乌鲁木齐妇女乳腺自查行为与认知现况分析

目的:了解乌鲁木齐妇女乳腺自查行为及认知情况。方法:采用自行设计的问卷对2041名来我院进行妇女病普查的受访者进行乳腺自查行为与认知情况调查。结果:定期、不定期、从不做乳腺自查的比例分别为28.7%、53%、18.3%。定期做乳腺自查受访者对相关知识认知情况较好于其它组,定期自查的受访者的乳腺自检各条目应答率高于不定期自查受访者。结论:乌鲁木齐妇女的乳腺自查率有待提高,自查行为存在不规律、不规范现象,应加强由医务人员主导的健康教育。     

中国不同地区疾控机构青年职工饮食行为分析

目的：分析我国不同地区疾控机构青年职工饮食行为差异。方法：采用整群抽样的方法，对全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆建设兵团省级疾控机构40岁及以下职工共计6 099人，以网络问卷的形式开展膳食调查。按照经济发展状况分成东、中、西部和东北地区，比较不同地区疾控机构青年职工饮食行为差异。结果：东部地区达到谷薯类推荐摄入量的比例为43.5%，中部地区达到肉类推荐摄入量的比例为45.2%，西部地区受访者不吃水产的比例为18.2%，均显著高于其他地区（P<0.05）。西部地区受访者外就餐/外卖次数≥6次/周的比例为29.0%，东北地区受访者不吃早餐≥5次/周的比例为15.7%，西部地区受访者每日都吃早餐的比例为72.6%，西部地区受访者摄入含糖饮料≥4瓶/周的比例为20.7%，结果均显著高于其他地区（P<0.05）。结论：不同地区疾控青年职工饮食行为存在差异，部分地区存在饮食行为不合理情况，应针对性的加强健康宣教。     

关于临床上抗生素合理使用的研究

目的:探讨如何实现临床治疗抗生素的合理使用。方法:对现今医疗使用抗生素的情况进行研究,找出其中存在的问题以及问题产生的原因,并进一步探讨如何实现临床抗生素的合理使用。结果:进过调查发现,医院各科室在治疗中使用抗生素的频率为42%~89%,隐藏着滥用抗生素情况。结论:为保障患者的治疗过程更加安全、可靠,医师在选择使用抗生素时必须要慎重,这样才能实现抗生素在医疗中使用的合理化。     

英德市吸毒人群艾滋病知识知晓情况及影响因素分析

目的了解英德市吸毒人群艾滋病知识知晓率及其影响因素,为制定吸毒人群行为干预措施提供科学依据。方法对英德市强制戒毒所内的吸毒者进行面对面问卷调查。结果吸毒者以男性为主,占94.88%;年龄以20～39岁为主,占76.36%;文化程度(初中及以下)为主,占90.58%,静脉注射吸毒者占69.09%,其中33.73%吸毒时共用注射器;3.86%与固定性伴发生性行为时每次均用安全套;28.93%发生过商业性行为,27.43%发生商业性行为时每次均用安全套;艾滋病知识知晓率为75.87%,文化程度初中及其以下、年龄20～39岁、同居和接受过艾滋病知识教育是影响吸毒人群艾滋病知识知晓率的主要因素。结论英德市吸毒人群对艾滋病防治知识知晓率较低,高危行为发生较严重,应在吸毒人群中开展艾滋病知识的健康教育和行为干预,遏制艾滋病在该人群的传播或由该人群向一般人群扩散。     

