳豆芽胞杆菌的抑菌活性,抗金黄色葡萄球菌的活性优于干酪乳杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌。本研究为该重组菌作为饲料添加剂的应用提供了技术基础。本文首次报道天蚕素B在纳豆枯草芽胞杆菌中表达。     

天蚕素类抗菌肽分子设计研究进展

天蚕素是一类由31~39个氨基酸残基组成的阳离子型线性α螺旋抗菌肽,具有抗细菌、抗真菌、抗病毒以及抑制肿瘤细胞等生物活性。天蚕素与传统抗生素作用机制不同,具有不易产生耐药性的特点,因此成为解决传统抗生素多重耐药性问题的一个新突破口。然而,天蚕素在抗菌活性、选择性、毒性以及稳定性等方面还存在诸多问题,并且天然天蚕素提取工艺复杂,成本较高,不适合大规模生产,其对细菌的高毒性也限制了原核工程菌的使用。近年来多肽分子设计的研究方法颇受青睐,为解决多肽物质诸多问题开辟了新的途径。针对天蚕素类抗菌肽研究过程中面临的主要问题综述了其分子设计的研究进展。     

漫谈植物杀菌素

平日,当人们切洋葱、韭菜,剥蒜皮时,往往会感到有一股辛辣味刺激眼睛;在采摘鲜艳的蕃茄时,又会闻到一种特有的芳香味.可是摘下的果实或叶子等,不久便会腐烂变质.这是什么道理呢?人们经过长期的探索与研究发现,原来在活的植物细胞内含有一种自卫免疫抗(抑)菌的特殊化学物质.这类物质既能杀灭细菌、真菌和原虫,又可增强机体的抗病能力.因此,人们把这类抗(抑)菌物质称为植物杀菌素. 植物杀菌素广布于植物界,木本、草本植物都有.有些树木的叶子中含有杀虫灭菌素,有     

家蚕天蚕素cDNA原核表达及抗菌活性检测

采用RT-PCR方法从家蚕Bombyx mori新疆品种新蚕三号组织中扩增天蚕素cDNA片段,回收并克隆至Pmd18-T载体,进行序列分析。基因序列分析结果与已发表的天蚕素B的序列同源性为98%,表明所克隆的新疆家蚕天蚕素cDNA为独特的cDNA片段。将天蚕素基因与Pgex-4T-1融合表达载体中的谷胱甘肽转移酶基因融合,在大肠杆菌中表达, 结果表明经IPTG 诱导30 min后,pGEX-4T-1/天蚕素转化后的大肠杆菌生长明显受到抑制;当诱导210 min 后,大肠杆菌数量又开始增加,逐渐恢复至正常水平。说明天蚕素与谷胱甘肽转移酶基因融合表达后,在IPTG存在的短时间内仍然对原核细胞有较强的抗菌抑杀作用。     

天蚕素A-马盖宁杂合肽对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌机制的研究

【目的】研究天蚕素A-马盖宁杂合肽对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)DNA作用的抑菌机制。【方法】利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)、凝胶阻滞分析、紫外光谱分析、荧光光谱分析的方法。【结果】天蚕素A-马盖宁杂合肽对MRSA的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为64 mg/L,杂合肽可以在细菌胞内形成累积,并能与体外基因组DNA发生结合作用。同时杂合肽可以引起DNA构象的改变,荧光光谱分析结果表明杂合肽能与溴化乙锭(EB)竞争性地嵌入基因组DNA中,作用方式类似于EB与DNA的结合方式,杂合肽与DNA的结合表现为混合式作用方式。【结论】天蚕素A-马盖宁进入细菌胞内,与MRSA基因组DNA结合,并以混合式作用方式与DNA发生了结合,通过胞内靶向机制发挥抑菌作用。     

杂合抗菌肽CecA-Mag的人工合成及其在Pichia pastoris中的分泌表达

根据抗菌肽天蚕素A(cecropinA,CA)N端第1~7个氨基酸残基,马盖宁(magainin,M)N端第2~12个氨基酸残基,以毕赤酵母偏爱的密码子设计合成了杂合肽CA(1~7)-M(2~12)基因,同载体pPICZα-A连接后转化Pichia pastoris受体菌SMD1168,在醇氧化酶(AOX)启动子调控下,分子量约1.9kDa的CecA-Mag杂合抗菌肽获得表达,抗菌特性研究表明,该表达产物具有广谱抗菌活性,对多数G-菌及G 菌均有较好的抑菌活性。初步抑菌活性测定,显示该杂合肽对金黄色葡萄球菌、耐氨苄青霉素的大肠杆菌及枯草芽孢杆菌有良好的抑杀活性。酸稳定实验显示pH为3.2时仍具有相当高的活性。热稳定性实验显示该杂合肽100℃加热5min后仍具有抑菌活性。这些特点使得重组抗菌肽CecA-mag在疾病防治和动物饲料添加剂等方面显露出很好的应用前景。     

基于序列分析的天蚕素A串连融合表达载体的构建

天蚕素A(Cecropin A,CA)是来源于惜古比天蚕(Hyalophoracecropia)的含有37个氨基酸的抗菌肽,在非极性环境中形成α螺旋型结构,具有抗菌活性强、抗菌谱广等特点。为降低天蚕素A对宿主的毒性及提高其表达丰度和稳定性,在序列分析的基础上设计了3条天蚕素A氨基酸序列,分别为CA19、CA36和CA210。根据大肠杆菌密码子的偏爱性分别合成相应的3对寡核苷酸链,并通过重叠PCR方法合成成熟肽CA。将含有CA19、CA36、CA210和CA1～5个拷贝基因的质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和BLR(DE3)PlysS,成功构建了串连融合表达载体,为下一步的抗菌活性及免疫表位的分析打下基础。     

