姜黄素对抗高脂饮食诱导SD 大鼠血脂水平升高及改善血管内皮依赖 性舒张功能的研究

目的:观察高脂饮食对SD大鼠血脂水平及胸主动脉环舒张功能的影响及姜黄素对以上改变的影响。方法:健康SD大鼠30只,分高脂饮食组(10只)、正常饮食对照组、高脂饮食+姜黄素组(10只),大鼠行适应性饲养1周后分别给予高脂饮食及正常饮食;于实验开始时、10周及实验结束前测各组大鼠体重,20周后取血测定血清血脂浓度,取胸主动脉测定血管环舒张功能。结果:①高脂饮食喂养的大鼠体重明显高于其他各组大鼠,姜黄素可明显对抗高脂饮食导致的体重升高。②与对照组比较,高脂饮食组TC、TG、LDL-C明显升高(P<0.01和P<0.05);③与正常对照组及姜黄素对照组比较,高脂饮食组胸主动脉环的内皮依赖性舒张功能显著减弱(P<0.05)。结论:①SD大鼠给予高脂饮食后使大鼠血脂水平明显升高,胸主动脉环内皮依赖性舒张功能显著减弱。②姜黄素具有防治高脂饮食导致的血脂升高及改善高脂饮食导致的血管内皮依赖性的舒张功能减退。     

罗格列酮对胰岛素抵抗高血压大鼠主动脉功能的影响

为探讨罗格列酮(rosiglitazone,ROSI)对胰岛素抵抗高血压大鼠(insulin resistant-hypertensive rats,IRHR)主动脉功能的影响及其可能机制,用高果糖饲养Sprague-Dawley大鼠8周,制备IRHR模型,并通过相关指标的检测判断造模是否成功。随后采用血管环灌流方法,观察各实验组动物离体胸主动脉环对新福林(L-phenylephrine,PE)、氯化钾(KCl)的收缩反应和对乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,ACh)、硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)的舒张反应：以及用一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)的抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,L-NAME)预孵育血管30min后,主动脉环对ACh的舒张反应：同时对各实验组血清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的含量进行测定。结果显示：(1)罗格列酮能降低IRHR的收缩压、血清胰岛素水平,改善胰岛素抵抗。(2)高果糖组动物主动脉对PE、KCl的收缩反应明显增强,对ACh的舒张反应明显减弱,ROSI可逆转上述作用。(3)用L-NAME预处理后,高果糖组动物主动脉对ACh的舒张反应进一步减弱,ROSI可部分对抗上述作用。(4)各组大鼠离体主动脉对SNP的舒张反应无显著性差异。(5)ROSI对对照组大鼠主动脉功能的影响不明显。(6)与对照组相比,高果糖组动物血清NO含量显著降低,用ROSI处理后,血清NO含量显著增加。上述结果表明,ROSI能改善IRHR主动脉的舒张功能,其作用的机制可能是部分通过NOS途径促进内皮NO释放,或是通过降低血压、血清胰岛素水平,以及改善胰岛素抵抗等作用,导致血管舒张。     

黄芪苷Ⅳ对微囊泡损伤的大鼠胸主动脉环舒张功能的保护作用

目的：以缺氧/复氧诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）释放的微囊泡（H/R-EMVs）处理大鼠胸主动脉环,造成其舒张功能损伤,探究黄芪苷Ⅳ（AST）对大鼠胸主动脉环舒张功能的影响及相关机制。方法：采用缺氧12 h/复氧4 h的方法诱导体外培养的HUVECs产生MVs,H/R-EMVs保存于D-Hank's液中备用。雄性Wistar大鼠开胸取出胸主动脉,制备3~4 mm宽、内皮完整的胸主动脉环。实验分为6组：H/R-EMVs组,在孵育胸主动脉环的培养基中加入H/R-EMVs,使其终浓度为10μg/ml;不同剂量AST组分别采用10、20、40、60 mg/L AST与10μg/ml H/R-EMVs共同孵育胸主动脉环;对照组给予等体积的D-Hank's溶液。孵育时间为4 h,每组各测定5个血管环。观察AST对舒张功能的影响,检测一氧化氮（NO）含量及t-eNOS、p-eNOS、t-Akt、p-Akt、ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2蛋白质水平。结果：H/R-EMVs对大鼠胸主动脉环舒张功能有明显的抑制作用（P<0.01）。与H/R-EMVs组相比,AST 20、40和60 mg/L组剂量依赖性地提高大鼠胸主动脉环的舒张率（P<0.01）,使NO含量增加（P<0.05,P<0.01）;t-eNOS、t-Akt和ERK1/2蛋白质水平不变,p-eNOS、p-Akt和p-ERK1/2蛋白质水平增高（P<0.01）。结论：AST可显著改善H/REMVs损伤的大鼠胸主动脉环的舒张功能,其机制与提高NO含量及增加p-eNOS、p-Akt和p-ERK1/2蛋白质水平有关。     

