Dr. Auzoux's botanical teaching models and medical education at the universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen

In the 1860s, Dr. Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux introduced a set of papier-mâché teaching models intended for use in the botanical classroom. These botanical models quickly made their way into the educational curricula of institutions around the world. Within these institutions, Auzoux’s models were principally used to fulfil educational goals, but their incorporation into diverse curricula also suggests they were used to implement agendas beyond botanical instruction. This essay examines the various uses and meanings of Dr. Auzoux’s botanical teaching models at the universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen in the nineteenth century. The two main conclusions of this analysis are: (1) investing in prestigious scientific collections was a way for these universities to attract fee-paying students so that better medical accommodation could be provided and (2) models were used to transmit different kinds of botanical knowledge at both universities. The style of botany at the University of Glasgow was offensive and the department there actively embraced and incorporated ideas of the emerging new botany. At Aberdeen, the style of botany was defensive and there was some hesitancy when confronting new botanical ideas.     

One hundred years of American botany: a short history of the Botanical Society of America

This paper offers highlights from the 100 (plus) years of the Botanical Society of America (BSA) and draws extensively on the archives of the BSA. In addition to examining the founding of the society and the attempt to "professionalize" botany in late 19th century America, the paper also explores the complex relations between the BSA and a number of related societies in the United States, the Society's struggle to create a coherent identity for itself, the place of botany as a whole in the context of the burgeoning biological sciences in the 20th century, and the changing role of the BSA in an international context. The paper assesses both the achievements and the challenges facing the BSA. It closes by offering some historical reflections on the status of "botany" as a science and the historical significance of terms like "plant biology" and "plant science."     

G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. and the evolutionary synthesis (1924-1950)

This is an historical paper examining the scientific background of George Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. (b. 1906), one of the foremost botanists of this century and one of the architects of the evolutionary synthesis, the intellectual event that brought together genetics and selection theory in the interval between 1920 and 1950. It considers his scientific influence and research, beginning with his Harvard education in 1924 and ending in 1950 with the publication of his book Variation and Evolution in Plants. The paper also more broadly assesses the contributions of other botanists to the evolutionary synthesis, including discussion of the work of Edgar Anderson (1897-1967) and others. It also traces the larger historical patterns of American botany, which saw a shift from East Coast botany as exemplified by Harvard botany, to West Coast botany, as exemplified by California botany.     

A brief history of graduate medical education in Washington,Alaska, Montana,and Idaho.

Internships and hospital-based medical education preceded by more than 40 years the beginnings of a medical school in Washington State. Just after the turn of the 20th century, a few internships were begun by hospitals in Seattle and Spokane to help with the care of their sicker patients in the tradition of Eastern teaching hospitals. In the 1920s and 1930s, the number of hospitals with internship programs grew steadily as part of a nationwide effort at hospital standardization. Experiences in developing these programs and problems with intern recruitment contributed to the beginning of the University of Washington School of Medicine after World War II. Since the 1960s, intern and resident training has progressively become a cooperative effort of the school with many hospitals and clinics in Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho contributing to the development of graduate medical education in this region.     

The history of the plant embryo. Terminology and visualization from ancient until modern times

Since ancient times comparisons between embryonic forms of humans, animals, and plants are known. In deciphering a plant embryo and its development, one applied a specific zoomorphic terminology. Until the 17th century naturalists who studied plants were inspired by the concepts of ancient natural philosophy. Since then plant embryos are visualized by drawings and diagrammatic sketches. In the 18th century the embryo became an important issue in debates concerning theories of generation and the analogy between animal egg and vegetable seed was emphasized. Due to the cell theory and refined microscopic techniques around 1850 botanists described the 'plant embryo' as an aggregate of cells. The 20th century profited of further technical improvements, e.g. microphotography, SEM, and plant tissue culture. The spell of the word embryo integrated morphological and morphogenetic data in botany and served as a code to decipher botanic forms. The paper presents a short history of the concept of 'plant embryo' and focuses on its distinct meanings over centuries, supported by different images.     

植物学野外实习教学改革实践与探讨

探讨植物学野外实习教学改革与实践,改革野外实习内容和形式,引导学生主动探索自然界,主动获得植物学知识的能力。加强野外实习,培养学生学习植物学基本研究方法。野外实习结合科研活动,提高学生科学素质和创造能力。提出实施野外实习改革的奈件,为提高植物学野外实习教学质量提供参考。     

药用植物学立体化课程体系的构建与实践

药用植物学是医学院中药、药学等相关专业和高等农业院校中药资源开发与利用等专业的专业基础课,是培养相关专业学生掌握和运用药用植物形态解剖学及系统分类学的基本知识和技能,准确识别和鉴定药用植物种类,保证临床用药准确有效的重要课程。课题组通过整合药用植物学教学内容,建立多元化的教学方法,构建多层次实践教学体系,建立合理的综合性考核评价体系,培养学生双创能力。     

基于网络环境下植物学实验课程的设计与构建

植物学实验网络课程是植物学实验教与学的网络平台。探讨网络环境下植物学实验课程体系的结构和网络教学系统组成,通过建立植物学实验网络辅助教学系统并予以应用,优化整合资源,探索提高植物学实验教学质量的途径。     

Henry Hurd Rusby: The father of economic botany at the New York Botanical Garden

Henry Hurd Rusby (1855–1940) is one of the outstanding personalities in the history of the New York Botanical Garden (NYBG). He played a significant role, not only in the founding of NYBG in 1891, but also in establishing a strong precedent of research and exploration in the field of economic botany at the new institution. As a result of Rusby’s influence and activity, the study of useful plants formed an important part of NYBG’s original mandate, an institutional commitment that was rejuvenated nearly a century later, with the formation of the Institute of Economic Botany. An indefatigable researcher both in the field and in the herbarium, Rusby left behind a voluminous corpus of published work in systematic and economic botany that is a legacy for modern botanists and pharmacologists.     

