粪菌移植的临床应用研究进展

人类的肠道菌群种类及数量众多,目前被认为是人体的一个特殊器官。肠道菌群在维持肠道的正常生理功能和机体免疫功能方面发挥了重要作用,肠道微生态失衡与炎症性肠病、代谢综合征、肝病、心血管疾病、精神疾病、关节炎等多种肠内外疾病密切相关,纠正肠道微生态失衡将有助于上述疾病的治疗。粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)是指将健康人粪便中的功能菌群移植到患者胃肠道内,重建具有正常功能的肠道菌群,以达到治疗肠道和肠道外疾病的目的。目前报道FMT已应用于艰难梭菌感染、炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、代谢综合征等多种疾病的治疗中。本文就FMT的临床应用现状作一综述。     

《儿童粪菌移植技术规范的共识》解读

粪便微生物群移植,即粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)是通过各种方式将健康捐赠者的粪便菌群移植入患者的消化道内,改善其肠道微生态,以达到治疗疾病的目的。中华预防医学会微生态学分会儿科微生态学组于2016年组织制定了《儿童粪菌移植技术规范的共识》。本文就该共识涉及的儿童粪菌移植适应证、必备条件、方法学(包括捐赠者筛查、排除及剔除的标准、粪菌液制备、粪菌移植途径和剂量的选择、粪菌移植后的观察及处理以及粪菌移植后的随访)等方面的关键问题进行解读。     

粪菌移植在儿童炎症性肠病中的应用

炎症性肠病(IBD)是一种病因尚不明确的非特异性肠道炎症性疾病。越来越多的证据表明肠道菌群失调与IBD的发生发展密切相关。粪菌移植是通过各种方式将健康捐赠者的粪便菌群移植入患者消化道内,旨在重建患者肠道菌群从而达到对肠道内外疾病治疗的目的。肠道微生物稳态及失调在疾病发生发展中发挥作用,其中包括炎症性肠病(IBD)。越来越多的研究报道了FMT在IBD中的治疗作用,现主要阐述粪菌移植在儿童IBD中的应用。     

以肠道菌群为靶向的粪菌移植法及其在畜牧业的应用潜能

肠道微生物与宿主机体健康息息相关。粪便微生物移植(又称为粪菌移植,fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)通过将健康供体粪便中的完整肠道菌群移入肠道微生态失衡的患者胃肠道内,经肠道菌群重构、恢复至正常状态。用FMT治疗某些肠道疾病如复发性艰难梭菌感染、溃疡性结肠炎、肠易激综合症、克罗恩病效果显著,且可能对因肠道菌群紊乱引起的肠道外疾病的治疗有潜在价值。本文主要对FMT技术的发展进程、在疾病上的研究以及在畜牧业上的应用潜能进行综述,并分析其应用的制约因素。     

粪菌移植治疗帕金森病的研究进展

帕金森病 (Parkinson’s disease,PD) 是中老年人群常见的神经退行性疾病。PD患者常在疾病早期出现胃肠道症状。多项研究证实,肠道菌群参与了PD的疾病过程。粪菌移植 (Fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)作为一种有效的重建患者整体肠道菌群的方法,显示出了对PD的潜在治疗作用。文中着重围绕FMT治疗PD的基础和临床研究进行综述。     

粪菌移植治疗儿童肠道外疾病的研究进展和临床应用前景

肠道微生物群影响着人体的生理状况和营养吸收代谢。粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)是将健康人粪便中的功能菌群移植到患者体内,重塑肠内菌群结构进而调节人类肠道微生物群,成为新兴的治疗手段。本文回顾了近年来粪菌移植对儿童代谢性疾病、过敏性疾病与孤独症谱系障碍等肠道外疾病的运用与进展,表明粪菌移植治疗安全有效改变了肠道病理生理,有望成为治疗多种儿科疾病的技术。现就FMT在儿童肠道外疾病的应用现状及前景进行探讨。     