17β-雌二醇对去卵巢胰岛素抵抗大鼠主动脉舒缩功能损伤的保护作用

为观察17β-雌二醇（17beta-estradiol,17β-E2）对去卵巢胰岛素抵抗（insulin resistance,IR）大鼠主动脉结构和舒缩功能的影响及其可能机制,成年雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠卵巢切除后,高果糖喂养8周诱导IR,同时给予生理剂量的17β-E2（30μg／kg）,每天皮下注射一次,并检测IR相关指标。大鼠胸主动脉石蜡切片,HE染色,图像分析系统测定其结构。采用血管环灌流法,观察各组大鼠胸主动脉环对新福林（L-phenylephrine,PE）的收缩反应和对ACh、硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside,SNP）的舒张反应以及一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲脂（N-nitrl-L-arginine methylester,L-NAME）对卵巢切除＋果糖喂养＋17β-E2组大鼠胸主动脉ACh的舒张反应的影响;检测各组大鼠一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）含量。结果显示：（1）17β-E2能防止高果糖诱导的去卵巢IR人鼠收缩压升高、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素敏感性下降;（2）各组火鼠胸主动脉的结构无显著性差异;（3）卵巢切除＋果糖喂养组大鼠与卵巢切除组或果糖喂养组相比,血清NO显著降低,胸主动脉对PE的收缩反应显著增强,对ACh的舒张反应显著降低,17β-E2能逆转上述改变,L-NAME可部分阻断17β-E2的这种作用;（4）各组大鼠胸主动脉对SNP的舒张反应和去内皮后对PE的收缩反应均无显著差异。以上结果表明,17β-E2能抑制高果糖诱导的去卵巢IR大鼠血管舒缩功能的紊乱,其机制一方面可能是部分通过血管内皮细胞NOS途径促进NO的释放,保护内皮细胞;另一方面可能是通过降低血压,血清胰岛素水平,改善IR所致。     

银杏叶提取物抗实验性血栓模型大鼠的作用及机制

目的:研究银杏叶提取物对血栓模型大鼠血栓形成,血小板聚集及血浆中一氧化氮(NO),环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)和前列环素(PGI2)的影响.方法:100只SD雄性大鼠随机分为5组,分别ig给予5gL-1的CMC-Na,100mg.Kg-1阿司匹林(Asp),42,21,10.5mg.Kg-1银杏叶提取物连续4w.建立大鼠动静脉旁路血栓模型,观察药物时血栓形成的影响,比浊法观察对ADP诱导的血小板聚集的作用,按试剂盒方法检测药物对血浆中NO,cGMP,PGI2的影响.结果:银杏叶提取物可显著抑制血栓形成和血小板聚集率,升高血浆中NO,cGMP,PGI2浓度,高剂量组效果优于阿司匹林组.结论:银杏叶提取物具有抗血栓作用.     