环境价值评估中的WTP值和WTA值测算与非对称性——以广西北部湾经济区滨海生态环境保护为例

基于广西北部湾经济区4城市940位受访者的问卷调查结果,采用 logit模型对这些受访者保护滨海优良生态环境的最大支付意愿(WTP)和接受的最小赔偿意愿(WTA)进行了测算,其结果显示:5年内的WTP期望值为450.17元 a^-1 户^-1, WTA期望值为5772.71元 a^-1 户^-1,WTA/WTP比值为12.8倍,表现出非常明显的非对称性特征,但基本符合国内外在该领域的实证结果。通过对同一受访者支付意愿和接受赔偿意愿的交叉分析,可知WTP和WTA同时不为0的受访者有276人,占总抽样人次的29.4%,其WTA/WTP比值为12.54,与logit模型测算的WTA/WTP比值非常接近,从一侧面更准确地反映了这一群体对环境物品估值的差异性,同时也可反映logit模型测算的可靠性。基于行为经济学的前景理论分析,发现研究中的受访者存在厌恶损失效应、框架效应和对预期不确定风险的规避行为,同时受访者还存在明显的搭便车行为。通过对受访者的情境因素分析,发现其中2个情境因素对受访者选择WTP和WTA具有较大影响,主要表现为惩罚效应,尤其是经济收入满意度情境因素对受访者的经济行为影响显著,而另3个情境因素未表现出有规律性的影响。     

黑龙江省乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查分析

为了掌握黑龙江省乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(HBV)流行现状和人群免疫水平,评价我省儿童乙肝疫苗预防接种效果,为制订乙肝预防控制策略提供依据。采用横断面调查方法,选择全省7个国家级疾病监测点,在每个监测点随机抽取2个乡级单位,1～59岁作为目标人群共调查3337名人群。黑龙江省1～59岁人群乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性率、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)阳性率和乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)阳性率经标化后为5.65%、55.45%、30.50%,1～3岁人群乙肝表面抗原阳性率明显低于15～59岁人群。1～3岁、4～10岁和11～14岁人群乙肝疫苗全程接种率为99.43%、89.40%和64.81%;首针及时接种率分别为86.64%、75.57%和49.87。城市和农村HbsAg阳性率分别为3.26%和5.04%。医院出生儿童乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率高于在家出生儿童。结果显示接种乙肝疫苗可明显提高抗-HBs阳性率,提高人群对HBV的免疫保护能力,降低HBsAg携带率。     

上海市产科和妇保医务人员对孕产妇产后抑郁和精神分裂症的识别情况调查

目的：了解现阶段上海市产科和妇保专业人员对孕产妇常见心理行为问题的识别率及处理方法。方法：共有332例上海市产科和妇保专业人员完成了《孕产妇常见心理行为问题案例分析》。该问卷包括2个案例,第一个为产后抑郁症,第二个为精神分裂症。每个案例后设置了同样的3个相关问题,分别为最可能的诊断、需要补充的资料和最合适的处理。结果：调查对象中91.0%能够正确识别产后抑郁症;多数受访者（81.9%）能够意识到信息不够,需要补充选项所列全部资料,10.8%的受访者只关心孕产期相关因素;18.1%的受访者选择转入精神科专科机构接受住院治疗。调查对象中仅13.9%能够正确识别精神分裂症,高达69.9%的受访者将其误判为产后抑郁症;78.3%认为需要补充选项所列全部资料;有24.7%的受访者认为目前最合适的处理方法是转入精神科专科机构接受住院治疗。医生比护士和助产士对孕产妇常见心理行为问题的识别能力高,二级医院的识别率比三级医院高。结论：上海市产科和妇保专业人员对产后抑郁症的识别率较高,但对精神分裂症的识别率还有待提高,且对孕产妇心理行为问题的处理方式不够恰当。职业类型（医生、护士或助产士）和单位级别为识别率的影响因素。     

肾移植术后抗生素预防性使用与绿脓杆菌的定植及感染

本文就肾移植术后的预防性抗生素使用与控制咽部绿脓杆菌的定值及其感染作了前瞻性研究。36例上述病人分为常规抗生素治疗和改进治疗两组各18人。肾移植术后常规治疗组病人咽部定植绿脓杆菌的16人(88.89%),发生绿脓杆菌继发感染的7人,感染率为38.89%。改进治疗组中,18例病人咽部定植绿脓杆菌的5人(27.78%),发生感染的1人,感染率为5.56%,此组患者感染明显低于常规治疗组(P<0.05)。绿脓杆菌的血清型83.15%为第四群6型。质粒分析表明咽部定植绿脓杆菌的同感染灶上的绿脓杆菌具有相同的质粒图谱。作者认为:肾移植术后预防性使用抗生素可以有效地预防术后感染,但必须控制抗生素的疗程和剂量,否则将会导致机体正常菌群微生态平衡失调,耐药性绿脓杆菌定植于局部,极易造成感染的爆发.     