从粪菌移植到下一代益生菌:挑战与进展CSCD

细菌、真菌、病毒和原生动物等微生物生活在肠道中,共同组成肠道微生物群。其中,细菌在肠道微生物群中占主导地位。肠道菌群对于维持肠道及全身健康至关重要,肠道微生态失调与人类多种疾病相关。调节失衡的肠道菌群有助于这些疾病的治疗,粪菌移植因在治疗艰难梭菌感染方面取得成功而备受关注。许多临床试验证实了粪菌移植在治疗其他肠道疾病及全身疾病方面具有潜力,但疗效却因人而异,具体机制不明。研究者们致力于从健康供体肠道菌群中寻找真正具有“益生”作用的新型细菌,这些细菌被称为下一代益生菌。     

粪便菌群移植治疗现状及其应用前景

粪便菌群移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)可以重建正常肠道微生态结构,治疗肠道菌群紊乱性疾病。国内外均有FMT的相关报道,但FMT的具体机制及标准化过程并不明确。本研究针对现有的FMT开展案例,对FMT操作方法、研究治疗现状及应用前景作一综述。     

粪菌移植技术中肠道噬菌体对疾病影响的研究进展

粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)是一种创新的方法,通过将健康供体的粪便微生物群移植到疾病患者体内,达到重建肠道微生态平衡的目的,为治疗疾病提供帮助。粪菌移植技术在复发性艰难拟梭菌感染(recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, rCDI)的治疗中效果很好,并且其治疗潜力不仅局限于胃肠道疾病,而且在其他与微生物相关的疾病中被不断挖掘。探索FMT成功治疗疾病的影响因素,除了肠道细菌的恢复,还涉及肠道噬菌体的调节。肠道噬菌体是肠道微生物群的重要组成部分,在细菌的复杂动力学中发挥着重要作用,其转移可能与FMT的疗效有关。本综述回顾了肠道噬菌体的生物学特性和主要的生物信息学分析策略,总结了FMT中肠道噬菌体作用的临床研究,探讨了FMT中肠道噬菌体群落的变化和可能的作用机制,讨论了肠道噬菌体与FMT疗效的关系及其存在的安全性问题,既能提高对FMT中肠道噬菌体作用的理解,也能推动FMT的临床应用。     

宏基因组及培养组学技术在粪菌移植中的应用

粪菌移植技术（fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT）是利用健康人群的粪便或经过处理的粪便中的微生物来治疗消化、代谢等系统诸多疾病的一项古老而又新兴的技术。宏基因组、培养组等肠道微生物组前沿研究技术的飞速发展,为粪菌移植治疗疾病提供了强有力的研究和临床实践武器。宏基因组技术可全面揭示健康及疾病状态下肠道微生态的组成及功能变化,而培养组学技术则可以用来分离和鉴定人类肠道中的诸多在常规培养条件下未可培养菌,两项技术联用不仅可以使我们更为深入地理解粪菌移植在临床实践中的因果规律,还将有力推动粪菌移植技术在未来的应用与发展。基于此,本文综述了宏基因组及培养组学技术在粪菌移植中的应用及未来发展趋势。     

The Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Hypnotherapy

Previous research from the United Kingdom has shown hypnotherapy to be effective in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The current study provides a systematic replication of this work in the United States. Six matched pairs of IBS patients were randomly assigned to either a gut-directed hypnotherapy (n=6) or to a symptom monitoring wait-list control condition (n=6) in a multiple baseline across subjects design. Those assigned to the control condition were later crossed over to the treatment condition. Subjects were matched on concurrent psychiatric diagnoses, susceptibility to hypnosis, and various demographic features. On a composite measure of primary IBS symptoms, treatment was superior (p=.016) to symptom monitoring. Results from the entire treated sample (n=11; one subject was removed from analysis) indicate that the individual symptoms of abdominal pain, constipation, and flatulence improved significantly. State and trait anxiety scores were also seen to decrease significantly. Results at the 2-month follow-up point indicated good maintenance of treatment gains. No significant correlation was found between initial susceptibility to hypnosis and treatment gain. A positive relationship was found between the incidence of psychiatric diagnosis and overall level of improvement.     