β_3肾上腺素能受体对大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌舒缩活动的影响及其机制

目的:观察激动β_3-肾上腺素能受体(β_3-AR)对大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌舒缩活动的影响及其可能机制。方法:30 mmol/L高钾生理盐溶液预收缩去内皮大鼠离体胸主动脉后,观察β_3肾上腺素能受体激动剂BRL37344(BRL)对主动脉舒缩活动的影响。用SR59230A(SR)、普萘洛尔(Pra)、L-NNA、H-89以及Iberiotoxin(IBTX)预孵主动脉平滑肌,探讨其可能存在的作用机制;应用免疫组织化学法,观察β_3-AR在大鼠胸主动脉的分布。结果:1BRL对预收缩的去内皮大鼠胸主动脉产生显著的舒张作用,舒张百分比为(10.59±0.79)%;2大鼠胸主动脉组织切片中可以观察到β_3-AR在内皮和平滑肌层都有表达;3给予Pra后,BRL对血管的舒张百分比无显著性变化;SR能明显拮抗BRL的血管舒张作用;4用L-NNA阻断NOS或者H-89抑制PKA后,BRL对血管的舒张作用有不同程度的减弱;5 IBTX阻断大电导钙依赖性钾通道后,BRL对血管的舒张作用减小。结论:激动β_3-AR产生血管舒张作用,平滑肌β_3-AR的作用与NOS以及PKA信号转导途径有关,是通过影响大电导Ca~(2+)依赖性钾通道(BK通道)来实现的。     

大、小动脉内皮细胞乙酰胆碱作用靶标药理学特性的比较

目的 :比较大、小动脉内皮细胞乙酰胆碱作用靶标药理学特性的差异。方法 :采用大鼠尾动脉螺旋状血管条和主动脉离体血管环两种组织 ,对比观察乙酰胆碱 (ACh)诱发大、小动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应特征的差异 ,从而进一步研究小动脉内皮细胞乙酰胆碱作用靶标的药理学特性。结果 :氯化钾 (6 0mmol/L)预致血管收缩的尾动脉和主动脉对不同浓度ACh (10 -8～ 10 -4mol/L)产生内皮依赖性舒张反应 ,且呈剂量依赖性。L Nω 硝基精氨酸甲酯 (L NAME :10 -4mol/L)或美蓝 (MB :10 -5mol/L)与吲哚美辛 (Indo :10 -4mol/L)联用仅可部分地阻断ACh诱发尾动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应 ;而L NAME或MB可完全阻断ACh诱发主动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应。结论 :ACh激活大、小动脉上内皮细胞乙酰胆碱作用靶标诱发内皮依赖性舒张反应的药理学性质不同 ,在小动脉上 ,除了NO和PGI2介导外 ,还有一种非NO和非PGI2 的舒血管因子参与 ;在大动脉上 ,内皮依赖性舒张反应主要由NO介导     

白细胞介素-2改善糖尿病大鼠血管内皮依赖性舒张功能

目的：研究白细胞介素-2（interleukin-2,IL-2）对链脲佐菌素诱导的早期I型糖尿病大鼠离体胸主动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响及其可能机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠（200-250g）,随机分成正常对照组,IL-2对照组,糖尿病模型组,低剂量IL-2（5×10^3U·kg^-1·d^-1Sc）处理组,高剂量IL-2（5×10^4U·kg^-1·d^-1Sc）处理组。各组大鼠饲养5周后,取胸主动脉离体灌流并通过PowerLab生物信号采集系统记录张力变化,检测其对乙酰胆碱（ACh）诱导的内皮依赖性舒张反应,及对硝普钠（SNP）诱导的非内皮依赖性舒张反应。并测定血清一氧化氮（NO）含量、总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性。结果：IL-2处理后对糖尿病大鼠血糖无明显影响,但能减少糖尿病引起的体重下降。糖尿病模型组胸主动脉对ACh诱导的舒张反应明显减弱,IL-2能明显改善糖尿病胸主动脉的这一内皮依赖性舒张反应;各组对SNP诱导的非内皮依赖性舒张反应无显著差异。糖尿病大鼠血清No水平显著降低,IL-2处理后能明显提高血清NO水平。但是IL-2处理并不能有效抑制糖尿病大鼠血清SOD及GSH-PX活性的下降。结论：IL-2处理糖尿病大鼠5周后,能显著改善糖尿病大鼠主动脉对ACh诱导的内皮依赖性舒张反应,这可能与其改善内皮功能有关,但与改变抗氧化能力无关。     