北京市西城区居民食品安全知识、态度与行为状况分析

目的：了解北京市西城区居民食品安全知识、态度及行为状况,为开展食品安全知识健康教育和行为干预提供科学依据。方法：采取按容量等比例概率抽样法,确定50个居委会,采取自制调查问卷,对890名常住居民进行调查,整理数据并进行统计学分析。结果：被调查的居民食品安全知识正确回答率为76%,食品安全知识结构不均衡,被调查居民食品安全添加剂、食品监管知识正答率较低,特别是食品安全添加剂正答率仅为42%。居民的食品安全行为总体正答率为81%。低学历和低收入人群的食品安全知识、行为正答率相对偏低。结论：北京市西城区居民食品安全知识已经达到一定水平,但仍有进一步提升的空间。有关部门应针对重点人群广泛开展多种形式的食品安全宣传教育,引导群众树立正确的食品安全态度,逐步形成健康的自觉的食品安全行为。     

城市居民对城市近自然园林的态度——以武汉市洪山区为例

近自然园林是一种可持续发展的园林建设理念,市民在多大程度上了解和接受近自然园林理念是决定其能否成功应用于实践的关键.通过半结构访谈式调查,研究了武汉市洪山区市民对园林近自然设计和管理的态度,并探讨受访者社会经济特征及其对近自然园林态度的影响.结果表明:研究区赞同园林近自然设计和管理各项措施的人数比例偏低,支持率分别为10.3%~46.9%和7.4%~34.9%;市民对园林近自然设计的态度主要受受访者年龄的影响,受访者对近自然管理的态度与年龄、受教育程度和所从事职业呈显著的相关性.市民重视绿地视觉效果,欣赏干净、整洁的绿地环境是导致他们对近自然园林支持率偏低的直接原因,是否具备相关生态学知识和较强的环境保护意识是影响市民对近自然园林态度的根本原因.通过建立近自然园林示范基地和加强近自然园林理念及相关生态学知识的宣传等措施可促使大部分市民接受并支持近自然园林建设.     

The impact of socio-demographic and religious factors upon sexual behavior among Ugandan university students

Introduction

More knowledge is needed about structural factors in society that affect risky sexual behaviors. Educational institutions such as universities provide an opportune arena for interventions among young people. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sociodemographic and religious factors and their impact on sexual behavior among university students in Uganda.

Methods

In 2005, 980 university students (response rate 80%) were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Validated instruments were used to assess socio-demographic and religious factors and sexual behavior. Logistic regression analyses were applied.

Results

Our findings indicated that 37% of the male and 49% of the female students had not previously had sex. Of those with sexual experience, 46% of the males and 23% of the females had had three or more sexual partners, and 32% of the males and 38% of the females did not consistently use condoms. For those who rated religion as less important in their family, the probability of early sexual activity and having had a high number of lifetime partners increased by a statistically significant amount (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2–2.4 and OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1–2.3, respectively). However, the role of religion seemed to have no impact on condom use. Being of Protestant faith interacted with gender: among those who had debuted sexually, Protestant female students were more likely to have had three or more lifetime partners; the opposite was true for Protestant male students.

Conclusion

Religion emerged as an important determinant of sexual behavior among Ugandan university students. Our findings correlate with the increasing number of conservative religious injunctions against premarital sex directed at young people in many countries with a high burden. of HIV/AIDS. Such influence of religion must be taken into account in order to gain a deeper understanding of the forces that shape sexual behavior in Uganda.     

