中国专利法对农业化学品发明的专利保护

１中国专利保护的现状众所周之,目前,我国已加入世界知识产权组织管理的全部有关专利的国际条约,并制订了有关知识产权保护的各项法律。除上文所述的《商标法》、《专利法》和《著作权法》外,１９８０年６月３日起,中国成为世界知识产权组织的成员国;１９８５年３月...     

关于基因和遗传工程专利的评判——生物技术公司代理人谈专利

目前,有关生物技术专利方面的争论象基因克隆一样地增加。随着生物技术研究预算的不断减少及许多公司推出类似的产品,专利代理人们更急于为他们所代表的公司赢得美国专利法为他们提供的赚钱的垄断市场。但专利代理人们现在面临着一个非常棘手的问题,即如何将美国的具有197年历史的专利法用于现代化的生物技术工业。     

欧洲专利局植物发明专利保护实践及启示

自上世纪80年代以来,由于美国自1980年Chakrabaty案开始对植物发明授予专利保护,以及欧洲传统的品种权保护制度无法满足欧盟生物育种产业的发展要求,欧盟和作为负责欧洲地区专利审批工作的欧洲专利局开始探索如何通过专利保护激励生物育种创新.从欧洲专利局技术上诉委员会于1983年作出的Ciba-Geigy案开始,欧洲专利局决定为植物繁殖材料提供专利保护,在1988年的In Lubrizol案中确认杂交种子或植物可以获得专利保护.在1995年的PlantGenetic Systems案中,技术上诉委员会认为植物细胞可以获得专利保护,在1999年的In Novartis 案中确定转基因植物可获专利保护.欧洲专利局通过这四个处理植物育种创新知识产权保护的典型案例,详细地解释了《欧洲专利公约》(EPC)第53条(b)这一关于植物发明能否获得专利保护的关键条款,展示了欧盟对有生命物体发明知识产权保护的政策变化历程.当前,中国正将现代生物产业视为未来的战略性产业予以发展.从欧盟和美国关于植物发明知识产权保护的经验来看,中国应该考虑更为积极的知识产权政策以支持和激励生物育种产业的创新发展,应尽早考虑为植物发明提供专利保护.     

合成生物学与专利微生物菌种保藏

微生物菌种是一个“活的工厂”,是企业的技术核心,尤其是专利程序中涉及的微生物菌种因能产生巨大的经济效益受到社会各方面的关注。本文拟从专利微生物寄存的历史,专利法中对技术充分公开的要求出发,阐述在合成生物学背景下,部分生物技术领域的发明也能像机械领域发明一样,仅依靠说明书及相关附图记载支持就可重复和再现发明,专利申请并不需要前置程序的专利微生物菌种保藏。但作为人类文明的成果,发明人有义务适时将合成的微生物菌种进行遗传稳定性保藏,以利后续科学研究和社会发展的需要。     

专利网站集锦

专利是专利权的简称，它是国家按专利法授予申请人在一定时间内对其发明创造成果所享有的独占、使用、和处分的权利。我国的专利包括发明专利、实用新型专利和外观设计专利三个种类。     

基因问题可专利性的再探讨——以欧洲法为视角

专利法的立法目的就是促进创新,而基因问题的立法又关系到整个社会的伦理观取舍,因而各国目前的立法都不尽相同。本文以欧盟的立法为出发点,围绕基因问题中的专利授予展开讨论,介绍基因专利授予的困境以及人们对此的担忧,最后对Brustle案的再探讨说明道德因素对于专利授予的重要性。     

促进生物产业发展的专利制度研究——以基因药物专利为例

随着科技的发展,基因技术已广泛的利用与各个领域,其中医疗行业与基因技术的协同创新尤为突出。然而,由此形成的生物制药产业却和传统的知识产权保护产生了一定程度上的抵触,例如基因技术是属于发明还是发现,基因技术是否违反《专利法》中第五条第一款中有关社会公德的规定。本文想通过文献法,以及数理统计的方法归纳出我国基因专利的现状,并将其现状与美、欧、日等发达国家对于基因专利的现状进行对比得出相应结论。     

2004年1～6月签发授权的美国农业生物技术专利项目

在全世界约235个国家或地区中,有180个国家或地区共同签订了“专利合作条约”(PCT)。美国是参与PCT的成员国之一。现将“美国专利和商标局”于2004年1～6月期间签发授权的农业生物技术专利项目,包括专利号和专利名称编译于下。认为虽然有关这些技术发明的专利属性偶亦存在争议,但一般而论,这些美国专利,应该是国际性的。6668201调节生料混合物按比例定量配合控制器的系统和方法6667428甘蓝(Brassicaoleracea)的高效植物转化6667427盘核菌(Sclerotinia)诱导的启动子及其利用6667426表达了葡萄扇叶病毒外壳蛋白的葡萄对葡萄扇叶病毒的抗性…     

