植物细胞生物反应器的新成就

一、杂合反应器 叶片搅拌式反应器已广泛用于发酵和动物细胞反应器,因为它可以产生较高的培养基组分和气体的传质效率。然而,因为植物细胞对叶片搅拌的剪切力很敏感,植物细胞悬浮培养通常用气升式反应器来混合和通气,但气升式系统往往不能有效混合高密度细胞培养所要求的适宜的植物代谢物生产。 Rutgers大学的D.I.Kim和他的同事们发明了一种5升的杂合式反应器,采用气升式和搅拌式相结合,用于高密度植物细胞的培养。     

外循环气升式反应器性能及其应用于大米酒糟废液处理的研究

本文研究了所选反应器的气含率、混合时间和容积氧传递系数等特性。实验是在外循环气升式反应器和鼓泡式反应器的空气－水系统中进行,由所得的实验数据进行回归分析得到反应器的回归方程,并且利用性能较好的外循环气升式反应器,在酒糟废液中培养BN99真菌。结果为：废液中COD值减少了60～70％,pH值从5．2上升到6．5,菌体蛋白的含量高达38．88％,固体、液体易于分离。因此,在真菌培养和酒糟废液处理方面,外循环气升式反应器是一种性能良好的反应器。     

植物细胞大规模培养生物反应器研制概况

本文对植物细胞培养中使用的搅拌式生物反应器,气升式生物反应器,固定化细胞生物反应器,光照培养生物反应器和其它新型生物反应器装置进行了全面的评述。     

磁处理光生物反应器的研制及其应用研究

开发出一种新型气升式外环流磁处理光生物反应器,将其应用于钝顶螺旋藻的高细胞密度培养,并从光合作用的角度对磁致生物效应机理进行了初步探讨。光生物反应器主要由反应器主体（气升管道、下降管、除气室）、在线检测与控制系统,以及磁处理、光照、热交换和供所系统组成。结果表明,采用该生物反应器在０＜Ｈ＜３２０ｋＡ／ｍ的磁场强度范围内培养钝顶螺旋藻,不仅能显著加快藻细胞生长速度,而且可提高最大细胞干重浓度。钝顶螺     

利用生物反应器培养植物细胞的研究进展（Ⅱ）

介绍了当前用于植物细胞培养的生物反应器类型（搅拌式、气升式、转鼓式和鼓泡式生物反应器）及其特点,对各种类型的反应器进行了比较与选择;并进一步介绍了植物细胞固定化培养,提出今后利用反应器大规模培养植物细胞的发展研究方向。     

固定化红曲生物反应器发酵红曲色素的研究

对采用气升式生物反应器,以海藻酸钠为载体包埋固定红曲（Ｍｏｎａｓｃｕｓ ｐｕｒｐｕｒｅｕｓ）发酵生产红曲进行了研究。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为：发酵培养基ｐＨ值５￣６;发酵温度３０℃;通气量０．３５ｖｖｍ;固定化细胞粒子接入量２０％;发酵周期为５０ｈ左右。     

新型气液双升式动物细胞反应器

为克服目前动物细胞反应器存在的不足 ,设计了一种新型气液双升式动物细胞反应器( ALLR)。该反应器结合了气升式反应器和流化床反应器的优点 ,同时在结构上使气泡与流体自然流动与分离 ,消除了气泡凝聚破裂给细胞造成的机械损伤。测定了 2 L反应器的液体循环流速及氧传质系数 KLa值 ,表明 ALLR具有较好的传质性能和极小的流体剪切力 ,适合动物细胞的大规模培养     

利用生物反应器培养植物细胞的研究进展(Ⅱ)

介绍了当前用于植物细胞培养的生物反应器类型(搅拌式、气升式、转鼓式和鼓泡式生物反应器)及其特点,对各种类型的反应器进行了比较与选择;并进一步介绍了植物细胞固定化培养,提出今后利用反应器大规模培养植物细胞的发展研究方向。     

植物细胞大规模培养生物反应器研制概况

本文对植物细胞培养中使用的搅拌式生物反应器,气升式生物反应器,固定化细胞生物反应器,光照培养生物反应器和其它新型生物反应器装置进行了全面的评述。     

固定化红曲生物反应器发酵红曲色素的研究

对采用气升式生物反应器,以海藻酸钠为载体包理固定红曲（MonascusPurpureus）发酵生产红曲色素进行了研究。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为：发酵培养基pH值5～6;发酵温度30℃;通气量0．35vvm;固定化细胞粒子接入量20％;发酵周期为50h左右。     

