中国凤仙花科植物叶表皮特征及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜观察凤仙花科106份样本材料、36种代表植物的叶表皮微形态特征。结果表明:该科植物叶表皮微形态特征种内稳定,对于种间及属间关系的界定具有重要的分类学价值。上表皮细胞的形状及垂周壁的式样种间差异明显,各分类群间有明显的界限,是种间界定的重要依据,因此上表皮微形态特征具有重要的的分类学价值,基于上表皮的微形态特征将研究的36种代表植物划分为5个类型。下表皮的微形态特征虽更为多样,种间差异显著,可用于种间界定,但对于属下划分难以提供有价值的性状。该科植物叶表皮微形态特征与宏观形态特征的相关性较弱,与地理分布格局的相关性较强,关系更为密切。同一地理分布区域内的种类宏观形态特征虽然差别明显,但叶表皮微形态特征却表现出较强的一致性,这似乎也反映了叶表皮微形态这一性状受环境饰变的影响比较明显。综上所述,叶表皮微形态特征可为凤仙花科的系统发育,尤其是凤仙花属种间界定提供有价值的分类学佐证     

棺头蟋属六种常见蟋蟀鸣声特征分析与种类鉴定

本文对蟋蟀科Ｇｒｙｌｌｉｄａｅ棺头蟋属Ｌｏｘｏｂｌｅｍｍｕｓ６种常见种类的鸣声特征进行了较为系统的分析研究,从其频域特征和时域特征上明显地显示了种间差异,并将其鸣声特征用于分类。     

叶表皮蜡质纹饰特征的种内变异——以青藏高原地区的紫花针茅和小叶棘豆为例

叶表皮在扫描电镜下的微形态特征,特别是蜡质纹饰的微形态特征,被认为具有重要的分类学和系统学价值.既往的叶表皮微形态特征的研究主要集中于种或种以上分类等级,而对种内微形态特征变异的研究较少.本研究以紫花针茅和小叶棘豆为研究对象,各选取29份及15份来自青藏高原不同地区的实验材料,在扫描电镜下观察叶表皮蜡质纹饰微形态特征.结果表明:两种植物的蜡质纹饰微形态特征在种内都存在较大的变异,推测该特征并不受单一因素的选择作用,生境的异质性导致蜡质纹饰的多态性.本研究建议在使用叶表皮微形态特征开展分类学和系统学研究时,应加大取样量并涵盖尽可能多的生境类型,才有可能阐明一个物种叶表皮微形态特征的变异范围.     

棺头蟋属六种常见蟋蟀鸣声特征分析与种类鉴定(直翅目:蟋蟀总科)

本文对蟋蟀科Ｇｒｙｌｉｄａｅ棺头蟋属Ｌｏｘｏｂｌｅｍｍｕｓ６种常见种类的鸣声特征进行了较为系统的分析研究。从其频域特征和时域特征上明显地显示了种间差异,并将其鸣声特征用于分类。     

北方常见刺甲族Platyscelini昆虫幼虫的鉴别(鞘翅目:拟步甲科)

本文根据对 10种刺甲族昆虫幼虫的形态研究 ,并与国外已知 5种的研究资料进行比较 ,发现在刺甲族幼虫鉴别中 ,上唇被毛虽是首选特征 ,但不能作为唯一特征 ,下唇和第 9腹节的形态、被毛是必须的辅助特征。文中描述了刺甲族幼虫的特征 ,并提供了 10种幼虫的检索表和分类特征图。     

北京市海淀区景观特征类型识别及评价

景观特征评价是当前中国城镇化背景下识别地域景观特征、防止景观同质化、促进景观保护与发展的一种有效手段。本研究基于景观的自然组成要素及其空间分布格局特征,利用GIS空间分析和多种数量统计分析手段对北京市海淀区景观进行了定量聚类分析,识别出46种三级景观特征类型、15种二级景观特征类型和5种一级景观特征类型,并从景观分割指数、斑块密度和景观形状指数3个方面对一级景观特征类型斑块的空间分布特征进行了评价。结果显示,距城市中心10~12 km处是城市景观与乡村景观的交错带;超过12 km则开始出现彼此镶嵌的田园景观与乡村景观特征;当超过32 km时,山林景观则成为主导特征;而休闲景观则孤立且均匀分散在研究区各处。     

中国球子蕨科植物孢子形态研究

通过扫描电镜观察,描述了我国球子蕨科4种及分布北美洲的1种植物属种孢子形态特征。根据孢子形态及周壁纹饰特征,探讨种分类归属及等级处理问题。     

西双版纳保护植物特征研究

经过重新统计和分析,确定了西双版纳地区一共分布有国家级(60种)和省级(41种)保护植物101种,对它们的一些特征进行了初步研究.主要研究了种类及数量特征、分布特征,包括其分布的海拔、植被、区域特征和保护价值等,并且就西双版纳地区保护植物的保护措施提出了建议.     

斑龙芋属(天南星科) 及近缘属植物的叶表皮形态

光镜、电镜下观察了天南星科天南星族下斑龙芋属2 个种及近缘属13 个种植物的叶表皮形态特征。实验结果显示, 4 属植物的叶表皮组成及其形态特征较相似, 属间不存在明显差异, 但某些特征在种间存在差异, 可作为种的鉴别特征。叶表皮特征支持将单籽犁头尖和昆明犁头尖两个种合并为一个种。15 个种的气孔器均具有2 个副卫细胞, Stebbins and Khush 认为这是气孔器类型中较具2 个以上副卫细胞更进化的一种类型, 而天南星科大多数族的气孔器都具有2 个以上的副卫细胞, 这也证明了天南星族是天南星科较进化的族。     

中国柳属2新记录种

该文报道了中国柳属的2个新记录种——椭圆叶柳(Salix staintoniana A.K.Skvortsov)和锡金垫柳(S.pseudocalyculata Kimura)。提供了这2个新记录种的特征图片,补充描述了椭圆叶柳的雌株形态特征,并对新记录种和其近缘种的形态特征进行了比较。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.