植物学野外实习改革与实践

植物学野外实习是植物学教学的一个重要环节。从实习基地建设、创立以植物学实习为主的生物学综合实习,采用多样化的实习教学方式以及改革实习考核内容等4个方面,总结了近几年植物学野外实习的改革与实践经验,为进一步改进和提高植物学野外实习的效果提供参考。     

Why American Marine Stations?:The Teaching Argument

SYNOPSIS: Traditionally, historians have stressed the influenceof European laboratories on the development of American marinestations. While there is some justification for this interpretation,more attention must be directed at the original teaching imperativefor marine studies. Several marine stations emerged in the 1870swith no direct influence from Europe and with a complete commitmentto the education of secondary school teachers. Later in thecentury and early in the twentieth century this same patternwas repeated at several locations on both the east coast andthe west coast. All of these institutions were designed to presenta new pedagogical approach for biology in the United States.Originally as adjuncts to natural history museums and societiesand then as important innovations to teach laboratory methodsin American colleges and universities, marine biology stationsdeveloped research options only secondary to their primary educationalorientation.     

植物学实验教学中数字切片的应用

为了克服传统玻璃切片在植物学实验教学中的局限性, 利用全自动显微镜扫描系统将玻璃切片制作为数字切片, 建立数字切片库, 并与数码显微互动系统相结合, 应用于植物学实验教学中, 不仅有利于提高课堂教学的效率和质量, 而且有利于发展学生的自主学习能力和提高实验技能, 促进相关教学资源的分类管理和持续利用, 有效推动植物学实验教学的改革。以实验教学实践为例, 介绍数字切片的制作过程、应用和不足, 以期为更好地利用现代化手段改革传统教学技术和方法提供帮助。     

提高植物学实验教学质量的一些体会

实验是植物学教学的重要环节.针对植物学传统实验教学中的实际情况,进行了实验方法力求多样化、变部分过程性实验为过程性实验、增加综合性实验和研究性实验等尝试,进而充分发挥教师和学生在实验教学中的作用,培养学生的创造能力.     

提高植物学实验教学质量的一些体会

实验是植物学教学的重要环节。针对植物学传统实验教学中的实际情况, 进行了实验方法力求多样化、变部分过程性实验为过程性实验、增加综合性实验和研究性实验等尝试, 进而充分发挥教师和学生在实验教学中的作用, 培养学生的创造能力。     

Botanists and Medical Herbalism in Montpellier

The article describes how the medical school in Montpellier, organized in 1498, responded to the development of the Jussiaean classification of plants. Though overshadowed by Paris in the eighteenth century as a center of medical and botanical training, botany as taught at Montpellier provided the impetus for the conversion of traditional herbalism into a biology-based medicine by the nineteenth century. In addition, the plant affinities and analogies underlying natural classification led to the conception of a viable theory of evolution, as Darwin acknowledged. The opposition to these advances, evident in the nineteenth century, remains alive today.     

Helgoland und die Erforschung der marinen Benthosalgen

Early phycological research on the island of Helgoland was performed by amateur phycologists from the adjacent coastal regions of Germany (Bremen, Hamburg, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein). These pioneers were followed by professionals, and by collectors from the mainland universities, particularly from Berlin. This second phase group includes the naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, the zoologists Johannes Müller, Ernst Haeckel and Anton Dohrn, and the botanists Alexander Braun, Nathanael Pringsheim, and Ferdinand Cohn. The leading marine phycologist in Germany, towards the end of the 19th century, was Johannes Reinke, who finally worked at the University of Kiel. Paul Kuckuck's doctoral thesis had been supervised by Reinke who recommended him for the post of the first curator of botany at the Biological Station of Helgoland, which was founded in 1892. Kuckuck worked on the island from 1892 to 1914. After World War I, and after Kuckuck's untimely death, Wilhelm Nienburg became the second curator of botany on Helgoland, from 1921 to 1923. The next permanent phycologist on the island, from 1925 to 1936, was Ernst Schreiber. He was followed in 1936 by Peter Kornmann, who retired in 1972 but still continues as a research worker, together with Paul-Heinz Sahling, who started to work as a technical assistant under the guidance of Ernst Schreiber in 1927.

---

---

Herrn Dr. Dr. h. c. Peter Kornmann zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Relevance and irrelevance of DNA damage response to radiotherapy

Ionizing radiation (IR) has been used to treat human malignancies since the early part of the 20th century. To date, most of the advances in radiotherapy have focused on optimization of treatment delivery schedules and technologic improvements in the physical targeting of dose. By comparison, many of the discoveries regarding the molecular basis of DNA damage and repair have not yet been translated to clinical practice. This article offers some perspectives regarding modulators of radiation effects and the challenges faced as we approach newer molecular targets. Our goal is to frame the issues that contribute to the apparent disconnect between laboratory discoveries and improvements in clinically relevant therapeutics.     

植物多样性：面临的严重威胁及其保护——第16届国际植物学大会评述

第16届国际植物学大会于1999年8月1日至7日在美国密苏里召开,这是20世纪世界植物学家的最后一次盛会,大约有4500名代表出席了会议。会议围绕生物多样性的保护和利用、21世纪的植物科学等主题展开讨论,主要内容包括6个方面,即植物生物多样性：系统和进化;生态学、环境和保护生物学;结构、发育和细胞生物学;遗传和基因组学;植物生理和生物化学;植物的人类利用：经济植物学和生物技术。本文简要介绍了大会的概况,特别评述了有关植物多样性研究方面的进展,并对我国植物科学发展提出建议。