Continuous neomycin production by immobilized cells of Streptomyces marinensis NUV-5 in an airlift bioreactor

Neomycin production by free and calcium alginate immobilized cells was investigated in an airlift reactor. The average volumetric productivity with continuous fermentation (72.97 mg/l/h) was greater than with free cells (45.05 mg/l/h). The total neomycin produced with continuous fermentation was 62% greater than with that of free cells. Immobilized Streptomyces particles showed a half-life of 42 days during continuous fermentation under airlift conditions.     

Continuous fermentation of soy sauce by immobilized cells of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in an airlift reactor

Summary The optimum conditions for continuous alcohol fermentation of soy sauce with immobilized Zygosaccharomyces rouxii cells were investigated using an airlift reactor. The optimum pH and temperature of the fermentation were 4.5–5.5 and 25°–27.5° C, respectively. Ethanol content in the fermented liquid was increased with increasing height to diameter ratio of the reactor and the ratio of air to nitrogen in the supplied gas (total supplied gas: 0.08 vvm). A notable decrease in ethanol content was observed when only nitrogen gas was supplied. The products fermented by supplying air (0.02 vvm) had a higher conent of aroma components than that by supplying only nitrogen gas, and the aroma of the former products was similar to that of conventional soy sauce. This alcohol fermentation using an airlift reactor was continued for about 50 days without problems even if conditions such as residence time and aeration were altered.     

Production of dextransucrase by Leuconostoc mesenteroides immobilized in calcium-alginate beads: I. Batch and fed-batch fermentations

In batch fermentation Leuconostoc mesenteroides immobilized in calcium alginate beads produced a total dextransucrase activity equal to about 93% of that by free, suspended bacterial cells under comparable conditions in a bubble column reactor. Continuous sucrose feeding (5 g/L h) to the immobilized-cell culture in the airlift bioreactor increased production of enzymatic activity by about 107% compared with ordinary batch operation of this reactor. About 14% of the enzymatic activity produced by the immobilized cells appears as soluble activity in the cell-free broth compared with about 40% in case of free cells. In an airlift bioreactor, both the soluble and the intact (sorbed and entrapped) enzymatic activity produced by the immobilized bacterial cells was about 34% greater under automatic pH control, compared to that produced in a bubble column reactor with only manual pH control. During formation of dextran by intact enzyme within cells and beads, declines are observed in apparent enzymatic activity.     

A novel rectangular airlift reactor with mesh baffle-plates

An experimental rectangular airlift reactor having mesh baffle-plates has been fabricated out of Perspex and compared with conventional airlift and bubble column in terms of gas holdup, volumetric mass transfer coefficient and mixing time. Mesh baffle-plates improved mass transfer and mixing with the mass transfer coefficient of the proposed reactor being up to 12% higher than that in a conventional airlift reactor under the same operating condition. The mixing time of the proposed reactor can be 95% lower than that of the airlift reactor.     

A novel split-cylinder airlift reactor for fed-batch cultures

Conventional airlift reactors are not adequate to carry out variable volume processes since it is not possible to achieve a proper liquid circulation in these reactors until the liquid height is higher than that of the downcomer. To carry out processes of variable volume, the use of a split-cylinder airlift reactor is proposed, in the interior of which two multi-perforated vertical baffles are installed in order to provide several points of communication between the reactor riser and downcomer. This improves the liquid circulation and mixing at any liquid volume. In fed-batch cultures, it is important to know how liquid height affects the hydrodynamic characteristics and the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient since this impacts on the kinetic behavior of any fermentation. Thus, in the present work, the effect of the liquid height on the mixing time, the overall gas hold-up, and the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient of the proposed airlift reactor were determined. The mixing time was increased and the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient decreased due to the increase of the liquid height in the reactor in all the superficial gas velocities tested, which corresponded to a pseudohomogeneous flow regime. The experimental values of the mixing time and the mass-transfer coefficient were properly described through correlations in which the U_GR/H_L ratio was used as the independent variable. Thus, this variable might be used to describe the hydrodynamic behavior and the oxygen transfer coefficient of airlift reactors when such reactors are used in processes where the liquid volume changes with time. However, these correlations are useful for the particular device and for the particular operating conditions at which they were obtained. These empirical correlations are useful to understand some factors that influence the mixing time and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, but such correlations do not have a sufficient predictive potential for a satisfactory reactor design. The overall gas hold-up values were not significantly affected when the liquid height was lower than the downcomer height. However, the values decreased abruptly when the reactor was operated with liquid heights over the downcomer height, especially at high superficial gas velocities.     