昆虫抑性欲素研究进展

抑性欲素(anti-aphrodisiac)是雄性昆虫在交配过程中留给雌性的气味物质,该物质可以降低交配过的雌性对其它同种雄性的吸引力。本文综述了有抑性欲素研究报道的昆虫种类、抑性欲素对蝶类性行为的影响以及赤眼蜂对昆虫抑性欲素利用情况的研究进展。     

胡椒属植物抗血小板和抗血栓活性研究进展

在我国,药用的胡椒属植物中,约1/3具有活血功能。研究发现,二十种胡椒属植物的提取物显示出抗血小板聚集活性。目前,从11种胡椒属植物中发现了抗血小板活性化合物51个,主要包括生物碱(占47%)、木脂素(占24%)、苯丙素(占22%)等。其中,海风藤酮、丁香酚、羟基胡椒酚乙酸酯等的抗血小板活性较为显著,pellitorine、荜茇酰胺、荜茇宁和丁香酚等表现出了体内抗凝及抗血栓活性。有必要在胡椒属化学成分抗血栓作用机制及抗血栓新靶点的活性筛选上,进行更深入的研究。     

杀菌肽的研究进展及应用前景

杀菌肽是在昆虫体内诱导产生的一类具有强抗菌活性的、由30多个氨基酸组成的多肽.它的特殊空间结构可以使原核细胞膜形成孔洞,导致细胞死亡,对真核细胞膜却无此作用.哺乳动物体内亦存在类似的有抗菌活性的多肽,杀菌肽因其广谱杀菌活性而引起了植物学家和医学家的注意.已被用于植物抗病原菌和医学研究.     

Insect immunity: isolation and structure of cecropins B and D from pupae of the Chinese oak silk moth, Antheraea pernyi

The immune system in the Chinese oak silk moth, Antheraea pernyi, has been compared with that of the Cecropia moth which has been characterized earlier. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was induced in diapausing pupae by injection of viable E. coli or Enterobacter cloacae. The activity reached a maximum on day 7-8 after which the response gradually declined. The pupae produced a set of immune proteins with P4 and P5 as major labelled components similar to that earlier found in Cecropia. The major antibacterial factor in A. pernyi was cecropin D. A procedure is described for the isolation of cecropin B and D, which is in principle similar to the one used for the isolation of the corresponding cecropins from Cecropia pupae. Amino acid sequence analyses of the A. pernyi cecropins show the D form to contain 36 amino acid residues and that both cecropins have blocked C-termini. The general structure of cecropins having a charged N-terminal region (residues 1-21) followed by a long hydrophobic stretch (residues 22-32) is well conserved. Cecropin B and D from A. pernyi differ from the corresponding proteins in Cecropia by four and three conservative amino acid replacements, respectively. The homology between the cecropins from the two insects suggests that they orginate from a single ancestral gene. The antibacterial activity was tested against nine different bacterial species. Evolutionary aspects of the cecropins are discussed.     

Drosophila cecropin as an antifungal agent

The effects of Drosophila and Hyalophora cecropins were tested against different fungi, both insect pathogens and fungi from the normal environment of Drosophila. The fungi were generally found to be as susceptible to the cecropins as most bacteria, the only exception being the insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana which is completely resistant. This is also the only fungus tested which is virulent to Drosophila, giving 100% lethality within 5 days after injection. Lethal concentrations of cecropins against other fungi tested ranged between 0.4 and 4 microM. Andropin is less fungicidal than the cecropins, and Drosophila cecropin A is somewhat more potent than cecropin B. Even dense cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be cleared by micromolar concentrations of cecropin, whereas Geotrichum candidum is unaffected by cecropin when tested in a dense culture.     

家蝇微生物感染对RNA干扰GNBP3基因的作用

为了研究家蝇Musca domestica微生物感染对RNA干扰GNBP3基因的作用,评价微生物感染后对下游抗菌肽水平的影响,本研究用RNA干扰技术沉默家蝇GNBP3基因探索最佳沉默时间及效果,检测RNA干扰后家蝇幼虫存活及化蛹情况,通过微生物喂食途径感染,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测抗菌肽基因(cecropins、...     

The inducible antibacterial peptides of insects

Insects respond to bacterial challenge by the rapid and transient synthesis of a large number of potent antibacterial peptides that are active against many different bacteria. Two families of inducible antibacterial peptides are well characterized: the cecropins and the insect defensins. A rapidly increasing number of proline- and glycine-rich peptides are reported from various insect species together with cecropins and insect defensins. In this review, Stéphane Cociancich, Philippe Bulet, Charles Hetru and Jules A. Hoffmann give an update of our current information on the induced antibacterial peptides.     

Anti-antimicrobial Peptides: FOLDING-MEDIATED HOST DEFENSE ANTAGONISTS*

Antimicrobial or host defense peptides are innate immune regulators found in all multicellular organisms. Many of them fold into membrane-bound α-helices and function by causing cell wall disruption in microorganisms. Herein we probe the possibility and functional implications of antimicrobial antagonism mediated by complementary coiled-coil interactions between antimicrobial peptides and de novo designed antagonists: anti-antimicrobial peptides. Using sequences from native helical families such as cathelicidins, cecropins, and magainins we demonstrate that designed antagonists can co-fold with antimicrobial peptides into functionally inert helical oligomers. The properties and function of the resulting assemblies were studied in solution, membrane environments, and in bacterial culture by a combination of chiroptical and solid-state NMR spectroscopies, microscopy, bioassays, and molecular dynamics simulations. The findings offer a molecular rationale for anti-antimicrobial responses with potential implications for antimicrobial resistance.