High Risk Sexual Behaviors for HIV among the In-School Youth in Swaziland: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Background

Global efforts in response to the increased prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are mainly aimed at reducing high risk sexual behaviors among young people. However, knowledge regarding intentions of young people to engage in protective sexual behaviors is still lacking in many countries around the world, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus is the highest. The objective of this study was to test the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for predicting factors associated with protective sexual behaviors, including sexual abstinence and condom use, among in-school youths aged between 15 and 19 years in Swaziland.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey was conducted using a anonymous questionnaire. A two-stage stratified and cluster random sampling method was used. Approximately one hundred pupils from each of four schools agreed to participate in the study, providing a total sample size of 403 pupils of which 369 were ultimately included for data analysis. The response rate was 98%. Structural equation modeling was used to analyse hypothesized paths.

Results

The TPB model used in this study was effective in predicting protective sexual behavior among Swazi in-school youths, as shown by model fit indices. All hypothesized constructs significantly predicted intentions for abstinence and condom use, except perceived abstinence controls. Subjective norms were the strongest predictors of intention for premarital sexual abstinence; however, perceived controls for condom use were the strongest predictors of intention for condom use.

Conclusions

Our findings support application of the model in predicting determinants of condom use and abstinence intentions among Swazi in-school youths.     

Knowledge and Attitudes towards Antibiotic Use and Resistance - A Latent Class Analysis of a Swedish Population-Based Sample

BackgroundIn 2006, a study investigating knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic use and resistance in Sweden, indicated high level of knowledge but also areas in need of improvement.Objective(i) To provide an update on the knowledge and attitudes to antibiotic use and resistance of the Swedish population, and (ii) to identify which groups within the population are in particular need of improved knowledge or attitudes.MethodsA questionnaire was sent by post in 2013 to 2,500 randomly-selected individuals aged 18–74, living in Sweden. Latent class analyses were conducted to group respondents based on their responses. The association between socio-demographic characteristics and the probability of belonging to each latent class was assessed.ResultsThe response rate was 57%. Ninety-four per cent of the responders knew that bacteria could become resistant to antibiotics and the majority answered correctly to the questions regarding antibiotic resistance development. The respondents expressed confidence in doctors who decided not to prescribe antibiotics. Three latent classes related to ‘knowledge regarding antibiotic use and resistance’, two regarding ‘attitudes towards antibiotic accessibility and infection prevention’ and three regarding ‘attitudes towards antibiotic use and effects’ were revealed. Men, younger and more educated people were more knowledgeable but males had a less restrictive attitude. Respondents with high levels of knowledge on antibiotics were more likely to have appropriate restrictive attitudes to antibiotics.ConclusionKnowledge on antibiotic use and resistance is maintained high and has improved in Sweden compared to 2006. People with lower education and elderly are especially in need of improved knowledge about antibiotic use and resistance.     

We rely on the common sense of young people

The principles of the primary prophylaxis, analogous to the program "Harm Reduction", are presented. The basis for placing this work on broad footing was the rapid assessment of the situation with the use of narcotic drugs in the city (the number of users exceeded 10,000 per 238,000 inhabitants) with a tendency towards a sharp decrease of the age of the users (9-13 years). The experience of work on the training of medical personnel, directly contacting with blood and thus considered to be a risk group, taking into account risky professional behavior (potentially dangerous), was accumulated. The training activities among students of medical schools proved to be effective. They became the best volunteers and leaders among young people. Adolescents aged 14-18 years were enlisted as volunteers: they worked in different places usually attended by young people and invited drug addicts to the anonymous examination room. The role of local mass media in educating the public on of the problems of the prevention of HIV infection is discussed. As a result, the activation of the youth movement in support of the program "Anti-AIDS" and an increase in the number of people in target groups coming to the anonymous examination room are noted.     