Mortality in small bowel cancers and adenomas – A nationwide,population-based matched cohort study

BackgroundSmall bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA), neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are neoplastic lesions of the small bowel while small bowel adenomas are precursors of SBA.AimTo examine mortality in patients diagnosed with SBA, small bowel adenomas, NET and GIST.MethodsWe performed a population-based matched cohort study encompassing all individuals with SBA (n = 2289), adenomas (n = 3700), NET (n = 1884) and GIST (n = 509) in the small bowel diagnosed at any of Sweden’s 28 pathology departments between 2000 and 2016 (the “ESPRESSO study”). Each case was matched by sex, age, calendar year and county of residence to up to 5 comparators from the general population. Through Cox regression we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for death and cause-specific death adjusting for education.ResultsDuring follow-up until December 31, 2017, 1836 (80%) deaths occurred in SBA patients, 1615 (44%) in adenoma, 866 (46%) in NET and 162 (32%) in GIST patients. This corresponded to incidence rates of 295, 74, 80 and 62/1000 person-years respectively and adjusted HRs of 7.60 (95%CI=6.95–8.31), 2.21 (2.07–2.36), 2.74 (2.50–3.01) and 2.33 (1.90–2.87). Adjustment for education had a substantial impact on the HR for death in SBA but not for other neoplasias. The predominant cause of excess death was cancer in all groups.ConclusionThis study confirms earlier findings of increased death rates in patients with SBA and NET in a modern study population. We also demonstrate a more than 2-fold increased risk of death in both GIST and the SBA precursor adenoma.     

肠黏膜屏障与肠道菌群的相互关系

摘要：人类肠道中微生物群与肠道环境相互作用以维持机体健康。肠黏膜屏障主要由黏液层、肠道菌群、肠道免疫系统和肠上皮细胞本身的完整性等构成。肠道作为直接与大量菌群接触的器官,其屏障功能在肠道健康中的作用尤为显著。肠道菌群与肠道屏障相互作用,保持肠道菌群与肠道屏障相对稳定,肠道菌群参与肠道免疫反应的建立,共同建立机体天然防御系统,在保持肠道免疫的动态平衡中具有重要作用。当两者之间的平衡被打破时,可诱发功能性胃肠病（如肠易激综合征）及免疫相关性疾病（如炎症性肠病）。本文主要阐述肠黏膜屏障与肠道菌群之间的相互关系以及与肠道屏障功能障碍相关的肠道疾病。     

MicroRNA与肠易激综合征的相关性研究进展

肠易激综合征（IBS）是一种常见的病因不明的紊乱性疾病。在IBS患者的血液微泡和结肠组织中存在一些失调的microRNA（miRNA）。对于miRNA的研究,最初阶段可能作为一种新的途径用来进一步了解IBS的病理生理学特征,而最终将使用miRNA作为新的策略思考IBS的诊断和治疗方法。目前,miRNA在IBS发病机制中的作用的研究报道甚少。本文主要对miRNA在IBS方面的研究进行综述。     

Evaluation of the use of coconut to treat chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Background Chronic diarrhea can be challenging to manage in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) leading to ongoing diagnostics, medications, monitoring, and potential euthanasia. Coconut has been used as a dietary supplement for people with inflammatory bowel disease, with anecdotal reports of decreased diarrhea following the dietary addition. A dietary trial in rhesus macaques was initiated to evaluate the hypothesis that dietary coconut decreases symptoms of chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques. Methods Ten rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea were selected for the trial. Five of the subjects were fed coconut macaroons and five of the subjects were fed a sham cookie. Stool consistency was monitored daily for both groups. Results and conclusions Data of chi‐squared analysis obtained from eight rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea showed that the use of coconut macaroons as a dietary supplement did not have a statistically significant effect on their diarrhea.     