生物技术领域的专利保护（一）

内容介绍《中华人民共和国专利法》的一些基础知识,从立法的角度讨论阶段生物技术领域内专利保护的热点问题,分析在该领域中,中国和世界上其它国家专利保护的异同步;简单介绍《中国专利法》第二次修改将给生物技术领域的专利保护带来的变化,以期帮助有关企业或者研究机构申请在知识产权方面的相应策略。     

美国将统一专利法

美国国会正准备修改现存美国专利法,以消除存在于美国及世界其它地区间该法律的不协调之外。法则受不久将实施的国际专利条约的约束。目前,多数美国发明家失去了在美国以外国家中的所有专利权,因其将发明的专利内容发表在科学杂志上。美国专利系统的规则是发明优先权,而不象其它国家是登记优先权。在美国,专利所有权归能够证明其首先发明的人所有,证明方式一般是出示已公证过的实验证录。发明者从发明到登记的有效期为一     

从Myriad案谈基因专利的正当性及美国对基因专利授权实质性要件分析

按照专利制度构建的本质,基因专利的作用在于激励产业创新,促进基因研究的发展。但基因专利从产生以来就一直存在着争议。2011年美国Myriad案对分离DNA序列的可专利性具有不同的观点,从Myriad I案认为分离的DNA是不可专利的客体,到Myriad II上诉案中联邦巡回上诉法院推翻地方法院的观点,认为分离的DNA具有不同的化学结构,满足专利客体的适格性,但同时也反射出了对DNA序列可专利性的怀疑。Myriad案引起了美国、欧洲和澳大利亚司法审判中就基因专利适格性问题的较大争议。本文结合美国Myriad案来分析DNA序列作为专利客体的适格性以及目前美国对基因专利授权的实质性条件。     

Change and permanence: Reflections on the ethical-social contract of science in the public interest

Summary Modern science, dedicated since its 17th Century origins to the mastery and possession of nature for the relief of man's estate, is a source of great social change, affecting our opinions, practices, and ways of life. It thus exists necessarily in tension with law and morality, our institutions of stability and order. This tension between change and permanence, between science and law or morals, was institutionalized by the American Founders who sought to encourage, under law, the progress in science and the useful arts, by means of the copyright and patent laws. American science and technology have flourished under the patent law, an ingenious ethical and social contract between scientists and the polity, through which private right and interest and public good generally coincide. Nevertheless, this contract has its limitations. Some of these limitations are vividly seen through the recent Supreme Court decision (in the Chakrabarty case) to permit the patenting of living microorganisms. Analysis of this case shows why the contract between science and the polity embodied in the Patent Laws may not always serve the public good and may also be harmful to science itself. Also, permitting ownership of living species shows how close we have come in our thinking to overstepping the sensible limits of the project for the mastery and possession of nature.     

Strategic mining of cyanobacterial patents from the USPTO patent database and analysis of their scope and implications

Patent analysis with the help of the strategic mining of patents from databases is important and useful within the framework of application-oriented research and its commercialization. In the analysis reported here, we have mined cyanobacterial patents from the patent database of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). In order to make an assessment of the commercial potentials of cyanobacteria, we conducted the patent search (from 1976 to April 2006) using certain generic terms and the 84 genera of cyanobacteria as keywords. The search was performed in two major ways – searching the abstracts and claims of the patents cumulatively and searching the entire patent documents by the mode of ‘all fields’ in USPTO. In the abstract- and claims-based search, 234 patents were obtained after the removal of overlapping patents among the keywords. An additional 31 patents were added following the ‘all fields’ search; these patents were not covered in the search that was based on abstracts and claims. The entire package of 265 patents, of which 244 were related to cyanobacteria, was then analyzed. Information derived from these patents identified five major areas of cyanobacterial utilization. Cyanobacteria have been patented as a source of a wide spectrum of products, for medical, agriculture and environmental applications, for gene-based products, for methods of cultivation and for methods of control. The chronological development in granting cyanobacterial patents was also traced. This study demonstrates that such strategic mining and analysis of patent data can be used as an index for future development.     