The road will be mastered by the walker

Anonymous questioning by the distribution of questionnaires among 1,600 young people (68.9% of them were city dwellers, 31.1% were villagers) was carried out. The questioning covered 1,079 adolescents aged 12-16 years (67.3%), 501 young people aged 16-19 years (31.3%) and 20 respondents aged 19-23 years (1.4%). The analysis of answers to questionnaires indicated that all respondents had the same level of knowledge on the subject, but the information they possessed was not duly analyzed and had no influence on their own behavior. It should be pointed out that 1% of persons aged 12-19 years took drugs by intravenous injection. These data, as well as other materials, gave grounds for the development of a new educational program on the prophylaxis of HIV/AIDS/STD and its introduction in 1997. The program is intended for a school course of 6 years (forms 6-11) and must provide adolescents with reliable and comprehensible information, conductive to the formation of a healthy mode of life.     

The variability and volatility of sleep: An ARCHetypal behavior

Using 1975–2005 Dutch time-diary data covering over 10,000 respondents for 7 consecutive days each, we show that sleep time exhibits non-constant variability, or volatility, characterized by stationary autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity: The absolute values of deviations from a person’s average sleep on one day are positively correlated with those on adjacent days. Sleep is more variable on weekends and among younger people, those without young children, or with less education. Volatility is greater among parents with young children, slightly greater among men, but independent of other demographics. Economic incentives to minimize the dispersion of sleep imply higher-wage workers will exhibit less dispersion, which we observe. Sleep volatility spills over onto volatility in other personal activities, with no reverse causation onto sleep. The results illustrate a novel dimension of inequality among people and could be applied to a wide variety of human behavior and biological processes.     

Health Risks in Same-Sex Attracted Ugandan University Students: Evidence from Two Cross-Sectional Studies

Widespread discrimination across much of sub-Saharan Africa against persons with same-sex sexuality, including recent attempts in Uganda to extend criminal sanctions against same-sex behavior, are likely to have profound effects on this group’s health, health care access, and well-being. Yet knowledge of the prevalence of same-sex sexuality in this region is scarce. This study aimed to systematically examine prevalence of same-sex sexuality and related health risks in young Ugandan adults. We conducted two cross-sectional survey studies in south-western Uganda targeting student samples (n = 980, n = 1954) representing 80% and 72% of the entire undergraduate classes attending a university in 2005 and 2010, respectively. A questionnaire assessed items concerning same-sex sexuality (same-sex attraction/fantasies, same-sex sexual relations), mental health, substance use, experience of violence, risky sexual behavior, and sexual health counseling needs. Our findings showed that same-sex sexual attraction/fantasies and behavior were common among male and female students, with 10–25% reporting having sexual attraction/fantasies regarding persons of the same-sex, and 6–16% reporting same-sex sexual relations. Experiences of same-sex sexuality were associated with health risks, e.g. poor mental health (2010, AOR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0–2.3), sexual coercion (2010, AOR 2.9; CI: 1.9–4.6), and unmet sexual health counseling needs (2010, AOR 2.2; CI: 1.4–3.3). This first study of young adults in Uganda with same-sex sexuality found high levels of health needs but poor access to health care. Effective response is likely to require major shifts in current policy, efforts to reduce stigmatization, and reorientation of health services to better meet the needs of this vulnerable group of young people.     

Patterns of sexual behaviour and reported symptoms of STI/RTIs among young people in Croatia--implications for interventions' planning

This paper describes some of the results of the first national-level survey on sexual behaviour and the distribution of risks to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV), among youth in Croatia, and the nature and the extent of their vulnerability to these adverse health outcomes. The study was a cross-sectional, probability-based household survey conducted in 2005, and included 1093 respondents aged 18-24. This paper aims to describe the findings related to the knowledge of HIV transmission, key behavioural outcomes relevant for potential transmission of HIV and STIs, and correlates of genital discharge in young men and young women. More than 80% of young people know that the correct use of condoms protects against HIV and that HIV can be transmitted by someone who looks healthy. Fifty-nine percent of young men and 52.4% of young women reported using condoms during the first sexual intercourse, and 59.3% of men and 46.1% of women used condoms during the last sexual intercourse with a casual partner. This points to the gap between knowledge of condom use and the actual use of condoms as a high proportion of risky sexual contact remain unprotected. Having sexual intercourse frequently or regularly while consuming alcohol was reported by 19.2% of men and 7.6% of women. Much lower proportion are using drugs frequently or regularly during sexual intercourse (3.7% of men and 2.1% of women). Among those sexually experienced, 11.8% of men and 44.1% of women reported ever having a genital discharge. Higher presence of genital discharge in women is suggestive of reproductive tract infections that are not necessarily sexually transmitted. In the multivariate analysis, the lack of knowledge of whether chlamydial infections is an STI and having more than five partners in life were correlates of genital discharge in men, while in women the correlates included having more than five partners in life and not using condoms during the first sexual intercourse. Higher burden of STI-related symptoms was found among men who have men as sexual partners, those who paid for sex, and those with concurrent partnerships. These findings point out to the immediate need to strengthen sexual health education among young people and to the necessity for further development of other broad-based interventions to prevent adverse sexual health outcomes among both men and women, as well as those targeted towards more vulnerable subgroups.     

