外来入侵杂草假苍耳的形态学及DNA分子鉴定

2019年在新疆塔城市进行入侵有害生物实地踏查中发现疑似假苍耳的植株,首先采用传统形态学鉴定方法,根据植物的根、茎、叶、花及果实等外部形态特征进行初步鉴定,再以植物的Rps16、psbA和matK基因序列为参考,设计特异性引物(分别为IXR、IXP及IXM)进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增和测序。通过形态学和DNA分子鉴定可知,采自塔城市的野生杂草为假苍耳,待检测植物基因测序片段与假苍耳psbA和matK基因序列的相似度高达98%,是我国入境植物检疫性有害生物之一。本研究建立了假苍耳的快速检测方法,可为新疆地区假苍耳的检验检疫及有效防控提供参考。     

外来入侵杂草假苍耳在新疆地区的适生性分析及风险评估

【目的】假苍耳是一种恶性入侵杂草,预测其在新疆地区的潜在适生区并进行风险评估,旨在为其科学防控提供参考。【方法】采用MaxEnt模型与Arc GIS 10.4软件进行分析,预测假苍耳在新疆的潜在分布区,并划分风险等级。运用多指标综合评估方法,对假苍耳的危害风险性进行综合分析评估。【结果】假苍耳在新疆的适生区主要在北疆地区,适生区范围较广。高适生区主要包括克拉玛依市、昌吉回族自治州北部及塔城地区中部。年平均温(bio1)、最干季平均温(bio9)、最冷季平均温(bio11)及最热季平均温(bio10)是影响假苍耳分布的主要环境因子。假苍耳的危险性综合评价值为2.238,属于高度危险的有害生物。【结论】假苍耳目前在新疆仅分布在塔城地区,预测结果表明其在北疆地区继续扩散的趋势较大,需要提前制定好相应的管理和控制措施。     

入侵植物刺苍耳在新疆的分布及其群落特征

刺苍耳是原产于南美洲的菊科植物,2009年首次在新疆的伊宁县发现。于2010～2011年对新疆南北疆近40个县(市)中刺苍耳可能出现的区域进行调查,并采用样方法,对不同生境中刺苍耳分布相对集中的23个样地所有物种的多度、频度和重要值进行了观测和分析,以明确刺苍耳在新疆的分布区及其群落特征,为有效防治其扩散提供依据。结果显示:(1)刺苍耳分布于新疆的昌吉市、伊宁市、伊宁县、巩留县、特克斯县、新源县、察布查尔县、霍城县和尼勒克县,分布区海拔597～1 834m,生境类型包括荒漠草原和绿洲。(2)刺苍耳在荒漠草原和绿洲生境中的相对多度均处于首位,且在绿洲中达到最大值,为入侵区域最重要的物种;刺苍耳在2种生境中的相对盖度均为第一,且绿洲(46.83%)大于荒漠草原(43.00%)。(3)刺苍耳在2种生境中的综合适应力均最强,在绿洲中尤为突出,是其最易入侵的区域。研究表明,刺苍耳在新疆荒漠草原生境中尚处于局部危害阶段,但在绿洲中已处于蔓延期。     

入侵植物假苍耳对土壤中铜、铅重金属污染的富集特征

通过室内盆栽试验研究入侵植物假苍耳(Iva xanthifolia)在营养生长阶段对铜、铅的耐性及富集特征。实验结果表明,在1~16 mg·L^-1的添加铜处理及0.5~14 mg·L^-1的添加铅处理条件下,假苍耳对铜、铅两种单一金属均有很强的耐性及富集作用,重金属在植物体地上部和地下部的富集量分别为607.59、137.20,404.38、34.53 mg·kg^-1,对应的富集系数为11.39、4.18,转运系数4.43、11.71,且重金属在植物体内的分布规律均表现为：茎部＞叶片＞根部,地上部分的积累量远大于地下部分。对叶色、株高及生物量等特征的观察表明假苍耳的生长未受到抑制,符合超富集植物的基本特征。与一般超富集植物相比,假苍耳作为一种外来入侵植物,具有生长迅速、植物材料易得,生物量大且分布范围广的优点。     

假苍耳喂饲幼兔试验研究

将入侵植物假苍耳（Iva xanthifolia）粉碎后与常规预混原料按照比例（以质量百分比计）：假苍耳草粉50%、玉米粉11%、豆饼粉20%、麦麸9%、鱼粉3%、骨粉5%、酵母粉1%、食盐1%混合制备成颗粒饲料,分别以相当于假苍耳含70、60、50、40 g等4个实验组和对照组喂饲常规饲料,每天喂饲幼兔。室内单笼60 d饲养后,分别进行血清学检验、血常规检验、解剖实验及增重效果评价,探讨假苍耳对幼兔适口性和毒性的影响,以及不同假苍耳含量的配合饲料对幼兔生长性能的影响。实验结果表明,假苍耳适口性良好、无毒性症状,各项测定数据无显著差异,从饲用价值角度来说,假苍耳代替部分幼兔饲料是可行的。     