Global landscape of patents related to human coronaviruses

At present, the COVID-19 pandemic is running rampant, having caused 2.18 million deaths. Characterizing the global patent landscape of coronaviruses is essential not only for informing research and policy, given the current pandemic crisis, but also for anticipating important future developments. While patents are a promising indicator of technological knowledge production widely used in innovation research, they are often an underused resource in biological sciences. In this study, we present a patent landscape for the seven coronaviruses known to infect humans. The information included in this paper provides a strong intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines along with a deeper discussion of intellectual property rights under epidemic conditions. The results show that there has been a rapid increase in human coronavirus patents, especially COVID-19 patents. China and the United States play an outstanding role in global cooperation and patent application. The leading role of academic institutions and government is increasingly apparent. Notable technological issues related to human coronaviruses include pharmacochemical treatment, diagnosis of viral infection, viral-vector vaccines, and traditional Chinese medicine. Furthermore, a critical challenge lies in balancing commercial competition, enterprise profit, knowledge sharing, and public interest.     

Identification of gene-related Korean patents and construction of a database server for Korean patent sequences

With the advent of high-throughput techniques, the number of patent applications containing biological sequences has been increasing rapidly in Korea. However, there is little information on gene relatedness of the Korean patent sequences. The primary aims of this study are two-fold. First, we associated Korean patent applications with genes. Second, we have constructed a database server, named Patome@Korea, to provide the gene-patent map and the Korean patent data containing biological sequences. To associate the sequences with genes, we have received patent sequence data from the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO) and annotated them with RefSeq and Entrez Gene. Through the association analysis, we found that nearly 14.7% of human genes were related to Korean patenting, compared to 25% of human genes in the US patent. We have consolidated the association results and the patent sequence data to a relational database and implemented a web-based user interface to provide search service. The database can be queried using application number, applicant, titles, gene ID/name, and RefSeq number. We also provide web-based BLAST facility to allow users to compare their sequences against patent sequences. Equal contribution.     

在我国失效的美国心血管疾病治疗药物的PCT 专利申请数据挖掘

目的：从没有在中国得到保护的美国专利申请或专利中寻找心血管疾病治疗药物研发的思路。方法：对申请日从2005 年1 月1 日至2014 年12 月31 日的美国心血管系统疾病治疗药物PCT 申请进入中国国家阶段后失效的专利申请及专利数据进行整序和分析,依据其在美国本土的法律状态确定其技术含金量。结果：未得到中国专利保护的美国心血管系统疾病治疗药物PCT 申请共174 件,其中170 件申请了美国优先权或进入了美国国家阶段。结论：170 件美国心血管系统疾病治疗药物PCT 申请在美国申请优先权,大多数因美国的优先权临时申请过期而放弃。14 件在美国本土的优先权申请失效,其所含信息量应该相当于公开发表的论文的信息量,23 件在美国本土优先权授权的专利技术具有一定的技术含金量,目前在中国已经进入公知公用领域,经过市场价值评估后可以无偿使用。     

全球专利微生物菌种近20年的保藏与发放情况分析

本文基于世界知识产权组织（WIPO）公开的“国际保藏单位2001-2019年专利微生物保藏与发放”数据进行统计分析。结果表明：全球专利微生物保藏量呈现稳步增长态势，中国专利菌种保藏量位列全球第一，保藏全球近四成专利菌种（31386株，占比39.86%）；2018年后全球菌种发放量陡增，其中美国是专利菌种发放量最多的国家（24153株，占全球发放量的96.63%），中国专利菌种的发放率处于较低水平（1034株，发放率3.29%）。中国专利菌种“重保藏、轻发放”的现象严重，需要适当提升产业化开发利用水平。     

中成药乙醚提取液对Raji细胞的EPSTEIN-BARR病毒早期抗原的诱导

应用Raji细胞系统研究了350种中成药,发现保赤散、小儿脐风散,铁娃丹,舟车丸,鹭鸶咯丸,时疫止泻丸、清心滚痰丸和八宝坤顺丸等8种中成药的乙醚提取液,对Raji细胞的EB病毒早期抗原(EA)有诱导作用,并讨论了这些中成药与肿瘤发生的关系。     

专利微生物菌种的保藏与发放统计分析

对WIPO公开的"国际保藏机构2001～2010年专利微生物保藏与发放"数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:全世界的专利菌种保藏量与发放量处于快速增长中;美国是专利菌种保藏与发放量最多的国家;近年中国的专利菌种年保藏量实现三连冠,但专利菌种的发放率处于极低水平。