Yogic Versus Conventional Treatment in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Control Study

This study was conducted to evaluate the comparative effect of yogic and conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a randomized control design. The patients were 22 males, aged 20-50 years, with confirmed diagnosis of diarrhea-predominant IBS. The conventional group (n = 12, 1 dropout) was given symptomatic treatment with loperamide 2-6 mg/day for 2 months, and the yogic intervention group (n = 9) consisted of a set of 12 asanas (yogic poses, i.e., Vajrasana, Shashankasana, Ushtrasana, Marjariasana, Padhastasana, Dhanurasana, Trikonasana in two variations, Pawanmuktasana, and Paschimottanasana) along with Surya Nadi pranayama (right-nostril breathing) two times a day for 2 months. All participants were tested at three regular intervals, at the start of study--0 month, 1 month, and 2 months of receiving the intervention--and were investigated for bowel symptoms, autonomic symptoms, autonomic reactivity (battery of five standard tests), surface electrogastrography, anxiety profile by Spielberger's Self Evaluation Questionnaire, which evaluated trait and state anxiety. Two months of both conventional and yogic intervention showed a significant decrease of bowel symptoms and state anxiety. This was accompanied by an increase in electrophysiologically recorded gastric activity in the conventional intervention group and enhanced parasympathetic reactivity, as measured by heart rate parameters, in yogic intervention group. The study indicates a beneficial effect of yogic intervention over conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant IBS.     

粪菌移植在临床治疗中的研究进展

粪菌移植的历史可以追溯到中国东晋时期。大量研究证实粪菌移植有可能成为许多疾病的有效治疗方法,现已逐渐应用于临床上并取得较好的疗效。粪菌移植可以通过增加短链脂肪酸,特别是丁酸盐的产量来减少肠道通透性,从而降低疾病的严重程度,这有助于维持上皮屏障的完整性。粪菌移植还可以通过抑制Th1分化、T细胞活性、白细胞粘附和炎症因子的产生来恢复免疫生态失调。目前对粪菌移植的研究主要集中在治疗艰难梭菌感染,但其他领域对粪菌移植研究的热情也日益高涨,如用于治疗炎症性肠病、代谢综合征和肠易激综合征等。本文对最新的粪菌移植在临床治疗中的研究进展作一综述。     

益生菌在儿童炎症性肠病中的应用

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一种原因不明的慢性非特异性肠道炎性疾病,主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)、克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease,CD)和未定型的炎症性肠病(IBD-unclassified,IBDU)。随着对肠道微生物与IBD关系认识的不断加深,许多研究发现肠道菌群的生态失调在IBD的发病中起着重要作用。益生菌在儿童IBD治疗中具有良好前景,但仍缺乏有效的证据来确证益生菌疗效,并指导临床对益生菌的种类和剂量等进行选择。现有研究表明,益生菌对儿童IBD的治疗具有特异性,在诱导和维持UC缓解效果明显,但在诱导CD缓解、维持CD缓解和预防术后并发症及复发方面效果并不理想。     

微生态制剂(贝飞达)治疗非便秘型肠易激综合征

目的探讨微生态制剂贝飞达对肠易激综合征（IBS）的疗效。方法采用中国预防医学科学院流行病学研究所海斯药业有限公司生产的双歧三联活菌胶囊贝飞达（长双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳酸杆菌、粪肠球菌）治疗25例IBS患者,与服用安慰剂组25例进行疗效对比分析。结果IBS特征性症状评分治疗前后的差值,治疗组明显高于安慰剂组,各种症状的改善率明显优于对照组。结论贝飞达的短期疗法有望成为IBS治疗中的一个颇有前途的手段。     

The suppressive effect of bifidobacteria on Bacteroides vulgatus,a putative pathogenic microbe in inflammatory bowel disease

Bacteroides, a predominant commensal bacteria in the gut, are thought to be responsible for the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the present study, we examined whether or not bifidobacteria suppress B. vulgatus, a representative pathogenic Bacteroides species, in both the coculture system and the gnotobiotic murine model. As a result, Bifidobacterium infantis 1222 highly inhibited the growth of B. vulgatus in the coculture and also significantly suppressed the systemic antibody response raised by B. vulgatus colonizing the gut in gnotobiotic mice. Colonization of the mice by B. vulgatus increased the number of Peyer's patch (PP) cells bearing PNA (peanut agglutinin)+/anti-kappa+ phenotype, which represents plasma cell-like B cells. Moreover, treatment of those B. vulgatus-implanted mice with B. infantis 1222 abrogated such increase in the number of PNA+/anti-kappa+ cells. These results thus suggested that B. infantis 1222 protected the gut epithelial layer including the PP from being invaded by Bacteroides, thereby suppressing the systemic antibody response raised by Bacteroides.