气候变化情景下外来入侵植物刺苍耳在新疆的潜在分布格局模拟

明确区域尺度上外来入侵种的潜在分布格局及其对气候变化的响应对入侵种的预防和控制具有重要意义。以外来入侵植物刺苍耳(Xanthium spinosum L.)为研究对象,以其扩散蔓延的新疆地区为研究区域,结合中国国家气候中心开发的BCC—CSM1—1模式下的将来气候条件,应用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS空间分析技术构建了未来不同气候变化情景(RCP4.5,8.5)下2050s和2070s的刺苍耳适宜生境预测模型,定量的展示了气候变化情景下刺苍耳在新疆的扩散趋势及其适宜生境的面积空间变化和分布区中心移动轨迹。结果表明:年降雨量、下层土壤有机碳含量、上层土壤pH值、年温度变化范围、降雨量的季节性变化和年平均温度是影响刺苍耳地理分布的主导环境因子;博州、塔城、阿勒泰西北部、哈密中部、巴州北部、克州中部、阿克苏北部、奎屯市、克拉玛依市、五家渠市、喀什市等地为高危入侵风险区;两种气候模式下刺苍耳的各级适生区面积和总适生面积均呈持续增加的变化趋势,且在RCP8.5情景(最高温室气体排放情景)下响应更为敏感;总体上看,刺苍耳在新疆的分布未达到饱和,呈现以塔城中部为中心,向天山北麓和塔克拉玛干北缘方向辐射状扩散,且两种气候变化情景下至2070s分布区中心均向伊犁州奎屯方向移动。     

新疆伊氏叶属(Melanelixia)地衣的研究

采用形态、解剖及化学等传统分类方法,对新疆天山和阿尔泰山山脉采集的伊氏叶属地衣标本进行了研究。共鉴定出7个分类单位,其中假杯点伊氏叶(Melanelixia subaurifera)为新疆新记录种,同时提供了地衣名录、分布地区和新记录种的描述。研究结果为新疆的地衣资源提供基础资料。     

盐生肉苁蓉寄主植物种类鉴定及分布区域分析

盐生肉苁蓉（Cistanche salsa (C. A. Mey.) G. Beck）为列当科肉苁蓉属寄生性草本植物,为目前已知寄主植物种类最多的肉苁蓉属物种,也是我国西北地区传统常用中药材。为探明我国盐生肉苁蓉寄主植物种类及分布区域,本研究结合DNA条形码鉴定和形态鉴别技术,对采集到的66份带有寄主根的盐生肉苁蓉样品进行分布区域分析和寄主植物种类鉴定。结果表明盐生肉苁蓉在新疆及宁夏等地区海拔400～2000 m的区域分布广泛。新疆塔城地区裕民县盐生肉苁蓉寄主植物为菊科绢蒿属聚头绢蒿（Seriphidium compactum (Fisch. ex DC.) Poljakov）和苋科滨藜属疣苞滨藜（Atriplex verrucifera Marsch. von Bieb.）,塔城市盐生肉苁蓉寄主植物为苋科盐爪爪属里海盐爪爪（Kalidium cuspidatum Ung.-Sternb.）、疣苞滨藜和驼绒藜属驼绒藜（Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst.）,该地区优势寄主植物为疣苞滨藜。新疆阿勒泰地区哈巴河县寄主植物为聚头绢蒿、苋科驼...     

亚洲玉米螟与欧洲玉米螟混生区的研究

生殖隔离试验、形态鉴定、网室内性信息素活性反应和食性试验的结果表明 :张家口苍耳中的玉米螟与新疆伊宁的欧洲玉米螟同种 ,而为害玉米的优势种与广东阳山的亚洲玉米螟同种。张家口为害玉米的种群中 ,有部分雄蛾对欧洲玉米螟性信息素及苍耳中的雌处女蛾具有反应。苍耳和玉米中的种群在玉米、谷子、高梁、苍耳、草和大马蓼等 6种寄主上均可产卵和取食为害 ,并能正常完成生活史。研究结果证实张家口为亚洲玉米螟和欧洲玉米螟混生区 ,而且在玉米中很可能有少量欧洲玉米螟与亚洲玉米螟混生。     