Region-dependent oxygen transfer rate in the rectangular airlift reactor

Gas hold-up and the oxygen transfer in the zones of the internal loop airlift reactor with rectangular cross-section was studied. It was found, that the downcomer to the riser gas hold-up ratio depends on the gas flow rate, the physicochemical properties of the system and on the reactor height. The ratio of the downcomer mass transfer coefficient to the global mass transfer coefficient was less than 6%. The ratio of the downcomer to the global mass transfer coefficient slightly increased with increase of the gas flow rate and decreased with increase of the liquid viscosity. The proposed correlation for the global overall mass transfer coefficient predicts the experimental data well within 16.6% deviation. It was confirmed that the reactor height is the important parameter for a design and a scale-up of the airlift reactors.     

三七细胞在气升式反应器中的扩大培养研究

三七细胞在5升外循环、内循环气升式反应器中能正常生长并累积三七皂甙及多糖。外循环反应器中三七总皂甙含量最高可达9.48%;内循环反应器中三七多糖含量则可高达24%。但三七细胞生长比较缓慢的问题有待进一步研究。     

Fed-batch culture of Bacillus thuringiensis for thuringiensin production in a tower type bioreactor

Fed-batch culture of Bacillus thuringiensis in a modified airlift reactor has been developed by using adaptive control of glucose concentration in the reactor. The glucose concentration was estimated via a correlation equation between carbon dioxide production rate and glucose consumption rate. The estimated glucose concentration as the output variable was fed back to computer for calculation of substrate addition. The modified reactor was an airlift reactor with a net draft tube. The airlift reactor had high oxygen transfer rate and low shear stress which were important factors for production of thuringiensin. Fed-batch culture of Bacillus thuringiensis in the modified airlift reactor provided significant improvement of thuringiensin production. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Cultivation of a filamentous mold in a glass pilot-scale airlift fermentor

Results of pilot plant studies using a glass airlift fermentation device (55 liter fermentation volume) have proven the relative merits of such a system in the fermentation of a filamentous mold, Monascus purpureus, on 4% (w/w) starch media. The resultant overall yield of cell mass (Y_x/s) of 0.38 was an appreciable increase over the 0.32 obtained with a pilot scale stirred tank fermentor previously studied. Power requirements of the airlift fermentor were approximately 50% of those for the mechanically agitated system. The lack of mechanical shear in the airlift system provides a more gentle environment or the cultivation of organisms than does the high degree of shear prevalent in the mechanically agitated vessels. Mass transfer of oxygen to the aqueous phase of the fermentation volume is improved significantly through use of the airlift device. Mass transfer coefficients in the range of 200 reciprocal hr were obtained to approximately 80 reciprocal hr in the stirred tank fermentor.     

Investigation of acid proteinase biosynthesis by the fungus Humicola lutea 120-5 in an airlift bioreactor

Acid proteinase production using filamentous fungus Humicola lutea 120-5 was studied under batch and continuous fermentation conditions in an airlift bioreactor. A comparison with proteinase production by fungal cells, cultivated in stirred tank bioreactor was made. The process performance in both fermentation devices was similar with respect to substrate utilization, biomass, and enzyme concentration. Continuous acid proteinase production was achieved for 14 days at an optimal dilution rate of 0.05/h with maximum specific activity of 90 U/mg DW of mycelia and yield of 38 U/mg glucose. The volumetric productivity (50 U/ml. h) was approximately 3 times higher than this of the batch system. All continuous experiments were carried out without any bacterial contamination, due to the low pH (3.0-3.5) during the process. The "pellet" type growth of the fungus in the airlift reactor prevented the system from plugging with filaments.