增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯致血管内皮功能损伤及其机制

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)是一种常用的增塑剂,在环境中广泛存在.DBP可以经口、呼吸吸入、皮肤接触、医疗暴露等途径进入人体.已报道DBP具有多种生物毒性,包括遗传毒性、神经毒性、生殖毒性和免疫毒性等.本研究以大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)和小鼠(Mus musculus)胸主动脉以及牛(Bovine)主动脉血管内皮细胞为研究对象,揭示增塑剂DBP对血管内皮功能的影响.实验分别采用不同浓度的DBP(0,5,25μmol/L)对大鼠和小鼠胸主动脉进行体外孵育,采用血管张力仪检测血管舒张功能的变化.分别采用一氧化氮(NO)探针和活性氧簇(ROS)探针,检测血管内皮细胞内NO和ROS含量.实时定量PCR和蛋白免疫印迹技术检测DBP对血管内皮细胞NLRP3炎症小体的激活作用.结果表明,DBP浓度依赖性损伤大鼠和小鼠血管舒张功能;在培养的内皮细胞中,DBP减少了NO的释放,增加了ROS的含量;DBP能够激活内皮细胞NLRP3炎症小体,且ROS清除剂二联苯碘能够抑制DBP引起的NLRP3炎症小体的激活,改善DBP引起的血管舒张功能障碍.上述结果提示,增塑剂DBP对血管内皮功能的损伤可能与ROS引起的NLRP3炎症小体的激活以及NO释放减少有关.     

慢性心力衰竭大鼠主动脉舒缩功能的变化及其机制

为探讨心力衰竭诱导的血管舒缩功能紊乱的相关机制,本实验对心梗后大鼠慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)模型胸主动脉血管环的舒缩功能变化及可能的病理学机制进行了研究。将Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为两组:假手术(sham)组和慢性心衰(CHF)组。通过冠脉结扎法制作大鼠CHF模型。手术10周后,检测大鼠血流动力学指标及相关参数,之后迅速取出心脏并称重,TTC染色法检测心梗面积。制备大鼠胸主动脉环,利用敏感的肌张力描记技术,比较sham组和CHF组胸主动脉环的舒缩功能,观察血管环对KCl、CaCl2、苯肾上腺素(phenyle phrine,PE)和咖啡因(caffeine)的收缩反应以及对乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,ACh)的舒张反应。并进一步研究一氧化氮合酶(nitricoxide synthase,NOS)抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(N-nitrl-L-arginine methylester,L-NAME)和非选择性环氧合酶(cyclooxy genase,COX)抑制剂吲哚美辛(indomethacin,Indo)对两组胸主动脉环ACh的反应曲线的影响。结果显示:(1)与sham组相比,CHF组大鼠胸主动脉环对血管收缩剂KCl(5～100mmol/L)和PE(1×10-8～3×10-4mol/L)的反应性明显提高,对血管舒张剂ACh(1×10-12～1×10-4mol/L)的反应性显著性降低(P0.01,P0.05);(2)L-NAME(1mmol/L)预处理后,CHF组血管对ACh(1×10-7～1×10-4mol/L)介导的内皮依赖性收缩明显增强(P0.05),加入Indo(10μmol/L)后该现象消失;(3)与Indo未处理组相比,Indo(10μmol/L)预处理后,CHF组血管对ACh(1×10-12～1×10-4mol/L)介导的舒张反应明显增强(P0.05);(4)在无钙K-H液中,与sham组相比,CHF组血管对CaCl2(1×10-4～3×10-2mol/L)介导的钙依赖性收缩曲线明显左移(P0.05);caffeine(30mmol/L)诱导的血管收缩未见显著性变化。以上结果表明,CHF大鼠的胸主动脉血管环收缩异常与内皮功能障碍有关,其机制可能是通过血管内皮细胞COX途径提高内皮收缩因子,和(或)通过电压依赖性钙通道增加外钙流入引起血管收缩性能提高。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.