北塔山地区褐斑鼠兔的生活习性

褐斑鼠兔(Ochotona pallasi)又称帕氏鼠兔,在我国分布于内蒙古和新疆。其有关生物学资料,国内尚无专门的报道。我们于1975年6月、1976年7—8月,在新疆北部北塔山地区,对褐斑鼠兔的生活习性进行了观察和了解,现整理如下。     

Vorkommen und potenzielle Verbreitung des Rispenkrauts (Iva xanthiifolia) in ?sterreich

Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. is an annual species originating from North America that has been first introduced to Europe in the mid nineteenth century. The plant has successfully established mainly in Eastern Europe, where it threatens to become a human health problem because of the allergenic pollen produced by this species. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the colonisation of this species in Eastern Europe and to map its current distribution in Austria based on literature information. In addition, the potential distribution in Austria was assessed using a climate-matching approach. Today, I. xanthiifolia is actively spreading particularly in Hungary, Serbia and Bulgaria. In Austria, the plant occurs only rarely and casually as a ruderal plant mainly in towns, train stations and along railway tracks. Results of a climate matching simulation show that most parts of Austria are outside of the climatic range of I. xanthiifolia. However, the warm and continentally influenced eastern parts of Austria are climatically highly suitable for I. xanthiifolia. Small populations of I. xanthiifolia are already present in this region. In addition, further introductions of I. xanthiifolia in these regions is likely either by natural dispersal from well established population in the neighbouring countries (e.g. Slovakia, Czech Republic), or through contaminated grain imports and bird seed. Because of the potential impact of I. xanthiifolia to human health, establishment and spread of the plant should be monitored and strategies for containment and control should be implemented.     

Effect of nutrient availability on the C, N, and P elemental ratios in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

To clarify whether nutrients limit the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz during the growing season in Lake Yogo, we examined the cellular ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in the populations of M. aeruginosa from August to December 2001. We also measured cellular C, N, and P ratios of M. aeruginosa under batch culture conditions. The cellular levels of N and P of M. aeruginosa in natural population changed more than twofold. The atomic N: C ratio of natural populations of Microcystis fluctuated from 0.11 to 0.26. The atomic P: C ratio fluctuated from 0.0080 to 0.024. The N: C, P: C, and N: P ratios of exponentially growing M. aeruginosa in N-and P-rich medium were 0.19, 0.013, and 15 on average. The growth of M. aeruginosa was suppressed below the N: C ratio of 0.13 under the N-free condition and below the P: C ratio of 0.0026 in the P-free condition. In the natural population, the N: C ratio was low on August 1-2 (0.11) and the P: C ratio was low (less than 0.011) until September. The Microcystis population on August 1-2 was N limited, judging from the results of the culture experiment. In other periods, the population seemed to be supplied with a sufficient amount of N. Although the P: C ratio was low (approximately 0.01) during August and September, it was several times larger than the value of the reduction of growth rate that occurred in culture. P limitation did not occur during the study period. N became more of a limiting factor than P for the formation of blooms of Microcystis. No blooms were observed in August and September, in spite of the increase of cellular levels of N. The formation of Microcystis blooms in Lake Yogo seems to be affected by artificial manipulations such as pumping from Lake Biwa and outflow.     

Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of the Abundance of Centropages abdominalis Sato and C. tenuiremis Thompson et Scott (Copepoda) in Amursky Bay, Sea of Japan

The distribution and seasonal dynamics of Centropages abdominalis and C. tenuiremis (Copepoda) in Amursky Bay (Sea of Japan) were studied from May through November 1991. C. abdominalis occurred in plankton from May through August and in November, with a peak density of more than 40000 specimens/m³ in June, at a temperature of 15–18°C. C. tenuiremis occurred from late June through November, with a maximum total density of 6900 specimens/m³ in August, at 23°C. During the observation period, the distribution of species in the bay was irregular due to the hydrological regime and sanitary conditions of water.     

Duration of diapause in the stem borers, Busseola fusca and Chilo partellus

The duration of diapause in the stem borers Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) was studied in South Africa by collecting diapausing larvae from the field throughout winter (April–August). B. fusca larvae emerged as moth around the middle of October regardless of the date of collection and the length of time they were kept in the laboratory under constant 21 °C. C. partellus larvae collected in April–June emerged in November, those collected in July emerged in October, and those collected in August emerged in September. Regardless of the collection date C. partellus started to emerge from diapause earlier and moth emergence lasted up to twice as long as in B. fusca. Under laboratory conditions at 60% RH both borer larvae lost about 50% of their body mass during diapause. When provided with water B. fusca larvae lost about 30% of their body mass and adults emerged 20 days earlier than when kept dry. C. partellus, on the other hand, lost only 13% of their body weight and emerged 34 days earlier. The differences between the two species are discussed in light of different types of diapause; i.e., obligatory diapause in B. fusca and facultative diapause in C. partellus.     