The Epidemiology of Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorders among Young People in Northern Tanzania

IntroductionAlcohol use is a global public health problem, including as a risk factor for HIV infection, but few data are available on the epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders (AUD) among young people in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey among 4 groups of young people aged 15–24 years old (secondary school students, college/university students, employees of local industries and casual labourers) in two regions (Kilimanjaro and Mwanza) of northern Tanzania. Using a multistage stratified random sampling strategy, we collected information on demographics, alcohol use, and behavioural factors. We screened severity of alcohol use using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and estimated the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption using the timeline-follow-back-calendar (TLFB) method.ResultsA total of 1954 young people were surveyed. The prevalence of reported alcohol use was higher among males (47–70% ever users and 20–45% current users) than females (24–54% ever users and 12–47% current users). Prevalence of use was substantially higher in Kilimanjaro than Mwanza region. In both regions, participants reported high exposure to alcohol advertisements, and wide alcohol availability. College students reported the highest prevalence of current alcohol use (45% among males; 26% among females) and of heavy episodic drinking (71% among males; 27% among females) followed by casual labourers. Males were more likely to have AUD (an AUDIT score ≥8) than females, with 11–28% of males screening positive for AUD. Alcohol use was associated with male gender, being in a relationship, greater disposable income, non-Muslim religion and a higher number of sexual partners.ConclusionsAlcohol use is a significant problem among young people in northern Tanzania. There is an urgent need to develop, pilot and deliver interventions to help young people delay initiation and reduce levels of harmful drinking, particularly among college students and casual labourers.     

Alcohol and energy drinks: a pilot study exploring patterns of consumption, social contexts, benefits and harms

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Young people around the world are increasingly combining alcohol with energy drinks (AEDs). However, as yet, limited research has been conducted examining this issue, particularly in terms of exploring patterns of consumption, social practices and the cultural contexts of AED consumption. We sought to understand how AEDs are used and socially constructed among young people. METHODS: We conducted 25 hours of observation in a variety of pubs, bars and nightclubs, as well as in-depth interviews with ten young people who regularly consumed AEDs during a session of alcohol use. RESULTS: In this pilot study, participants were highly organised in their AED consumption practices and reported rarely altering this routine. Some young people consumed upwards of eight AEDs on a typical night, and others limited their use to between three and five AEDs to avoid unpleasant consequences, such as sleep disturbances, severe hangovers, heart palpitations and agitation. Wakefulness and increased energy were identified as the primary benefits of AEDs, with taste, reduced and increased intoxication, and sociability reported as additional benefits. Young AED users were brand sensitive and responded strongly to Red Bull imagery, as well as discounted AEDs. Finally, some young people reported substituting illicit stimulants with energy drinks. CONCLUSIONS: Combining energy drinks with alcohol is now a normalised phenomenon and an integral and ingrained feature of the night-time economy. Despite this, many young people are unaware of recommended daily limits or related harms. While some young people consume AEDs to feel less drunk (consistent with motivations for combining alcohol with illicit stimulants), others report using AEDs to facilitate intoxication. While preliminary, our findings have relevance for potential policy and regulatory approaches, as well as directions for future research.