秦岭壳斗科四种植物种子雨组成及其动态变化

种子雨组成及其动态变化是植物种群自然更新的一个关键阶段。2011年和2012年8-12月,在秦岭南坡佛坪国家级自然保护区内对壳斗科的四种优势植物(板栗、锐齿栎、栓皮栎和小橡子)的种子雨组成及其动态变化进行了调查研究。结果表明:(1)壳斗科四种植物的种子雨均起始于8月中上旬,至11月中下旬结束,种子掉落高峰集中在9月下旬至10月中旬之间,其中板栗的各类型种子雨掉落高峰均要早于其它三种植物;(2)无论2011年还是2012年,锐齿栎、栓皮栎和小橡子的各种子雨类型在时间动态上均存在极显著差异,而板栗的各种子雨类型在时间动态上则差异并不显著;(3)四种植物的种子雨动态在年际间存在显著差异,2011年各类型种子雨掉落密度远远大于2012年(栓皮栎除外),推测2011年可能是种子产量的相对丰年。     

Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms and eco-physical conditions in the South Sea of Korea

Eco-physical conditions for the initiation and termination of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in the South Sea of Korea are examined in this paper. The C. polykrikoides blooms generally occur in the sea near Naro-Do in late August every year. The submarine canyon near Naro-Do plays an important role in surface water intrusion from the open ocean driven by northeasterly winds. In late August, the monsoonal wind system in Korea changes from southwesterly to northeasterly winds, causing Ekman transport of warm, fresh Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) into the sea near Naro-Do and creating a front between inland sea water and CDW. Along the front, aggregation of single C. polykrikoides cells in the CDW and downwelling yield favorable eco-physical conditions for development of C. polykrikoides blooms. When typhoons and strong northeasterly winds bring vertically well-mixed East China Sea water into the sea near Naro-Do again in September, the eco-physical conditions favor diatom growth and lead to the termination of C. polykrikoides blooms.     

Melanization decreases the susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to enzymatic degradation

Cryptococcus neoformans is a free-living fungus that is primarily found in soils contaminated with avian excreta. Recent studies have shown that C. neoformans can synthesize melanins or melanin-like compounds in avian excreta. Melanization has been associated with protection of C. neoformans against harsh environmental conditions, such as ultraviolet radiation and extremes of temperature. In this study we examined whether melanization can protect C. neoformans against enzymatic degradation. Our results demonstrated that in vitro melanization decreases the susceptibility of C. neoformans to hydrolytic enzymes. This suggests a role for melanin in protection of C. neoformans against enzymatic degradation by antagonistic microbes in the environment. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Field and laboratory studies on the timing of oviposition and hatching of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae)

The timing of oviposition and hatching of Ixodes pacificus was investigated in the field and at constant temperatures in the laboratory. Replete females held at temperatures between 9 and 29°C began depositing eggs a mean of 9–70 days after drop off. Egg masses held between 12 and 25°C commenced hatching 25–178 days after the onset of oviposition. Eggs held at 9 or 29°C did not hatch. The lower temperature thresholds for development (LTD) for oviposition and hatching were 6.5 and 9°C, respectively. The number of degree days required for oviposition and hatching was 173 and 588, respectively. Replete females placed in the field on 2 December through to 8 March deposited eggs from 2 February through to 24 April; the eggs commenced hatching between 2 July and 21 August. Unfed larvae from two of 20 egg masses survived through the winter and fed readily when exposed to deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on 22 April. Replete larvae were returned to the field and moulted between 9 and 21 August. Larvae exposed to deer mice in August, 4 weeks after hatching, also fed readily. Although further studies are needed to clarify the timing of nymphal development, the present study suggests that I. pacificus requires more than 1 year to complete its life cycle.     

Photosynthesis and respiration ofPinus pumila needles in relation to needle age and season

Rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration were measured for detached needles ofPinus pumila trees growing on the Kiso mountain range in central Japan in 1987. Dependency of photosynthesis on light and temperature was examined in relation to needle age and season. The light saturation point of net photosynthesis was lower in 3- and 4-yr-old needles than that in current (flushed in 1987), 1- and 2-yr-old needles.P _nmax, net photosynthetic rates at 1000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and 15°C, of needles from 1- to 4-yr-old generally decreased with needle age.P _nmax of 1- to 4-yr-old needles became higher in August than in other months, andP _nmax of current needles did so in September. Current needles showed high respiration rates (at 15°C) only in August. Optimum air temperatures for net photosynthesis at 1000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ were between 10 and 15°C for current and 1-yr-old needles. The temperature coefficient of dark respiration rates was 2.3–3.3 for current needles from August to October, and 2.2 for 1-yr-old needles in mid-July.